Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mari Roman.pdf: 1996303 bytes, checksum: 22872a541ea904a1f0fdd764e5ced3f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work had by objective to study and to model the spatial variability of variables relative at the wheat development cultivated in year 2003 in 22,62 ha pertain at Central Co-operative of Agricultural Research (COODETEC). Went used the cultivates Coodetec 101 (3,52 ha) and Coodetec 103 (18,10 ha). The samples went colected in gride of 50 x 50 m, totalized 89 points, the analysis unity a square with 0,25 m2. Went obtained data of emergency seedling, number of s-shoot, height of plants, number of spikes, length spikes, number of grain by spike, weight of thousand seed and production. The spatial dependence went more clear by mean number of s-shoot collected 60 days after to sow and crop height of plants. Variables with relation at the spike and the number of s-shoot 30 days after sow don t had spatial dependence. The others variables went considered with spatial dependence. To the variable spatial independence, compared the mean between the cultivates, and by mean number of s-shoot collected 30 days after to sow and length spikes the mean had difference signification in level of 5 %, by Tukey test. Went made prediction of all variables, spatial dependence or independence, to places no sampled by kriging technical and begot contour maps. There was spatial correlation negative and positive between variables, with correlation range of 200 till 700 m. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar e modelar a variabilidade espacial de variáveis referentes ao desenvolvimento do trigo cultivado no ano de 2003 em área de 22,62 ha pertencente à Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC). Foram utilizadas cultivares CD 101 (3,52 ha) e CD 103 (18,10 ha). As amostragens foram em grade de 50 x 50 m, totalizando 89 pontos, a unidades de análise um quadrado de 0,25 m2. Foram obtidos dados de emergência de plântulas, número de perfilho, altura de plantas, número de espigas, comprimento de espigas, número de grãos por espiga, peso de mil sementes e produtividade. A dependência espacial foi mais evidente para o número médio de perfilhos por planta coletado 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e para a altura de plantas na colheita do trigo. Nas variáveis relacionadas com a espiga do trigo e os dados do número médio de perfilhos por planta 30 dias após semeadura não identificou-se dependência espacial. As demais variáveis foram consideradas espacialmente dependentes. Para as variáveis consideradas independentes espacialmente, comparou-se a média entre as cultivares, o número médio de perfilhos aos 30 DAS e o comprimento da espiga apresentaram médias significativamente diferentes ao nível de 5 % de significância pelo teste de Tukey. Estimou-se os valores das variáveis para locais não amostrados pela técnica da krigagem e foram gerados mapas de contorno, para as variáveis consideradas espacialmente dependentes ou independentes.Houve correlações espaciais negativas e positivas entre as variáveis consideradas, com alcances de correlação de 200 a 700 m.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mari Roman.pdf: 1996303 bytes, checksum: 22872a541ea904a1f0fdd764e5ced3f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work had by objective to study and to model the spatial variability of variables relative at the wheat development cultivated in year 2003 in 22,62 ha pertain at Central Co-operative of Agricultural Research (COODETEC). Went used the cultivates Coodetec 101 (3,52 ha) and Coodetec 103 (18,10 ha). The samples went colected in gride of 50 x 50 m, totalized 89 points, the analysis unity a square with 0,25 m2. Went obtained data of emergency seedling, number of s-shoot, height of plants, number of spikes, length spikes, number of grain by spike, weight of thousand seed and production. The spatial dependence went more clear by mean number of s-shoot collected 60 days after to sow and crop height of plants. Variables with relation at the spike and the number of s-shoot 30 days after sow don t had spatial dependence. The others variables went considered with spatial dependence. To the variable spatial independence, compared the mean between the cultivates, and by mean number of s-shoot collected 30 days after to sow and length spikes the mean had difference signification in level of 5 %, by Tukey test. Went made prediction of all variables, spatial dependence or independence, to places no sampled by kriging technical and begot contour maps. There was spatial correlation negative and positive between variables, with correlation range of 200 till 700 m. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar e modelar a variabilidade espacial de variáveis referentes ao desenvolvimento do trigo cultivado no ano de 2003 em área de 22,62 ha pertencente à Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC). Foram utilizadas cultivares CD 101 (3,52 ha) e CD 103 (18,10 ha). As amostragens foram em grade de 50 x 50 m, totalizando 89 pontos, a unidades de análise um quadrado de 0,25 m2. Foram obtidos dados de emergência de plântulas, número de perfilho, altura de plantas, número de espigas, comprimento de espigas, número de grãos por espiga, peso de mil sementes e produtividade. A dependência espacial foi mais evidente para o número médio de perfilhos por planta coletado 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e para a altura de plantas na colheita do trigo. Nas variáveis relacionadas com a espiga do trigo e os dados do número médio de perfilhos por planta 30 dias após semeadura não identificou-se dependência espacial. As demais variáveis foram consideradas espacialmente dependentes. Para as variáveis consideradas independentes espacialmente, comparou-se a média entre as cultivares, o número médio de perfilhos aos 30 DAS e o comprimento da espiga apresentaram médias significativamente diferentes ao nível de 5 % de significância pelo teste de Tukey. Estimou-se os valores das variáveis para locais não amostrados pela técnica da krigagem e foram gerados mapas de contorno, para as variáveis consideradas espacialmente dependentes ou independentes.Houve correlações espaciais negativas e positivas entre as variáveis consideradas, com alcances de correlação de 200 a 700 m.

