This research project on volcanic debris avalanches aims to provide a better understanding of the influence of the volume, fall height and topography on the deposit location and morphology. This will enable improvements in delineation of the areas at risk from volcanic debris avalanches, and improvements in management of a disaster should it occur. Undertaken to fulfil the requirements for a double degree (Geological Engineering and MSc in Hazard and Disaster Management) this work is the result of a collaboration between Polytechnic Institute LaSalle-Beauvais in France and the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Following a brief introduction to the topic, statistical analyses of volcanic debris avalanche deposits are undertaken. Multiple variables analyses (Principal Components Analyses and Regressions) were carried out using a database of 298 volcanic debris avalanches derived from modification of Dufresne’s recent database. It was found that the volume has the main influence on the deposits rather than the fall height; the latter seems to have greater effect on avalanches of small volume. The topography into which the deposit is emplaced mainly determines its geometrical characteristics. These statistical results were compared with the results of laboratory-scale analogue modelling. A model similar to that used by Shea in 2005 provided data indicating similar trends of the influence of volume, fall height and topography on mass movement deposits at all scales. The final aspect of this project was a numerical simulation of a large debris avalanche from the north flank of the Taranaki volcano in the direction of the city of New Plymouth. The numerical code VolcFlow developed by Kelfoun in 2005 was used, after being tested against the laboratory experiments to verity its accuracy. The simulations showed that the Pouaki range protects the city of New Plymouth form major impacts from Taranaki collapses, but also indicated some potential problems with the hazard zoning and evacuation zones presently in place.

The infrared atmospheric background modeling can be considered as one of the important key factor to develop a successful target detection technique. During the infrared atmospheric background modeling, defining the input parameters of the atmospheric profile are very important for the calculations of the absorption, emission and scattering effects of the atmosphere. The main objective of this thesis is to find the answer for the question &ldquo / is it possible to determine the &ldquo / effective&rdquo / height range for the sea level midlatitude clear weather conditions in the three special wavelength bands, 1-3 &amp / #61549 / m, 3-5 &amp / #61549 / m, 8-12 &amp / #61549 / m ?&rdquo / . The answer is important for three cases. These are to overcome the difficulties of finding all the parameters of the new atmospheric profile, to determine the dominant height range for the midlatitude region, and to shorten the time of the calculations of infrared background processes. In this study, it has been shown that it should be possible to determine the effective height range for sea level midlatitude clear weather conditions in the three special wavelength bands. As a result of this study it is shown that a new atmosphere model can be constructed more easily by overcoming the difficulties of finding all the parameters of the new atmospheric profile for the sea level clear weather midlatitude regions in a short time respectively. In this study the infrared radiation flux below 5 % difference between the whole, 100 km, and the effective height ranges is accepted.

ABSTRACT GENERALIZED COUETTE FLOW OF A HERSCHEL - BULKLEY FLUID THROUGH ECCENTRIC ANNULUS - AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION Seyidoglu, Tijen M.S., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: ismail Tosun Co-Supervisor: Ahmet N. Eraslan January 2006, 134 pages Generalized Couette flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid in an eccentric annulus is analyzed by approximating the flow geometry as a slit of variable height. Besides an imposed pressure gradient, one of the plates is considered non-stationary to take into account the axial and/or angular motion of the inner pipe in an eccentric annulus system. Depending on the magnitude and the direction of the applied pressure gradient with respect to the plate velocity, three separate flow cases are studied in which the velocity reaches its maximum value either within the plug flow region or at the moving boundary. Velocity distributions are obtained for each case by solving the equations of continuity and motion. Volumetric flow rate expressions are obtained by integrating the velocity distribution over the cross-sectional area. At a given pressure gradient, the results indicate an increase in volumetric flow rate with an increase in eccentricity ratio. Criteria for each flow type is developed in terms of a dimensionless parameter &amp / #923 / , which takes into account the ratio of the imposed pressure gradient to the plate velocity. Volumetric flow rate expressions for Newtonian, Bingham and power-law fluids are obtained by considering the limiting values of the fluid index and yield stress. The validity of the equations are checked by considering the slit height to be a constant, i.e., flow between parallel