A caprinocultura leiteira é uma atividade que contribui para a melhoria da geração de renda e emprego, em várias localidades do Nordeste do Brasil. O uso de pasto cultivado pode reduzir o efeito da estacionalidade e tornar sustentável a produção de leite de cabra utilizando pastagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de tipos de manejo sobre o potencial de produção de leite de cabra em pasto de capim-tanzânia. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Ceará (3°40´58.42 latitude sul; 40°1650.5 longitude e 79m de altitude). Foram utilizadas 65 cabras Anglo Nubianas, mantidas em pasto de capim-tanzânia manejado sob lotação rotativa, com taxa de lotação variável. Os manejos foram combinações entre alturas residuais do pasto (Altr) e doses de nitrogênio (N). Os manejos foram: intensivo (Altr=32,7 cm e 600 kg de N/ha ano-1); moderado (Altr=47,2 cm e 300 kg N/ha ano-1), leve (Altr=47,3 cm sem N) e extensivo (Altr=32,1 cm sem N). Foram avaliadas características na planta, no animal e no solo. As variáveis analisadas foram: o fluxo de biomassa através da morfogênese e as características estruturais do pasto, comportamento animal, o peso e o escore de condição corporal, produção de leite, as perdas de água e sedimentos e a densidade do solo. As eficiências de uso de nitrogênio (EUN), de água (EUA) e concentrado foram quantificadas. Uma análise econômica foi realizada para determinar a viabilidade econômica dos manejos. O moderado apresentou produtividade de 10.806 kg de leite por ha ano-1 e apresentou maior ERUN (1 kg N produziu 120 kg MS) e do concentrado (0,65kg concentrado por kg de leite). Apesar da densidade do solo ter sido 1,55 g/cm3, apresentou baixa perda de sedimento (72 kg/ha ano-1) e água (0,9%) por erosão. Apesar dos bons índices técnicos o manejo foi economicamente inviável. O manejo leve, também apresentou bons indicadores técnicos, no entanto, a produção de 7.032 kg/ha ano-1 deu prejuízo. O uso de animais mais produtivos e criação de linhas diferenciadas de crédito para investimento e subsídio são opções para estimular produtores a fazer uso destes tipos de manejo. Maiores produtividades (19.442 kg leite/ha ano-1) foram registradas no manejo intensivo, que foi o único que apresentou viabilidade econômica. Apesar da maior EUA (2 kg leite/mm de água), sua dependência de insumos externos (600 kg N/ha ano-1 e 0,89 kg/kg de leite) aumenta o risco de alterações de mercado no preço de insumos o que pode tornar inviável o uso intensivo. O extensivo foi o pior desempenho (1kg concentrado/kg de leite), registrou-se perda no vigor das plantas, queda na densidade de perfilhos ao longo do ano (de 200 para 150 perfilhos/m2) e maior perda dágua por escorrimento superficial (3%) sendo o único dos manejos não indicado. Sistemas de produção sustentáveis de leite de cabra em pastagem cultivada usando os manejos moderado, leve ou intensivo dependem do desenvolvimento de métodos mais eficientes de controle de verminose. Políticas públicas incluindo linhas de crédito e subsídios são necessários para produzir leite de cabra em pastagem cultivada. / The goat milk production is an activity that contributes to improve income generation and employment in several locations in northeast of Brazil (3°40´58.42 latitude south; 40°1650.5 longitude and 79m of elevation). The use of cultivated pasture can reduce the effect of seasonality making the dairy goat production more sustainable using pasture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of types of management on the potential production of dairy goats in Tanzania grass pasture. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Goats and Sheep in Ceará. Anglo Nubian goats (65) were kept in Guineagrass pasture managed under rotational stocking with variable stocking rate. The managements were combinations of pasture residual heights (Altr) and nitrogen doses (N). The managements were: intensive (ALTr = 32.7 cm and 600 kg N / ha year-1), moderate (ALTr = 47.2 cm and 300 kg N / ha year-1), light (ALTr = 47.3 without N cm) and extensive (ALTr = 32.1 cm without N). Plant, animal and soil characteristics were evaluated. The variables analyzed were: the flow of biomass through the morphogenetics and structural characteristics of the pasture, animal behavior, weight and body condition score, milk production, losses of water and sediment and soil density. Nitrogen (UEN), Water (WUE) and concentrate use efficiency were quantified. An economic analysis was performed to determine the economic viability of each management. Moderate treatment productivity was 10,806 kg of milk per ha year-1 and UEN (1 kg of N produced 120 kg of DM) and concentrate use efficiency (0.65 kg concentrate per kg of milk) were higher. Although soil density was 1.55 g/cm3, this treatment showed losses of sediment (72 kg / ha year-1) and water (0.9%) by erosion. Despite the good technical indexes moderate one was not economically different sustainable. Light management, as the moderate one, had good technical indicators, however, the production of 7032 kg / ha year-1 determined a negative economically viable treatment. The use of more productive animals and the possibility to create differentiated lines of credit for investment and subsidies are alternatives to encourage producers to use this kind of management. The highest yield (19,442 kg milk / ha year-1) was observed in the intensive management, which was the only economically viable treatment. Despite the higher WUE (2 kg milk/mm of water), its dependence on external inputs (600 kg N/ha year-1 and 0.89 kg/kg of milk) increases the risk of changes in market prices of inputs making the intensive system risky. Extensive management had the worst performance (1kg concentrate/kg of milk), there was loss in plant vigor, decrease in tiller density throughout the year (from 200 to 150 tillers/m2) and greater water loss by leaching (3%) and is not recommended. Sustainable goat milk production systems using moderate, light or intensive pasture management depends on the development of more efficient methods of worms control. Public policies including lines of credit and subsidies are necessary to goats milk production on cultivated pastures in Northeast area of Brazil.