Topic: Comparison of bodytypes, weight, hight and It'srelationship to performance Goal: The goal is to compare body types of world elite athletes from past and present in athletict hrows. Second goal is to compare weight and height in different disciplines. Methods: Research in specialized sources, analyse and comparison athletes body types. Comparison of body types with performances in disciplines. Results: Wecreated a dokument which contain if body proportions are affecting on a throwers performance in short and long therm. From our results is obvious that hight and weight are really matters in some disciplines. We found a strong dependence in javelin throw and in shot put. In disciplines where prevails rotation moves is dependence much lowor there is practicaly none. In the second part we foundout differences in hight and weight in throws through the time. Keywords: bodytype, long performance, athletic throws, body composition,height, weight, BMI

O presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um sistema de automação e controle para tanques oceânicos com múltiplos atuadores para possibilitar a geração e absorção ativa de ondas. O desenvolvimento compreende: a implementação e a validação do sistema de automação e controle para o tanque de provas; o desenvolvimento de algoritmos para a geração de ondas com batedores do tipo flap, para atender aos casos tipicamente utilizados em ensaios de estruturas oceânicas, tais como ondas regulares e irregulares, com ou sem espalhamento direcional. O sistema desenvolvido fez uso de controladores do tipo CLP (controlador lógico programável) em rede de comunicação industrial usando troca de dados síncrona, como uma solução robusta de automação. Os controladores desenvolvidos foram estudados individualmente para a devida caracterização e identificação dos limites de desempenho. Sensores de ondas ultrassônicos foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados para medir ondas nos atuadores e viabilizar a malha de controle de absorção ativa do tanque de provas. Sensores de ondas capacitivos foram desenvolvidos e calibrados para a medição de ondas nos ensaios experimentais. A validação experimental do funcionamento do sistema de atuação, controle e sensoriamento foi realizada utilizando os equipamentos desenvolvidos. Os testes foram feitos validando o funcionamento dos atuadores, a geração de ondas regulares, a geração de ondas regulares oblíquas e a geração de ondas irregulares de cristas longas. Os testes apontaram que os atuadores dos cantos do tanque, que são fixos, provocam alterações no campo de ondas, tal como a difração de ondas. As flutuações foram avaliadas onde os valores extremos podem chegar a 58% e foi apresentada uma proposta de medidas paliativas. As ondas regulares e irregulares foram validadas para que o tanque seja capaz de realizar ensaios experimentais reproduzindo as condições ambientais da costa brasileira em ensaios com modelos reduzidos. Foram realizadas medições do coeficiente de reflexão das ondas regulares e irregulares geradas no tanque de provas que mostram valores em torno de 10%. Usando a absorção ativa de ondas em duas laterais opostas do tanque, constatou-se que a segunda reflexão (re-reflexão) afeta fracamente o campo de ondas. A fim de demonstrar o potencial do controlador do tanque, foi desenvolvida uma nova técnica para focalização de energia de ondas em tanque de provas, fundamentada na técnica de TR (time reversal), para concentrar ondas em pontos específicos do espaço. Esta técnica foi originalmente proposta para aplicações usando ultrassom na forma de ondas de pressão acústica, mas, devido à semelhança do fenômeno físico, a técnica foi aplicada às ondas de superfície livre da água. Foram realizados três tipos de testes usando TR, e em todos eles a concentração de ondas foi obtida no local e no instante esperados. Concluiu-se, então, que o método funciona mesmo que existam obstáculos à propagação da onda, como difração e reflexão no interior do tanque de provas. Um dos testes estudou as ondas concêntricas geradas por um objeto lançado contra a água; a aplicação de TR resultou em uma onda concentrada no ponto de lançamento. Os fenômenos observados podem servir de paradigma para comparações numéricas e estudos de ondas em meios dispersivos. / This work discusses the development of an automation and control system for ocean tanks with multiple actuators to enable the generation and active absorption of waves. The development includes: implementation and validation of system automation and