Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-12 / Neste artigo analisamos um tipo de operação de hedge - com Cupons Cambiais diferentes do negociado no mercado - que recentemente começou a ser operacionalizada no mercado brasileiro. Além de documentar esta operação, este artigo tem como objetivo explicitar a exposição pré-fixada que esta operação gera, algo que pode não ser percebido intuitivamente. Em verdade quando estas operações começaram a ser implementadas, algumas instituições não perceberam este risco, sendo depois surpreendidos com os resultado gerados pelas mesmas. Desenvolvemos também uma 'metodologia' para precificar este tipo de operação, utilizando o modelo de Heath, Jarrow and Morton para criar um processo estocástico para o CDI e a partir deste processo, determinar qual a taxa P-Percentual do CDI que precifica as operações de hedge com Cupom Cambial diferente do Cupom Cambial negociado no mercado.

The objectives of the thesis are to describe financial derivatives in a theoretical way and the situations in which they can be applied. How multinational corporations can take advantage of them in different kind of activities. Thesis consist of three chapters. In first chapter there are considered opportunities and threats for a domestic company to expand its activities abroad. It includes the consideration of which necessary activities must be taken prior to the expansion and which most important analysis must be carried out. Finally there is presented the way of dealing with a risk of currency fluctuations and the analysis of exposures that a multinational corporation must face. The second chapter includes a theoretical description and pricing of various types of financial derivatives. It is divided into section of options, futures with forward and swaps. All derivatives type is considered as a tool for hedging and speculations. There are also presented possible outcomes of using derivatives in situations when a market is not in equilibrium and arbitrage possibilities exist. In the third chapter a practical case of a multinational corporation is used as an expample of Lufthansa Group. There are investigated the types of exposures for running a business that this multinational faces and which types of derivatives are used to deal with them. It is analyzed the value of financial derivatives in that corporation, the internal policy to use them, the prerequisites to apply them and the effect of financial derivatives on a company's profitability and financial position.

Agricultural producers are exposed to various types of risk in production agriculture. Price risk is one type of risk that producers need to manage. A well established method for managing price risk is the use of futures contracts. Soybean production in the south has evolved over recent years due to changes in technology. The change in production practices due to technology has created agronomic benefits as well as new possible marketing strategies. The agronomic benefits are reflected in both higher and less variable yields. This reduction in production risk may contribute to changes in optimal marketing strategies compared to traditional production systems. New marketing strategies may now be feasible due to earlier harvesting opportunities allowing for new marketing strategies which may be preferable to traditional strategies. The focus of this study will be estimating utility maximizing hedge ratios to capture the impact of production risk on the optimal hedging strategy.

Zugl.: Mainz, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Submitted by Alexander Buck (alexanderwolfram.buck@student.unisg.ch) on 2017-12-13T18:40:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander Buck_Masters Thesis.pdf: 814162 bytes, checksum: 581ec59995af7545d603be8b2da6e30e (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Alexander, There are some corrections to do in your thesis, please, see below: Page 2: in Knowledge Field, put your advisor field: Economia E Finanças Internacionais; Page 4: in Knowledge Field, put your advisor field: Economia E Finanças Internacionais; ACKNOWLEDGMENT, Abstract, Resumo and Contents must be in capital letters and in the middle of the page. After corrections, please, post again. on 2017-12-14T11:20:17Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexander Buck (alexanderwolfram.buck@student.unisg.ch) on 2017-12-14T11:42:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander Buck_Masters Thesis.pdf: 814627 bytes, checksum: 3f642bd3522c9184319e19ef0fc4d2b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-12-14T12:22:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander Buck_Masters Thesis.pdf: 814627 bytes, checksum: 3f642bd3522c9184319e19ef0fc4d2b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T12:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander Buck_Masters Thesis.pdf: 814627 bytes, checksum: 3f642bd3522c9184319e19ef0fc4d2b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / Financial derivatives are broadly used for hedging purposes by large financial and non-financial corporations in developed countries. Thereof, currency derivatives represent the biggest class. For some currencies, foreign exchange exposure, for example arising from exports or foreign investments, cannot be hedged due to illiquid or nonexistent derivative markets. However, a third currency with liquid derivative markets exists and can be used to cross-hedge the exposure. This thesis examines whether using options with multiple strikes can improve the hedging performance in such a case. Several stochastic models commonly applied in the literature to foreign exchange markets are used for the out-of-sample hedging portfolio construction and applied to currencies in the regions Latin America, Europe and East/Southeast Asia between 2012 and 2016. This paper delivers two main results: Firstly, it is shown that adding options is not beneficial mainly due to model and estimation errors which increase risk. Secondly, it is shown that if the US-Dollar exchange rate is not cross-hedgeable, the exchange rate with the third currency must be, unless the foreign currency is highly volatile. As a consequence, cross-hedging can be successfully applied to at least one of those exchange rates. However, it is optimal to use only forwards in that case. / Derivativos financeiros são amplamente utilizados com finalidade de hedge por grandes corporações financeiras e não-financeiras em países desenvolvidos. Nesse sentido, derivativos de câmbio representam a classe mais expressiva. Para algumas moedas, a exposição cambial resultante por exemplo de exportações ou investimentos externos não pode ser coberta devido à iliquidez ou inexistência de mercados de derivativos. No entanto, existe um terceiro câmbio de mercados de derivativos líquidos que pode ser utilizado para cobrir a exposição cambial com cross-hedge. A presente tese examina se o uso de opções com múltiplos preços de exercício pode melhorar o desempenho de hedge em tal caso. Vários modelos estocásticos comumente aplicados na literatura a mercados de câmbio são utilizados para a construção out-of-sample de um portfolio de hedging e aplicados a câmbios na América Latina, Europa e Leste/Sudeste asiático entre 2012 e 2016. Esse trabalho chega a dois resultados centrais. O primeiro demonstra que não é benéfico adicionar opções sobretudo em virtude de erros de modelo e estimativa que elevam riscos. O segundo demonstra que se a taxa de câmbio do dólar americano não permite cross-hedging, a taxa de câmbio do terceiro câmbio precisa permitir, a menos que a moeda estrangeira seja altamente volátil. Consequentemente, cross-hedging pode ser aplicado com sucesso a pelo menos uma destas taxas de câmbio. Entretanto, é aconselhável utilizar apenas forwards nesse caso.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 2006 - Wagner_Oliveira_ Monteiro_02_10_2008.pdf.jpg: 17677 bytes, checksum: 012a0852290fa51f423a5a8ec7534ea5 (MD5) 2006 - Wagner_Oliveira_ Monteiro_02_10_2008.pdf: 450170 bytes, checksum: ea37b352c4028dd1c20da87d3f3badf2 (MD5) 2006 - Wagner_Oliveira_ Monteiro_02_10_2008.pdf.txt: 55718 bytes, checksum: 579a00e43cb84159205c5d87713ad640 (MD5) license.txt: 4884 bytes, checksum: de2d265ed2868529ac27feb118588da8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-02T00:00:00Z / This dissertation proposes a bivariate markov switching dynamic conditional correlation model for estimating the optimal hedge ratio between spot and futures contracts. It considers the cointegration between series and allows to capture the leverage efect in return equation. The model is applied using daily data of future and spot prices of Bovespa Index and R$/US$ exchange rate. The results in terms of variance reduction and utility show that the bivariate markov switching model outperforms the strategies based ordinary least squares and error correction models.