As pesquisas com métodos de pastejo têm culminado em divergência de resultados no desempenho de plantas e animais. As diferenças quantitativas e qualitativas entre métodos de pastejo poderiam ser elucidadas se estes fossem comparados, considerando o manejo ideal proposto para cada método. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar métodos de pastejo, manejados com diferentes estratégias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos e casualizados com 3 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em três métodos de pastejo: lotação rotativa, utilizando altura do dossel como critério de manejo (AL); lotação rotativa, utilizando oferta de forragem como critério de manejo (OF); lotação contínua, mantida a 18 cm de altura (CO). O experimento foi realizado em área total de 25,2 hectares, formada com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu localizada na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, em Pirassununga-SP. O período experimental de 93 dias, compreendido entre 15 de dezembro de 2011 e 15 de março de 2012 foi dividido em 3 períodos de avaliações. As variáveis foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 10% de significância. Foram observadas interações entre tratamentos e períodos de avaliação para a maioria das respostas relacionadas à planta forrageira bem como para desempenho e taxa de lotação. O teor de proteína bruta não foi afetado pelos métodos de pastejo, porém, o teor de fibra em detergente neutro foi maior para o tratamento AL. A produtividade não foi afetada pelos métodos de pastejo. Assim, o método de lotação contínua é o mais atrativo com produtividade semelhante aos demais. / Research comparing grazing methods have resulted in conflicting findings on forage and animal performance. Quantitative and qualitative differences between grazing methods could be elucidated whether the methods are compared considering the ideal management proposed for each method. The objective of this study was to compare grazing methods, managed with different strategies. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with three treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted in three grazing methods: rotational stocking using canopy height as a management criteria (AL), rotational stocking using forage allowance as a management criteria (OF), continuous stocking held at 18 cm height (CO).The experiment was conducted in a total area of 25.2 hectares, planted with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, located at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, in Pirassununga - SP. The 93 days experimental period, from December 15th of 2011 to March 15th of 2012, was divided into three assessment periods. The variables were compared by the Tukey test at 10% significance. Interaction between treatments and assessment periods were observed in the most of the variables related to forage plant as well as animal performance and stocking rate. Crude protein concentration was not affected by grazing methods, although the neuter detergent fiber was greater to AL treatment. Productivity was not affected by grazing methods. Thus, continuous stocking method is the most attractive, with similar productivity to the others.