plates. Surge/swab pressure calculations are carried out for Herschel-Bulkley, power-law and Bingham fluids and the results are expressed as a function of eccentricity ratio, radius ratio, fluid index and yield stress. The results indicate that when the fluid index and the eccentricity ratio are fixed, a slight increase in the radius ratio causes a tremendous increase in surge/swab pressure, especially for low values of fluid index. On the other hand, displacement of the inner pipe from a concentric position causes a decrease in swab/surge pressure when other parameters are held constant. Comparison with the literature values reveals the fact that flow in an eccentric annulus can be modeled as flow between a slit of variable height as long as the radius ratio is greater than 0.5 and the eccentricity ratio is less than 0.3. The results for other values of radius ratio and eccentricity ratio can be used as initial guess values in carrying out numerical calculations.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Red Lapacho is timber species with largest market value, considered along with Mahogany, as 'green gold' in areas of natural forest logging. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the different factors that influence the growth of this species, taking into consideration the spatial and temporal dependence inherent to the data. A census of Red Lapacho individuals was carried out in a natural fragment of Subtropical Deciduous Forest with approximately 13 hectares of area. Quantitative morphological and diameter increment data were obtained for each tree of this species. Competitors defined by Bitterlich plots were measured and identified, and a regular grid with infill points of soil sampling were also analyzed. Spatial patterns of distribution of Red Lapacho and its dimensions had completely spatial randomness patterns. Sampled species richness from competitors was of 60 species and the competition generated by them had a random spatial pattern as well. A model for the height – diameter relationship using Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) produced better results when the latent spatial pattern was included in the model. The spatial patterns of nutrient availability were influenced by relief of the area and distance from the edge of the forest and grassland environments. Anionic nutrients were strongly influenced by the spatial dynamics of the two vegetation types while cations were influenced mainly by pedogenesis. The spatio-temporal Bayesian diameter increment model developed for the Red Lapacho trees showed that there was considerable inter – annual variation in tree growth. The spatial variation in tree growth was closely related to the pedogenesis of the area under study, more specifically, lower increments were observed in areas where the soil had signals of water influence in tits formation. Using site proxies based on geocentric, phytocentric and dendrocentric approaches was able to take into consideration the spatial variation in the growth of Red Lapacho trees and, all approaches may be utilized in the development of growth models. / O Ipê – Roxo é uma das espécies de madeira com maior valor de mercado, sendo considerado, juntamente com o Mogno, o 'ouro verde' em áreas de exploração de florestas naturais. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os diferentes fatores que influem no crescimento desta espécie, levando em consideração a dependência espacial e temporal inerente aos dados. Foi realizado um censo dos indivíduos de Ipê – Roxo em um fragmento natural de Floresta Estacional Decidual com aproximadamente 13 hectares. Foram levantados dados morfométricos e de incremento em diâmetro de cada uma das árvores desta espécie. Os competidores definidos por parcelas de Bitterlich foram medidos e identificados e, uma grade regular com pontos de preenchimento para amostras de solo foram avaliados. Os padrões espaciais de distribuição das árvores de Ipê – Roxo e suas dimensões se adequaram à completa aleatoriedade espacial. A riqueza de espécies amostradas como competidores foi de 60 espécies e a competição por estas gerada também teve padrão espacial aleatório. A modelagem da relação hipsométrica das árvores utilizando Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) obteve melhor ajuste quando o padrão espacial latente foi incluso no modelo. Os padrões espaciais de disponibilidade dos nutrientes foram afetados pelo relevo da área e pela distância da borda dos ambientes florestal e campestre. Nutrientes aniônicos foram fortemente influenciados pela dinâmica espacial entre os dois tipos vegetais enquanto cátions foram influenciados principalmente pelo processo pedogênico. O modelo espaço – temporal Bayesiano de incremento em diâmetro desenvolvido para as árvores de Ipê – Roxo mostrou que existe considerável variação inter - anual do crescimento. A variação espacial do crescimento também se mostrou relacionada com o processo pedogênico da área sob estudo, sendo que menores incrementos foram observados em áreas onde o solo apresentou sinais de hidromorfismo. A utilização de estimadores de sítio baseados em índices geocêntricos, fitocêntricos e dendrocêntricos foi capaz de levar em consideração a variação espacial do crescimento de árvores de Ipê – Roxo e, todos podem ser utilizados para a construção de modelos de crescimento.