Den svenska fastighetsbranschen är genom bankernas höga exponering av stor vikt för Sveriges finansiella stabilitet. Sedan inflationen tagit fart under 2021, följde Riksbanken utvecklingen genom att från mitten av 2022 intensivt höja styrräntan till 4%. En identifierad sårbarhet har ansetts vara de ofta högt belånade fastighetsbolagen, vars finansieringskostnader stigit från tidigare periods noll- och minusränta.  En utbredd metod för ränteriskhantering är användandet av derivatinstrument, där bolagens storlek tidigare antytts ha stor påverkan. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur de svenska medelstora fastighetsbolagen använt räntederivat för hantering av ränterisken under den senaste tidens ränteförändringar. Studien bygger på 11 intervjuer med Mid Cap noterade fastighetsbolag, som genom semistrukturerade intervjuer fått besvara frågor kring bolagens reaktion på ränteförändringen, incitamenten bakom derivatanvändning och strategiförändringar.  Resultatet visar att branschen inte väntat sig ränteförändringar av denna magnitud. Flera bolag beskriver sig ha förändrat sina finanspolicys och utökat sin räntesäkringsnivå avsevärt, men flera skillnader finns mellan bolagen. Incitamenten beskrivs primärt vara lånekovenanter såväl som intresset av att stabilisera kassaflödet. Det finns en stor variation i val av derivatinstrument, men klart står att derivat är betydligt mer flexibla än fasträntelån. Framöver beskrivs räntechocken som något bolag kommer att ha i beaktning vid utformandet av nya strategier för derivatanvändningen samt uppsättandet av finanspolicy. / The Swedish real estate sector is crucial to the financial stability of Sweden due to the banks' significant exposure. Following the rise in inflation in 2021, the Riksbank closely monitored the situation and, starting from mid-2022, aggressively raised the policy rate to 4%. A notable vulnerability identified is the highly leveraged nature of many real estate companies, whose financing costs have increased from the previous period of zero and negative interest rates. A common approach to managing interest rate risk is the use of derivative instruments, where company size has previously been indicated as a deciding factor. This study aims to investigate how medium-sized Swedish real estate companies have utilized interest rate derivatives to manage interest rate risk amid recent rate fluctuations. The study is based on 11 interviews with Mid Cap listed real estate companies, conducted through semi-structured interviews to explore their responses to interest rate changes, motivations for using derivatives, and strategic adjustments. The findings reveal that the industry did not anticipate interest rate changes of this magnitude. Several companies reported having revised their financial policies and significantly increased their level of interest rate hedging, although there are notable differences between companies. The primary motivations for using derivatives are described as loan covenants and the desire to stabilize cash flow. There is considerable variation in the choice of derivative instruments, but it is evident that derivatives offer significantly more flexibility than fixed-rate loans. Looking ahead, companies will take the recent interest rate shock into account when formulating new strategies for derivative use and establishing financial policies.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 C536 / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Economics and Finance / Master / Master of Economics

Possessing the knowledge to hedge energy price risks properly is essential and crucial for running a long-term business. In the past, many hedging instruments have been invented and widely used. By using these derivatives, decision makers reduce the price risk to a certain degree. To apply these hedging instruments to the perfect hedging strategies correctly, it is necessary to be familiar with these tools in the first place. This work introduces the financial tools widely applied in hedging, including forward contracts, futures, swaps and options. It also introduces the hedging strategies used on energy hedging. Since individuals are creating strategies according to their unique risk appetite and collected information, this work presents three risk appetites and a method of distinguishing valuable information. With the contribution of this thesis, future works can be done in the field that connect the information valuation and energy hedging by changing the behavior in each risk appetites’ hedging ratio. / text