control to the ocean wave tank, the development of algorithms for generating waves with flap type wave generator for dealing with cases typically used in tests of ocean structures, such as regular waves and irregular, with or without directional spreading. The developed system used PLC controllers (programmable logic controller) and an industrial communication network with synchronous data exchange, which is a robust automation system solution. The developed controllers were individually studied for proper performance characterization. Ultrasonic wave sensors have been developed and characterized to measure waves in the face of actuators and enable the control loop active absorption of the ocean wave tank. Capacitive wave sensors have been developed and calibrated to measure wave in experimental tests. The experimental validation of system actuation, control and sensing system was performed. Validation tests of the operation of the actuators under regular wave generation, irregular wave generation and oblique regular waves were done. The tests showed that the fixed actuators of the corners of the tank cause changes in the wave field such as diffraction waves. The spatial wave field fluctuations can reach 58% and correction procedures were proposed. Regular and irregular waves were validated for the tank to be able to perform experimental tests reproducing the environmental conditions of the Brazilian coast in reduced model tests of offshore structures. Measurements of the reflection coefficient of regular and irregular waves generated in the test tank indicated values around 10%. Using active absorption of waves in two opposite sides of the tank, it was realized that the re-reflection weakly affects the wave field. In order to demonstrating the innovative potential applications of tank, it was developed a new technique to focus wave energy, based on the technique of TR (time reversal) to concentrate waves at specific points in space. This was originally proposed for applications using ultrasound acoustic pressure waves, but due to the similarity of the physical phenomenon, the technique was applied to the waves in the free water surface. Three types of tests were carried out and in each TR concentration wave was obtained in the expected location and the expected time. It was noticed that the method also works even with obstacles to wave propagation, such as diffraction and reflection inside the ocean wave tank. An object thrown against the water, creating concentric waves was studied and after the application of TR resulted in a wave concentrated at the same splash point. The observed phenomena can be considered as a paradigm for numerical comparisons and studies of waves in dispersive media.

This present study was intended to identify the reliability and validity of the Vert™ device when compared to a Switch mat. Vert is a wireless device intended to measure jump count and jump height through an application on a smartphone or tablet and the Switch mat provides jump height using wireless sensors. Jump height is an important factor in many sports such as volleyball and basketball and it is important to have devices that coaches and trainers can use for testing that they can rely on. If this device is found to be valid and reliable, coaches and trainers could potentially use it in more practical settings such as practice and games due to the portability and small size. This study consisted of 6 subjects who volunteered. The switch mat was connected to the device to display the jump height immediately after the jump. The Vert sensor was clipped onto the subject’s hip near the center of mass and the jump count and height were then displayed on an app. The subjects completed a series of warm-ups followed by 3 sets of 5 repetition countermovement jumps while using both devices to collect the data. The total 15 jump heights from these 3 sets of 5 were then analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis as well as a paired sample T-test. The jump height recorded from the Vert was consistently about 10 cm off from the jump height of the switch mat, which for a volleyball player, could be the difference between blocking and missing the ball. The results of this study showed that the Vert device is reliable but not practically valid. If technical improvements were made to the device to correct the height components the device could potentially be used in place of a force plate or switch mat when conducting athlete testing but the device is not currently valid for practical use.