Nos últimos anos, acompanhar o desenvolvimento de uma cultura tem se tornado cada vez mais imprescindível para a tomada de decisões. Sistemas aéreos remotamente pilotados são muito promissores em aplicações de monitoramento. Sua flexibilidade, facilidade de operação e construção relativamente barata os tornam os melhores candidatos para monitorar atividades na agricultura de precisão, onde as reações imediatas de manejo às doenças das plantas, à falta de nutrientes das plantas e às mudanças ambientais são o ponto focal para eficiência e produtividade das plantações. No entanto, no Brasil a utilização desta tecnologia ainda é limitada e o número de publicações científicas sobre o assunto é escasso. No caso específico da cana-de-açúcar, a utilização de aeronave remotamente pilotada (RPA) é bastante promissora e publicações científicas internacionais são limitadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a potencialidade de imagens obtidas a partir de câmeras com diferentes bandas espectrais embarcadas em RPA para obtenção de modelos tridimensionais para estimativa de altura, produtividade e variabilidade espacial. As coletas foram realizadas ao longo da safra 2014/2015, durante o período de um ano. Foi utilizada uma aeronave remotamente pilotada equipada com uma câmera digital com sensibilidade na região espectral do visível (RGB) e outra na região espectral do infravermelho próximo (IVP) sincronizadas com um sistema de navegação global por satélite (GNSS). Este sistema possibilitou a aquisição de imagens com altíssima resolução (3 cm pixel-1) e permitiu a geração de orto-mosaicos e modelos digitais de superfícies (MDS) através de métodos de reconstrução automática em 3D, ajustados por pontos de controle em solo. O RPA seguiu um plano de voo pré-determinado sobre o local do estudo para garantir a aquisição de imagens com cruzamento e sobreposição superior a 90%. O método de validação foi conduzido a partir das medidas de altura obtidas a campo com o auxílio de régua topográfica. Após o processamento das imagens aéreas foi possível a identificação das áreas com ausência de fechamento de dossel, observando também a relação desses locais com o baixo desenvolvimento da altura das plantas ao longo de seu ciclo. A regressão entre os valores da estimativa de altura obtidas com as simulações apresentou erro relativo inferior a 13%, já a estimativa da produtividade apresentou erro na faixa de 6%. A estimativa de altura e produtividade demonstram o alto potencial para o monitoramento e avaliação de talhões de cana-de-açúcar, podendo ser uma ferramenta utilizada no apoio a gestão destas áreas. / In the last few years, monitoring the development of a culture has become increasingly imperative for decision-making. Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPA) are very promising in monitoring applications. Their flexibility, ease of operation, and relatively inexpensive construction make them the best candidates to monitor precision farming activities where immediate management responses to plant diseases, lack of plant nutrients, and environmental changes are the focal point for efficiency And productivity of plantations. However in Brazil the use of this technology is still limited and the number of scientific publications on the subject is scarce. In the specific case of sugarcane the use of RPA is very promising and international scientific publications are limited. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potentiality of images obtained from cameras with different spectral bands embedded in RPA to obtain three - dimensional models for estimation of height, productivity and spatial variability. The collections were carried out during the 2014/2015 harvest, during a period of one year, using a remotely piloted aircraft equipped with a digital camera with sensitivity in the visible spectral region (RGB) and another in the near infrared spectral region (NIR) Synchronized with a GNSS. This system allowed the acquisition of images with very high resolution (3 cm pixel-1) allowing the generation of ortho-mosaics and digital surface models (DSM), through automatic 3D reconstruction methods adjusted by control points in soil. The RPA followed a pre-determined flight plan on the study site to ensure cross-over and overlapping acquisition of over 90%. The validation method was carried out from the height measurements obtained in the field with the aid of topography. After the aerial images processing, it was possible to identify the areas of crop failure, also observing the relation of these locations with the low development of plant height throughout its cycle. The regression between the values of the height estimation obtained with the simulations resulted in a relative error of less than 13%. The results obtained demonstrate the high potential of this technique for monitoring and evaluation of sugarcane fields, and can be a tool used to support the management of these areas.

<p>Flooding is one of the most devastating and frequently occurring natural phenomena in the world. Due to the adverse impacts of floods on the life and property of humans, it is crucial to investigate the best flood modeling approaches for delineation of floodplain areas. Conventionally, different hydrodynamic models are used to identify the floodplain areas. However, the high computational cost, and the dependency of these models on detailed input datasets limit their application for large scale floodplain mapping in data-scarce regions. Recently, a new floodplain mapping method based on a hydrogeomorphic feature, named Height Above Nearest Drainage (<i>HAND</i>), has been proposed as a successful alternative for fast and efficient floodplain mapping at the large scale. The overall goal of this study is to improve the performance of <i>HAND</i>-based method by overcoming its current limitations. The main focus will be on extending the application of the <i>HAND</i>-based method to data-scarce environments. To achieve this goal, regionalization techniques are integrated with the floodplain models at the regional and continental scales. Considering these facts, four research objective are established to (1) Develop a regression model to create 100-year floodplain maps at a regional scale (2) Develop a classification framework for creating 100-year floodplain maps for the Contiguous United States (3) Develop a new version of the <i>HAND</i>-based method for creating probabilistic 100-year floodplain maps, and (4) Propose a general regionalization framework for transferring information from data-rich basins to data-scarce environments. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the first objective, the state of North Carolina is selected as the study area, and a regression model is developed to regionalize the available 100-year Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to the data-scarce regions. The regression model is an exponential equation with three independent variables including the average slope, the average elevation, and the main stream slope of the watershed. The results show that the estimated floodplains are within the expected range of accuracy of C>0.6 and F>0.9 for majority of watersheds located in the mid-altitude regions, but it overpredicts and underpredicts in the flat and mountainous regions respectively. </p> <p> </p> <p>The second objective of this research extends the spatial application of the <i>HAND</i>-based method to the entire United States by proposing a new classification framework. The proposed framework classifies the watersheds into three groups by using seven watershed characteristics related to the topography, climate and land use. The validation results show that the average error of floodplain maps is around 14% which demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed framework for continental floodplain mapping. In addition to the acceptable accuracy, the proposed framework creates the floodplain maps for any watershed within the United States. </p> <p> </p> <p>The <i>HAND</i>-based method is a deterministic modeling approach to floodplain mapping. In the third objective, the probabilistic version of this method is proposed. Using a probabilistic approach to floodplain mapping provides more informative maps. In this study, a flat watershed in the state of Kansas is selected as the case study, and the performance of four probabilistic functions for floodplain mapping is compared. The results show that a linear function with one parameter and a gamma function with two parameters are the best options for this study area. It is also shown that the proposed probabilistic approach can reduce the overpredictions and underpredictions made by the deterministic <i>HAND</i>-based approach. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the fourth objective, a new regionalization framework for transferring the calibrated environmental models to data-scarce regions is proposed. This framework aims to improve the current similarity-based regionalization methods by reducing the subjectivity that exists in the selection of basin descriptors. Using this framework for the probabilistic <i>HAND</i>-based method in the third objective, the floodplains are regionalized for a large set of watersheds in the Central United States. The results show that “vertical component of centroid (or latitude)” is the dominant descriptor of spatial variabilities in the probabilistic floodplain maps. This is an interesting finding which shows how a systematic approach can help to explore the hidden descriptors for regionalization. It is demonstrated that using common methods, such as correlation coefficient calculation, or stepwise regression analysis, will not reveal the critical role of latitude on the spatial variability of floodplains.</p>

Este trabalho foi estruturado em dois capítulos, utilizando 11 parcelas retangulares e permanentes de 348 m² cada, de um plantio clonal de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Eucalyptus urophylla na região Sul do Estado do Tocantins. O primeiro capítulo objetivou a melhor forma de ajuste de modelos hipsométricos, analisando a acurácia do melhor modelo, e aplicando-o em uma situação florestal diferente. Os dados foram divididos em um lote de ajuste e outro de aplicação, com três classes de diâmetro e três classes de altura dominante. Inicialmente determinou-se o coeficiente de determinação ajustado em porcentagem (R²aj), erro-padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%), e análise gráfica residual. Posteriormente realizou-se um teste de identidade de modelos, seguido de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, juntamente com o teste de Dunnet. No final da análise, para avaliar a estabilidade dos modelos em um teste de validação, foram utilizados os critérios: coeficiente de determinação da predição (R²), soma de quadrados do resíduo relativo (SQRR), raiz quadrada do erro médio (RQEM), erro médio percentual (EMP). Concluiu-se que a melhor forma de ajuste foi realizar um ajuste por classe, sendo o modelo regional o mais adequado a se utilizar. O segundo capítulo aborda a avaliação de modelos hipsométricos aplicando a técnica de validação cruzada, e a comparação dos resultados com aqueles obtidos no capítulo 1, visando obter o melhor modelo a ser utilizado na região sob diferentes aspectos de seleção. Inicialmente aplicaram-se os critérios de precisão: coeficiente de determinação ajustado, erro padrão da estimativa e análise gráfica residual. Em seguida foram aplicados os critérios de estabilidade realizando a validação cruzada entre os dois lotes de dados, que foram estes: erro médio absoluto, raiz do quadrado médio e soma de quadrados do erro médio. Os modelos selecionados foram submetidos a uma nova análise, utilizando-se os lotes de dados do capítulo 1, onde se aplicou os mesmos critérios de precisão e estabilidade utilizados anteriormente, resultando na comparação entre os capítulos. Concluiu-se que o melhor modelo local foi o 14 de Chapman-Richards, o melhor modelo regional foi o parabólico 03, e na comparação com os modelos selecionados no capítulo 01, o mais adequado para o plantio foi o modelo regional parabólico 3, proveniente do capítulo 02. / Hypsometric relations of clonal eucalyptus in south of Tocantins. This work was structured in two chapters, using 11 rectangular and permanent plots of 348 m² each, from a clonal plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus urophylla in the southern region of the state of Tocantins. The first chapter aimed at the best way of adjusting hypsometric models, analyzing the accuracy of the best model, and applying it in a different forest situation. The data were divided into one set of adjustment and another of application, with three classes of diameter and three classes of dominant height. The coefficient of determination adjusted in percentage (R²aj), standard error of the estimate in percentage (Syx%), and residual graphical analysis were determined initially. A model identity test was then performed, followed by a completely randomized design (DIC) in the subdivided plot scheme, along with the Dunnet test. At the end of the analysis, to evaluate the stability of the models in a validation test, the following criteria were used: prediction determination coefficient (R²), sum of squares of the residual residue (SQRR), square root mean error (RQEM) mean error (EMP). It was concluded that the best form of adjustment was to perform an adjustment by class, being the regional model the most appropriate to be used. The second chapter deals with the evaluation of hypsometric models applying the cross validation technique, and the comparison of the results with those obtained in chapter 1, aiming to obtain the best model to be used in the region under different aspects of selection. Initially the precision criteria were applied: adjusted coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate and residual graphical analysis. Then, the stability criteria were applied by performing cross-validation between the two batches of data, which were: absolute mean error, mean square root, and mean square error sum. The selected models were submitted to a new analysis, using the data bundles of chapter 1, where the same criteria of precision and stability previously used were applied, resulting in the comparison between the chapters. It was concluded that the best local model was Chapman-Richards 14, the best regional model was parabolic 03, and in comparison with the models selected in chapter 01, the most suitable for planting was the regional parabolic model 3, of chapter 02.