This work is specialized on long - term monitoring, putting down and evaluationing parameters of bodily growth on instances of individual-growth waveforms in a group of children. For experimental part of this work was provided childrens metering, both sex, on four primary schools in České Budějovice and in the surrounding. Data were extracted in terms of research in years 1997- 2006. In the scope of my diploma work I took the part in this metering in years 2004 - 2006. Repeatedly was observed a group of 110 children, from that 52 boys and 58 girls. The measuring was concerned with 29 somatometrics characteristics, three of these were chosen and are the basis of this work. They are its stature, height in sitting and iliospinale spot level - longitude of upper limb.

Advanced understanding of the global carbon budget requires large-scale and long-term information on forest carbon pools and fluxes. In situ and remote sensing measurements have greatly enhanced monitoring of forest carbon dynamics, but incomplete data coverage in space and time results in significant uncertainties in carbon accounting. Although theoretical and mechanistic models have enabled continental-scale and global mapping, robust predictions of forest carbon dynamics are difficult without initialization, adjustment, and parameterization using observations. Therefore, this dissertation is focused on a synergistic combination of lidar measurements and modeling that incorporates biophysical principles underlying forest growth. First, spaceborne lidar data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) were analyzed for monitoring and modeling of forest heights over the U.S. Mainland. Results showed the best GLAS metric representing the within-footprint heights to be dependent on topography. Insufficient data sampling by the GLAS sensor was problematic for spatially-complete carbon quantification. A modeling approach, called Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations (ASRL), successfully alleviated this problem. The metabolic scaling theory and water-energy balance equations embedded within the model also provided a generalized mechanistic understanding of valid relationships between forest structure and geo-predictors including topographic and climatic variables. Second, the ASRL model was refined and applied to predict large-scale patterns of forest structure. This research successfully expanded model applicability by including eco-regional and forest-type variations, and disturbance history. Baseline maps (circa 2005; 1-km2 grids) of forest heights and aboveground biomass were generated over the U.S. Mainland. The Pacific Northwest/California forests were simulated as the most favorable region for hosting large trees, consistent with observations. Through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, this research found that the refined ASRL model showed promise for prognostic applications, in contrast to conventional black-box approaches. The model predicted temporal evolution of forest carbon stocks during the 21st century. The results demonstrate the effects of CO2 fertilization and climate feedbacks across water- and energy-limited environments. This dissertation documents the complex mechanisms determining forest structure, given availability of local resources. These mechanisms can be used to monitor and forecast forest carbon pools in combination with satellite observations to advance our understanding of the global carbon cycle.