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Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats i designteknik. Bakgrunden till arbetet är en fältstudie som genomfördes våren 2019. Fältstudien spenderades på ett modeföretag, specifikt på en avdelning som tar fram damkläder. Under den tiden jobbade avdelningen med att ta fram plagg för kvinnor som är kortare än genomsnittet. Det gav upphov till idén att undersöka området närmare eftersom det är stor efterfrågan på dessa specialstorlekar. Syftet med studien är att identifiera skillnader i mått och passform mellan en storlek för medellånga jämfört med en kortare storleksserie, samt att analysera marknadens utbud av nämnda specialstorlek. I arbetet med studien togs tre grundmönster för blus fram. Första grundmönstret utgick från en standardmåttlista för en genomsnittslängd. De andra två konstruerades för kvinnor under genomsnittslängd. Den ena togs fram efter marknadens kroppsmått och den andra utifrån en standardmåttlista under medellängd, för att kunna påvisa differenser i passform. Därefter verifierades passformen genom avprovning på personer under genomsnittslängd. Resultatet efter avprovningarna visade att grundmönstret skapat efter standardmåttlistan hade bättre passform än marknadens mönster. / This report is a bachelor essay in garment technology. The background for this report is a field study that took place during spring 2019. The field study was carried out at a fashion company, specifically at a department that produces women’s clothes. During that period the department was in the process of creating garments for women of short stature. That sparked the idea to investigate the field a bit closer, due to the big demand for well fitted garments among shorter women. The aim of the study is to identify differences in fit between a size for women of average height and women of shorter stature, and to analyze the market’s assortment of shorter sizes. In this study three basic patterns were constructed. The first pattern was created from a standard measurement chart for women of average height. The other two was constructed for shorter women. One was developed according to the market’s body measurements and the other based on a standard measurement chart for women below average height, to be able to determine differences in fit. The fit was then verified through fittings on models of shorter stature. The result showed that the pattern developed from a standard measurement chart had a better fit than the pattern based on the market’s body measurements.

Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts (RCBCs) are an integral part of the national and international transportation infrastructure. The National Bridge Inventory Standards (NBIS) requires that all bridges, which include culverts with spans ≥ 20 ft. (6.1 m), be load rated for safe load carrying capacity in accordance with the AASHTO Manual for Bridge Evaluation (MBE). In Kentucky, the Transportation Cabinet manages more than 15,500 bridges, of which almost 1,400 are bridge size culverts. Of the 1241 bridge size RCBCs that were being evaluated in Kentucky between 2015 and 2018, 846 were 2-cell culverts (or 68%). The objective in this study is to evaluate 2-cell RCBCs using the finite element (FE) method and to propose dead load and live load demand equations that can be used to determine the capacity demand ratio (C/D) and the load rating. The results indicate that the maximum dead load forces (positive and negative moments, and shear) vary linearly with respect to an increase in fill height, while the variation is bi-linear for the maximum live load forces. The proposed equations are derived in terms of the clear span and fill height. The results also indicated that, for fill heights greater than 10 ft (3 m), the maximum live load positive bending moments are less than 10% of their dead load counterparts. The primary advantage of the proposed equations lies in their simple formulation when analyzing and designing 2-cell culverts, which in turn alleviates the need to conduct a detailed finite element analysis to determine the maximum forces in 2-cell RCBCs.