by Warren Tak-keung Lee. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-186). / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium intakes of Hong Kong Chinese: past and present --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Adults --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Children --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Calcium Metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Calcium and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ethnicity and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical activity and bone mass --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hormonal control of calcium metabolism --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Intestinal calcium absorption --- p.14 / Chapter (1) --- Calcium transport across the intestine / Chapter (2) --- Active Calcium Transport / Chapter (3) --- Passive calcium transport / Chapter (4) --- Age and calcium absorption / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Dietary components in relation to calcium bioavailability and absorption --- p.17 / Chapter (1) --- Habitual calcium intake / Chapter (2) --- Vitamin D nutritional status / Chapter (3) --- Protein / Chapter (4) --- Phosphorous and Ca:P ratio / Chapter (5) --- Sodium / Chapter (6) --- Lactose / Chapter (7) --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers / Chapter (8) --- Phytate / Chapter (9) --- Oxalate / Chapter (10) --- Plant estrogen (phyto-estrogen) / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Bioavailability from calcium salts --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium intakes and requirements --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium requirements in adulthood --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calcium requirements in childhood --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Manifestation of calcium deficiency in children --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of Dietary Intakes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food weighing method --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Recording method --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 24-hour dietary recall --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Food frequency method --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Dietary history method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Chemical analysis of duplicate meals --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Photographic method --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Selecting suitable methods for the present study --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Food composition database --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single photon absorptiometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dual photon absorptiometry --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Quantitative computerized tomography --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- The techniques selected to quantify bone mass in the present study --- p.48 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of intestinal calcium absorption --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metabolic balance study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Isotopic techniques (radioisotope or stable isotope) --- p.50 / Chapter (1) --- Radio isotope vs stable isotope / Chapter (2) --- The single-label isotope technique / Chapter (3) --- The double-label isotope technique / Chapter (4) --- "Preparation of stable isotopes for human study, and determination of stable isotopes in body fluids" / Chapter (I) --- Dosage considerations / Chapter (II) --- Intrinsic or Extrinsic labelling / Chapter (III) --- Oral and intravenous administration of isotopes / Chapter 2.7.3 --- The technique selected to determine calcium absorption in the present study --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Thermal ionization mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Electron impact mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Neutron activation analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- The type of mass spectrometry used to determine stable isotopic ratios in the present study --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9 --- Assessment of physical activity in children --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Activity questionnaire or record --- p.64 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Direct measurement of physical activity --- p.65 / Chapter (1) --- Accelerometer / Chapter (2) --- Pedometer / Chapter (3) --- Actometer / Chapter (4) --- Video-recording / Chapter (5) --- Heart-rate recording / Chapter 2.9.3 --- Selection of a suitable physical activity assessment method --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATON TRIALS IN RELATION TO BONE AND HEIGHT ACQUISITION IN 7-YEAR OLD CHINESE CHILDREN FROM JIANGMEN (CHINA) AND HONG KONG --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chapter Introduction --- p.72 / PART I --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Double-blind Controlled Randomized Calcium Supplementation and Bone and Height Acquisition in Chinese Children Accustomed to Mean Calcium Intake at About 300mg/d --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Subject and Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussions --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / PART II --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation in relation to bone mineral accretion and height increment of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.5 --- Comparisons of the two calcium supplementation trials from Jiangmen and Hong Kong --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Discussions --- p.99 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TRUE FRACTIONAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN MEASURED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.117 / Chapter 4.