Topic: Comparison of bodytypes and proportions to performance of athletes Goal: The goal is to compare bodytypes of world elite athletes from past and present in athletic throws. Second goal is to compare weight and height in different disciplines. Methods: Research in specialized sources, analyse and comparison athletes bodytypes. Comparison of bodytypes with performances in disciplines. Results: We created a document which contain if body proportions are affecting on a throwers performance in short and long therm. From our results is obvious that hight and weight are really matters in some disciplines. We found a strong dependence in javelin throw and in shot put. In disciplines where prevails rotation moves is dependence much low or there is practicaly none. In the second part we found out differences in hight and weight in throws through the time. Key words: bodytype, long performance, athletic throws, body composition, height, weight, BMI

A indústria da construção civil pode ser considerada como o setor que reflete o desenvolvimento econômico de cada país, visto que mobiliza riquezas e emprega expressiva quantidade de mão de obra. Essa indústria, porém é caracterizada pelos riscos ocupacionais e expressivas taxas de acidentes e óbitos, dentre os quais, pode-se destacar os acidentes de trabalho em altura. Ainda pouco estudados, os acidentes de trabalho em altura resultam em elevados custos humanos, econômicos e sociais, devido à gravidade desses acidentes. Considerando os acidentes com queda de pessoas – os mais fatais –, esta pesquisa objetiva desenvolver uma sistemática de análise, avaliação no controle dos riscos inerentes às atividades realizadas em altura, que venha auxiliar as empresas a aperfeiçoar as práticas de segurança adotadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, estruturada através da aplicação de questionários junto aos órgãos envolvidos com a construção civil, e aplicação de checklist nos canteiros de obras da construção de edifício, na cidade de Natal/RN, no auxílio do levantamento das práticas de segurança em trabalho em altura adotadas nos citados canteiros. A análise dos dados coletados serviu para identificar as principais práticas e posturas prevalentes do trabalho em altura, resultando em conjunto com a teoria elencada, bases para a formulação de uma sistemática de análise e avaliação no controle das práticas de segurança de trabalho em altura na construção de edifícios, estabelecida com o objetivo principal de fornecer às equipes de gestão de segurança uma ferramenta estruturada para autoanálise e estabelecimento de metas de melhoria. / The construction industry can be considered as the sector that reflects the economic development of each country, as it mobilizes wealth and employs significant amount of manpower. This industry is, tough, characterized by occupational risks and high rates of accidents and deaths, among which we can highlight the accidents in height. Yet little studied, accidents in height result in high human, economic and social costs due to the severity of these accidents. Regarding accidents with people falling – the most fatal – this research aims at developing a systematic analysis, assessment of the risks inherent in controlling the activities carried out at height, which will help companies improve safety practices adopted. This is a qualitative research structured through questionnaires with agencies involved with the construction and application checklist at construction site buildings in the city of Natal / RN , in aid of the survey of working practices at height safety adopted in the sites mentioned previously. The analysis of the data collected was used to identify main practices and prevailing attitudes of working at height, resulting together with the theory listed, bases for the formulation of a systematic analysis and evaluation on control of the safety practices of working at height in building constructions which has been set up with the main goal of supplying the security management team with tool structured for auto-analysis as well as setting goal for improvement.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Tose Martins - Parte 1.pdf: 1162232 bytes, checksum: 095ff8e72eaa10f85b14e6193dcab13d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / This study aimed to produce information dendrometric and growth of ten native species subjected to homogeneous plantations. The species considered in this study were paraju (Manilkara bella Monach.) jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) O. Ktze), gonçalo alves (Astronium concinnum (Engl.) Schott), ipe felpudo (Zeyhera tuberculosis (Vell.) Bur), tarumã (Vitex sp.) guaribu amarelo (Taub Goniorrachis marginata), nagibe (Kielmeyera albopunctata Saddi), farinha seca (Pterygota brasiliensis), sapucaia vermelha (Lecythis pisonis Cambess), and cajá (Spondias purpurea L.). The data used are from plantations Reserva Natural Vale, located in Linhares in northern Espírito