This thesis focuses on the evaluation of how body height, BMI, gender, and leisure-time physical activities affect movement competence of pupils. The theoretical part analyses the younger school age and its characteristics in physical, psychical, movement, and motoric development. We further also analyze how movement activities affect child's organisms. The critical chapter of the theoretical part is a chapter about growth and development. Additionally, we add information about anthropometric and somatic changes in the younger school age. At the end of the theoretical part, we provide an overview of methods that can be used to measure movement competence. We mainly elaborate on MOBAK 3 method, which we chose to use in our research. The research part describes the selected research and statistic methods, research sample, and results. The data showed that there is no significant relationship between body height and movement competence. However, we found significant relationships with the other variables - BMI, gender, and leisure-time physical aktivity. KEYWORDS younger school age, body height, movement competence, motoric testing, Mobak

Syfte: I takt med urbaniseringen ökar bostadsbristen avsevärt. Som en lösning har förtätning blivit en samhällstrend för att främja ett ekologiskt och socialt hållbart samhälle. Samtidigt som förtätning minskar segregation och ökar tryggheten i bostadsområden, medför det svårigheter och utmaningar vid bostadsprojektering där dagsljus utgör en stor del av det. I samband med detta har forskning visat att dagsljustillgång utgör positiva effekter hos människors fysiska och psykiska hälsa vilket gör detta till en viktig aspekt. Dock konstateras det att en stor del av svenska hushåll inte uppfyller dagsljuskraven. Som följd av bristande kunskap och engagemang hävdas kommuner inte vilja ta sig an problemet. I dagsläget regleras ingen koppling mellan dagsljus och förtätning i detaljplaneringen vilket ökar betydelsen för en tydligare definiering av dagsljuskrav. För en stadstillväxt är det viktigt att uppmärksamma detta problem och öka medvetenheten hos de involverade aktörerna för att möjliggöra täthet bland bostäder utan att dessa äventyrar varandras dagsljustillgång. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur väl dagsljus och förtätning kan samexistera i täta bostadsområden. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kombination av kvalitativ- och kvantitativt inriktad forskning där frågeställningarna besvaras genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer och fallstudie. Resultat: Förtätning har en avsevärd effekt på dagsljustillgången där bostäder i bottenplan ofta är de mest utsatta. Olika kvartersstrukturer bidrar till varierade dagsljusförhållanden där detta bör planeras i tidigt skede. Värderingar kring dagsljusplanering skiljer sig mellan byggherre, arkitekt och kommun där varje aktörs åsikter präglas av yrkesroll. För att dagsljustillgången inte äventyras i täta kvartersområden bör stor vikt läggas på avskärmningsvinkel och bröstningshöjd där avskärmningsvinkeln får maximalt uppgå till 50°. Konsekvenser: Det är viktigt att samtliga involverade aktörer delar likvärdigt förhållningssätt till dagsljusplanering. Planering av dagsljus är möjligt i detaljplaneringen och bör ske för att undvika senare problematik. Om samexistens av dagsljus och förtätning ska se bör dagsljuskraven sänkas eller bedömas på bostadsnivå. Om detta inte är möjligt, bör en täthetsgräns införas för att täthet kan ske korrekt utan att äventyra dagsljuset. Begränsningar: Resultatet i studien är tillämpbart för studiens specifika fall, dock kan det implementeras i ett kvartersområde med liknande förutsättningar och därmed generaliseras. / Purpose: As urbanization increases, the need for household grows significantly. As a solution, dense urban environment has become a social trend for promoting an ecologically and socially sustainable society and a strategy for the housing shortage. As densification reduces segregation and increases security in residential areas, it entails difficulties and challenges in housing planning. Daylight constitutes a large part of it. Meanwhile, research has shown that daylight access has positive effects on humans’ physical and mental health. However, a large part of Swedish households does not meet the required daylight levels. It is argued that municipalities do not want to address the problem because the lack of knowledge and engagement. At present, the connection between density and daylight is not regulated in the detail planning which increases the importance of a distinct definition of daylight requirements. In order to allow city growth, it is important to address the problem and raise awareness among the involved actors. It is important in order to enable density among homes without these endangering each other's daylight access. The purpose with this study is to investigate how well daylight and densification can coexist in dense residential areas. Method: The study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Data is collected through literature studies, interviews and a case study. Findings: Densification has a considerable effect on the daylight access, specifically on the ground floor dwellings. Different typologies contribute to varied light conditions and should be planned at an early stage. Approach to daylight planning differ between the developer, architect and municipality where the opinions of each actor are characterized by the position. In order to not jeopardize the daylight access in dense neighborhood areas, great emphasis should be placed on obstruction angle and sill height of the windows with an obstruction angle no more than 50°. Implications: It is important that all the actors involved share an equal approach to daylight planning. Daylight planning is possible in the detailed planning and should be done to avoid later problems. If the coexistence of daylight and densification is to be seen, daylight requirements should be lowered or demanded at the residential level. If this is not possible, a density limit should be introduced so that densification can take place correctly without jeopardizing the daylight. Limitations: The result of the study is applicable to the specific case of the study, however, it can be implemented in a neighborhood area with similar conditions and thus be generalized.