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chapter introduction --- p.118 / PART I --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3 --- True fractional calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Results --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Discussions & Conclusion --- p.131 / Part II --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of double-blind controlled calcium supplementation on calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Objective --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Results --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Conclusion and Discussions --- p.140 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.156 / Chapter 5.1 --- Ethnic differences in bone acquisition and calcium absorption --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Calcium requirements for Chinese children --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3 --- Indications for further studies --- p.158 / REFERENCES --- p.161 / APPENDIXES / PUBLICATIONS

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melissa.pdf: 22685399 bytes, checksum: 52613e711bdb2207d8ee610ea5bcd520 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-10 / Trinexapac-ethyl is a growth reducer used in winter cereals that promote height plant reduction, preventing the lodging. With the aim of determine the rate and the time of ethyltrinexapac (Moddus) application in wheat cultivars of different lodging answers an experiment was established at the UEPG School Farm in Ponta Grossa, PR, in 2005, in a clay soil. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, in a factorial design 2 x 2 x 6, with three repetitions for four wheat cultivars. The treatments consisted of two nitrogen rates (50 and 240 kg/ha), two times of trinexapac-ethyl application (between 1º and 2º knot and between 2º and 3º perceivable knot) and six trinexapac-ethyl rates (0; 31,2; 62,5; 93,7; 125,0 and 156,2 g/ha), applied in four wheat cultivars of different answers to the lodging (CD-104 - resistant), (Vanguarda - moderately resistant), (Supera - moderately susceptible) and (CEP-24 - susceptible). It evaluated agronomicals characteristics, diseases severity, yield components and yield. The nitrogen rate affected some plant characteristics and the yield for CEP-24. The application time of trinexapac-ethyl affect the yield of CD-104; the plant height that was lesser how much more delayed was the application in cultivars CEP-24 and CD-104; trinexapac-ethyl reduced the plants height of all the cultivars with changeable intensity with the port of the same ones. For all the cultivars the adjustment equation of the yield in relation to the trinexapac-ethyl rates was quadratic, occurring an increase of the yield with the increase of the reducer rate, until a changeable limit with the cultivar. However, for all cultivars occurred increase of the yield with the trinexapac-ethyl application. For the cultivar majority it had reduction of rust severity, head blight and foliar spots with the increase of the trinexapac-ethyl rate. / O trinexapac-ethyl é um redutor de crescimento utilizado em cereais de inverno que promove redução na altura das plantas, evitando o acamamento. Visando determinar a dose e a época de aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus) em cultivares de trigo de diferentes respostas ao acamamento realizou-se um experimento na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), no ano de 2005, em um Cambissolo distrófico de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 6 com três repetições para quatro cultivares de trigo. Os tratamentos constaram de duas doses de nitrogênio (50 e 240 kg/ha), duas épocas de aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl (entre o 1º e o 2º nó e entre o 2º e o 3º nó perceptível) e de seis doses de trinexapac-ethyl (0; 31,2; 62,5; 93,7; 125,0 e 156,2 g/ha), aplicadas em quatro cultivares de trigo de diferentes respostas ao acamamento (CD-104 – resistente), (Vanguarda – moderadamente resistente), (Supera – moderadamente suscetível) e (CEP-24 – suscetível). Avaliou-se características agronômicas, severidade de doenças, componentes da produção e produtividade. As doses de nitrogênio afetaram algumas características da planta e a produtividade de apenas da cultivar CEP-24. A época de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl afetou de forma substancial a produtividade apenas na CD-104; a altura das plantas foi menor quanto mais tardia foi a aplicação do redutor nas cultivares CEP-24 e CD-104; o trinexapac-ethyl reduziu a altura das plantas de todas as cultivares com intensidade variável com o porte das mesmas. Para todas as cultivares a equação de ajuste da produtividade em relação às doses de trinexapac-ethyl foi quadrática ocorrendo um aumento da produção com o aumento da dose do redutor, até um limite variável com a cultivar. No entanto, para todas as cultivares ocorreu aumento da produtividade com a aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl, e para a maioria delas houve redução da severidade de giberela e manchas foliares com o aumento da dose de trinexapac-ethyl.