Santo. The plantations of each species were deployed at a spacing of 2mx2m. Each species was characterized by calculating variables such as arithmetic mean diameter, quadratic mean diameter, mean height, basal area and form factor. For paraju basic density was determined to 7 trees of different classes of diameters and also the density for each tree at positions corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of commercial height. For the same trees used for the calculation of the density were determined the levels of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Were fitted five hypsometric models, five volumetric models, and two growth models for the diameter and height as a function of age and were later given the increases in diameter and height for each species. After careful analysis of the data it was observed that the species showed large variation in the variables analyzed dendrometric. The mean basic density of 0.745 g/cm3 was paraju. It was found that the density values paraju basic density decreased along the stem towards the base / top. The carbon content was found to be 44.49%, hydrogen was 6.53% and nitrogen was 0.25%. The hypsometric models were selected as model 5 that best explains the variations in height for the paraju, jequitibá rosa, sapucaia vermelha, gonçalo alves. As for the other species (ipe felpudo, tarumã, guaribu amarelo, cajá, farinha seca, nagibe) the selected model was the fourth. To explain the variations in volume were selected for the models Stoat paraju, sapucaia vermelha, the Schumacher and Hall for the guaribu amarelo caja, the Husch to farinha seca, to Ogaya for ipe felpudo, gonçalo alves and Spurr of the linear jequitibá rosas, trauma and nagibe. To explain the growth in diameter and height were selected for the logistic model 9 of the 10 species evaluated. Only tarumã was selected for the exponential model. Cajá followed by farinha seca were the species that grew better diameter and height when compared to the other. The species with lower growth was tarumã / Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir informações de características dendrométricas e de crescimento de dez espécies nativas submetidas a plantios homogêneos. As espécies contempladas neste estudo foram o paraju (Manilkara bella Monach.), jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) O. Ktze), gonçalo alves (Astronium concinnum (Engl.) Schott), ipê felpudo (Zeyhera tuberculosa (Vell.) Bur), tarumã (Vitex sp.), guaribu amarelo (Goniorrachis marginata Taub), nagibe (Kielmeyera albopunctata Saddi), farinha seca (Pterygota brasiliensis), sapucaia vermelha (Lecythis pisonis Cambess), e cajá (Spondias purpurea L.). Os dados utilizados são oriundos de plantios da Reserva Natural Vale, que se localiza no município de Linhares no norte do Espírito Santo. Os plantios de cada espécie foram implantados no espaçamento de 2mx2m. Cada espécie foi caracterizada por meio do cálculo de variáveis como diâmetro médio aritmético, diâmetro médio quadrático, altura média aritmética, área basal e fator de forma. Para o paraju foi determinada a densidade básica para 7 árvores em diferentes classes de diâmetro e também a densidade para cada árvore nas posições correspondentes à 0%, 25%,, 50% e 75% da altura comercial. foram determinados também os teores de Carbono, Hidrogênio e Oxigênio. Foram ajustados cinco modelos hipsométricos, cinco modelos volumétricos, e dois modelos de crescimento para o diâmetro e para a altura em função da idade e posteriormente foram indicados os incrementos em diâmetro e altura para cada espécie. Após análise criteriosa dos dados pôde-se observar que as espécies apresentaram grandes variações quanto as variáveis dendrométricas analisadas. A densidade básica média do paraju foi de 0,745g/cm3. Pôde-se constatar que os valores de densidade básica do paraju decresceram ao longo do fuste no sentido base/topo. O teor de Carbono encontrado foi de 44,49%, de Hidrogênio foi 6,53% e de Nitrogênio foi de 0,25%. Os modelos hipsométricos selecionados foram: modelo 5 como o que melhor explica as variações ocorridas na altura para o paraju, Jequitiba rosa, gonçalo alves e sapucaia vermelha. Já para as demais espécies (ipê felpudo, tarumã, guaribu amarelo, cajá, farinha seca e nagibe) o modelo selecionado foi o 4. Para explicar as variações ocorridas no volume foram selecionados os modelos de Stoat para o paraju e para a sapucaia vermelha, o de Schumacher e Hall para o guaribu amarelo e caja, o de Husch para farinha seca, o de Ogaya para o ipê felpudo e gonçalo alves e o de Spurr linear para o jequitibá rosa, tarumã e nagibe. Para explicar o crescimento em diâmetro e altura foi selecionado o modelo Logístico para 9 das 10 espécies avaliadas. Somente para o tarumã foi selecionado o modelo exponencial. O cajá seguido pela farinha seca foram as espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro e altura quando comparados às demais. A espécie com menor crescimento foi o tarumã