Introduction: Chronic diseases can be prevented and improved by regular physical activity and reduced sedentary time. An adequate leg strength and leg function in treatment and prevention of these disease is something to strive for. To the Lifestyle Reception at Karlskoga Hospital are patients with mild to moderate mental illness referred where a new method Self-measurement tests of leg strength is used, containing 30 seconds chair-stand test, squat, heel rise and maximal step-up test, aiming to simple training and indicating an objective measure of leg strength. Objective: To describe the group of patients referred to the Lifestyle Reception and investigate change of leg strength/leg function using Self-measurement tests, self-rated health and self-rated physical function following 12 weeks of intervention. Methods: A clinical intervention study of 29 patients referred to the Lifestyle Reception at Karlskoga Hospital between Nov 2017 and March 2018. They participated in an intervention consisting of group training twice a week for 12 weeks. A sign-in and a sign-out interview was carried out where data (tests and a questionnaire) of the study was collected. Result: 29 patients (24 women / 5 men) participated. The mean age was 39 years and the mean BMI was 31 (corresponding to obesity). All patients were on sick leave to some extent. The theoretical individual maximal step-up height (% -tMSH) improved from 65% to 75% (p &lt;0.001). The patients could on average do 5.5 more 30s-chair-stand-test (p &lt;0.001) and the proportion who managed to do squats without support increased from 57% to 90%. Significant improvements were seen for the self-rated health (p &lt;0.001) and also for the HAD scale (anxiety p = 0.012; depression p = 0.04). However, the improvement of the self-rated physical function was not significant. Conclusion: Significant improvements in all four self-tests of leg strength / leg function could be measured after the intervention as well as a significant improvement of self-rated health. Self-measurement test of leg strength is considered to be a simple and useful test method in clinical practice.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-02-16T15:33:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jefferson Koscheck (jefferson.fwk@outlook.com) on 2017-02-18T20:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Jefferson_Fabiano_Werner_Koscheck.pdf: 3652741 bytes, checksum: 176d76efd66c58ddb42d081beb4de1c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-20T20:49:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 koscheck_jfw_dr_jabo.pdf: 3652741 bytes, checksum: 176d76efd66c58ddb42d081beb4de1c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T20:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 koscheck_jfw_dr_jabo.pdf: 3652741 bytes, checksum: 176d76efd66c58ddb42d081beb4de1c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar a massa de forragem, estrutura do dossel, composição química, consumo e digestibilidade, desempenho, conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal e metano entérico de touros jovens Nelore recriados em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetido a diferentes alturas de pastejo e níveis de suplementos durante o período de águas e transição águas seca sob lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável, assim como, o efeito da recria sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Os tratamentos no período das águas consistiram de altura baixa do pasto (15 cm) (AB) e suplementação a 0,3% do peso corporal (PC) (AB-0,3%), AB e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AB-0,6%), altura moderada do pasto (25 cm) (AM) e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AM-0,1%), AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), altura alta do pasto (35 cm) (AA) e suplementação mineral (AA-SM), AA e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AA-0,1%). Na transição os tratamentos consistiram de AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), AM e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AM-0,6%), AA e suplementação 0,1% (AA-0,1%), AA e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AA-0,3%). Na fase de terminação os animais foram divididos em dois experimentos, no experimento 1, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de pastejo, recebendo 2% do PC, enquanto os do experimento 2, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de confinamento em baias individuais. A dieta de terminação no confinamento foi constituída por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso (13% com base na MS) e concentrado (87% com base na MS). No período das águas foram utilizados 126 touros jovens da raça Nelore, sendo adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições (piquetes) por tratamento (n = 18). Na transição foi utilizado 68 animais, sendo utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições (piquetes) por tratamento (n = 12). Na terminação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e três repetições (lote de 2 animais cada) por tratamento (n = 12). Como todas as variáveis avaliadas apresentaram efeito antes do início do experimento, as mesmas foram testadas como covariáveis no final do experimento. No período das águas, a massa de forragem dos pastos de AA, assim como a massa de folha verde, colmo verde e material morto foram maiores (P<0,01) que os valores observados nos pastos de AB em todos os períodos experimentais (P<0,01). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) de pasto dos animais nos pastos de AA foi maior que o consumo na AB (P<0,01), porém, o CMS total foi igual nas três alturas estudadas. O tratamento AB-0,6% proporcionou maior ganho em carcaça, quando comparado com AB-0,3%, AM-0,1% e AA-SM (P<0,01), e menor ganho diário em carcaça foi observado no tratamento AM-0,1% e AA-SM (P<0,01). No período de transição águas seca, os tratamentos AM-0,3% e AM-0,6% proporciona menor massa de forragem total, de folha verde e de colmo verde, maior taxa de lotação e menor CMS de pasto pelos animais. Animais no tratamento AM-0,6% do PC apresentam maior consumo de energia bruta e energia metabolizável, e maior ganho de PC e de carcaça por hectare. No presente estudo, apesar dos planos nutricionais terem proporcionado peso de carcaça diferente ao final da fase de recria, ao mensurar o peso de carcaça no final da fase de terminação não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os sistemas avaliados. / It was aimed in this work to evaluate the forage mass, sward structure, chemical composition, intake and digestibility, performance, gastrointestinal tract content and enteric methane of young Nelore bulls reared in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submitted to different grazing heights and supplement levels during the rainy season and rainy-dry season transition under continuous stocking with variable stocking rate, as well as the effect of rearing on finishing in feedlot or pasture. The treatments in the rainy season consisted of low grass height (15 cm) (AB) and supplementation at 0.3% of body weight (PC) (AB-0.3%), AB and supplementation at 0.6% of PC (AB-0.6%), medium pasture height (AM) and 0.1% PC supplementation (AM-0.1%), AM and PC supplementation 0.3% (AM-0.3%), high grass height (35 cm) (AA) and mineral supplementation (AA-SM), AA and 0.1% PC supplementation (AA-0.1%). At the transition, treatments consisted of AM and 0.3% PC supplementation (AM-0.3%), AM and 0.6% PC supplementation (AM-0.6%), AA and 0.1 % PC supplementation (AA-0.1%), AA and 0.3% PC supplementation (AA-0.3%). In the finishing phase the animals were divided in two experiments, in the experiment 1, 24 animals were finished in grazing system, receiving 2% of the PC, while those of experiment 2, 24 animals were finished in feedlot in individual stalls. The feedlot finishing diet consisted of sugarcane bagasse as bulky (13% based on DM) and concentrated (87% based on DM). In the rainy season, 126 young Nellore bulls were used, with a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates (stalls) per treatment (n = 18). In the transition, 68 animals were used, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and three replicates (stalls) per treatment (n = 12). At the finishing phase, a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications (batch of 2 animals each) was used per treatment (n = 12). As all variables evaluated had an effect before the beginning of the experiment, they were tested as co-variables at the end of the experiment. In the rainy season, the forage grass mass of AA, as well as the mass of green leaf, green stem and dead material were higher (P <0.01) than the values observed in grass of AB in all experimental periods (P <0.01). The dry matter intake (CMS) of pasture of the animals in the pastures of AA was higher than the intake in the AB (P <0.01), however, the total CMS was equal in the three heights studied. The AB-0.6% treatment provided higher carcass gain, when compared to AB-0.3%, AM-0.1% and AA-SM (P <0.01), and lower daily gain in carcass was observed in the treatment AM-0.1% and AA-SM (P <0.01). In the rainy-dry transition season, the AM-0.3% and AM-0.6% treatments provided lower total forage mass, green leaf and green stem, higher stocking rate and lower CMS of pasture by animals. The animals in the treatment AM-0.6% of the PC present higher crude energy intake and metabolizable energy, and higher PC and carcass gain per hectare. In the present study, although the nutritional plans provided different carcass weight at the end of the rearing phase, when measuring the carcass weight at the end of the finishing phase, no statistical differences were observed between the evaluated systems. / FAPESP: 2013/05894-0

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mari Roman.pdf: 1996303 bytes, checksum: 22872a541ea904a1f0fdd764e5ced3f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work had by objective to study and to model the spatial variability of variables relative at the wheat development cultivated in year 2003 in 22,62 ha pertain at Central Co-operative of Agricultural Research (COODETEC). Went used the cultivates Coodetec 101 (3,52 ha) and Coodetec 103 (18,10 ha). The samples went colected in gride of 50 x 50 m, totalized 89 points, the analysis unity a square with 0,25 m2. Went obtained data of emergency seedling, number of s-shoot, height of plants, number of spikes, length spikes, number of grain by spike, weight of thousand seed and production. The spatial dependence went more clear by mean number of s-shoot collected 60 days after to sow and crop height of plants. Variables with relation at the spike and the number of s-shoot 30 days after sow don t had spatial dependence. The others variables went considered with spatial dependence. To the variable spatial independence, compared the mean between the cultivates, and by mean number of s-shoot collected 30 days after to sow and length spikes the mean had difference signification in level of 5 %, by Tukey test. Went made prediction of all variables, spatial dependence or independence, to places no sampled by kriging technical and begot contour maps. There was spatial correlation negative and positive between variables, with correlation range of 200 till 700 m. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar e modelar a variabilidade espacial de variáveis referentes ao desenvolvimento do trigo cultivado no ano de 2003 em área de 22,62 ha pertencente à Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC). Foram utilizadas cultivares CD 101 (3,52 ha) e CD 103 (18,10 ha). As amostragens foram em grade de 50 x 50 m, totalizando 89 pontos, a unidades de análise um quadrado de 0,25 m2. Foram obtidos dados de emergência de plântulas, número de perfilho, altura de plantas, número de espigas, comprimento de espigas, número de grãos por espiga, peso de mil sementes e produtividade. A dependência espacial foi mais evidente para o número médio de perfilhos por planta coletado 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e para a altura de plantas na colheita do trigo. Nas variáveis relacionadas com a espiga do trigo e os dados do número médio de perfilhos por planta 30 dias após semeadura não identificou-se dependência espacial. As demais variáveis foram consideradas espacialmente dependentes. Para as variáveis consideradas independentes espacialmente, comparou-se a média entre as cultivares, o número médio de perfilhos aos 30 DAS e o comprimento da espiga apresentaram médias significativamente diferentes ao nível de 5 % de significância pelo teste de Tukey. Estimou-se os valores das variáveis para locais não amostrados pela técnica da krigagem e foram gerados mapas de contorno, para as variáveis consideradas espacialmente dependentes ou independentes.Houve correlações espaciais negativas e positivas entre as variáveis consideradas, com alcances de correlação de 200 a 700 m.