Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / The increase in antibiotic resistant bacterial and fungal infections and the prevalence of oxidative stress-related conditions including cancers, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes has led to a consensus among pharmaceutical companies, clinicians and researchers that novel antimicrobial and antioxidant approaches are needed. These should be ideally efficacious, non toxic, easily accessible and affordable. There has been an increased interest in the identification of medicinal plants that possess both these bioactivities in an intrinsically related manner, allowing the simultaneous prevention of these ailments. Two South African herbal teas, rooibos and honeybush have been associated with a long history of medicinal use, hence their consideration for the current study. Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of these South African herbal teas, however limited information about their antimicrobial activity currently exists. / National Research Foundation

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MTech(Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / Oxidative stress had been linked to the development of certain chronic diseases, but can be delayed or prevented by the consumption of dietary antioxidants. Fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and beverages, such as, teas are the major dietary antioxidant contributors. The majority of South Africans do not consume adequate daily servings of fruits and vegetables, neither sufficient minimally processed grains nor wholegrains. One way to incorporate antioxidants in the South African diet is by adding antioxidant-rich foods or beverages to recipes as ingredients. The objective of this study was to determine the effect on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of substituting water with rooibos herbal tea in soup recipe formulations. Rooibos is a proudly South African beverage rich in antioxidants. Soup is a readily available and relatively inexpensive meal item regularly consumed during the winter months in South Africa. Three popularly consumed soups in the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality namely chunky vegetable, butternut and chicken noodle were selected for the experimental study. The water in each of the soup recipe formulations (control) was substituted with fermented and unfermented / “green” rooibos (experimental recipe formulations). The study was of comparative nature as the results (i.e. the TAC as the factor investigated) of three different soup recipe formulations on fluid manipulations of each (with fermented and unfermented rooibos) was compared to the control soup recipe formulations of each (no fluid manipulation). The results (i.e. the TAC) of the three prepared control and experimental soup recipe formulations were also compared to that of the raw soup mixtures of each of the soup recipe formulations to determine the effect of thermal processing on each. The main variable identified in the preparation of the soup recipe formulations that may impact the TAC (the dependent variable) and needed to be controlled was the heat application. Other variables that may influence the results were the soup recipe formulation ingredients, the prepreparation of the raw ingredients, the standing time of ingredients before use and the equipment used. Before determination of the heat applications and the fixed time allocations of the soup recipe formulations to ensure recipe standardisation, the pre-preparation procedures of the raw recipe ingredients were also standardised.

Caesalpinia férrea Martius, popularmente conhecida como pau-ferro e jucá, é utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de problemas hepáticos, respiratórios e, em especial, para distúrbios gastrintestinais e como cicatrizante. Deste modo, os objetivos do presente trabalho visaram avaliar os extratos brutos liofilizados de folha (EBLF) e caule (EBLC) quanto a caracterização botânica, o estudo químico e farmacológico, direcionando principalmente, às ações antiúlcera, antioxidante e cicatrizante, e toxicidade destes órgãos vegetais de C. ferrea. A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada com a droga vegetal constituída de folha (DF) e de caule (DC), bem como com os seus EBLF e EBLC. Os métodos empregados foram preconizados por Farnsworth (1966) e Matos (1988) onde foram pesquisados os seguintes compostos: flavonóides, glicósidos cardiotônicos, saponinas, antraderivados, alcalóides, cumarinas, taninos e óleo essencial. Além disso, foi realizada a quantificação de taninos e flavonóides segundo a metodologia proposta na Farmacopéia Européia (2001) e na Farmacopéia Brasileira (2003), respectivamente. Para a avaliação da Toxicidade de C. ferrea foram realizadas a Toxicidade Aguda de ambos os órgãos vegetais, a DL50 do EBLF e a Toxicidade subcrônica do EBLF e EBLC, todos os modelos seguiram a metodologia de Brito (1994). Para análise da atividade antiulcerogênica da espécie em estudo foi realizado o teste da indução de lesão gástrica aguda por etanol/HCI e lesão subcrônica por ácido acético. Grupos Tratados receberam EBLF ou EBLC ou frações ou extratos enriquecidos em flavonóides, Grupo Controle água ou tween 80 e Grupo de Referência Misoprostol ou Cimetidina. Três parâmetros foram avaliados neste modelo: Área Total de Lesão (ATL) , Área Relativa de Lesão (ARL) e índice de Lesão Ulcerativa (ILU). A atividade antioxidante \"in vitro\" foi medida através da inibição da autoxidação de homogenato de cérebro de Ratos (Stocks et aI., 1974). Os extratos foram solubilizados em etanol 70% e as diluições (0.05-0.003mg/mL) foram efetuadas em etanol 35%. O etanol 35% foi utilizado como controle. E na avaliação da Atividade Cicatrizante, os animais (ratos) sofreram uma incisão na região dorsal com auxílio de punch. Os Grupos Tratados receberam diariamente 1 mL de EBLF ou EBLC, solubilizados a 15% em água, e o Grupo Controle água destilada na mesma proporção por um período de 14 dias. Na triagem fitoquímica foram detectados para ambos os extratos, flavonóides, taninos, além de antraderivados e cumarinas nas Folhas. A porcentagem encontrada de Taninos na DF foi de 7.13% e no EBLF de 23.95% e na DC foi de 2.26% e no EBLC de 11.77%. Já a quantificação de flavonóides foi de 0.0095% na DF, 0.026% no EBLF, 0.00014% na DC e de 0.0017% no EBLC. No teste de toxicidade aguda, somente os animais que receberam EBLF apresentaram alterações comportamentais a partir dos primeiros tempos de observação e morte de 3 animais machos e 2 fêmeas (n=5/sexo). Dessa forma, a DL50 encontrada para este extrato vegetal foi de 5471.64 mg/Kg para as fêmeas e de 3112.94 mg/Kg para os machos. Na Toxicidade subcrônica, apenas os animais fêmeas que receberam EBLC (800 mg/Kg) apresentaram uma diferença significativa, em relação ao grupo controle, quanto ao peso do rim, porém não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração histológica neste órgão. EBLF e EBLC apresentaram significativa atividade antiulcerogênica no modelo de lesão gástrica aguda dentro dos parâmetros avaliados. O EBLC reduziu em 37% a ARL. Já o EBLF foi tão ativo como o Misoprostol reduzindo em 95%, 81% e 63% a ATL, a ARL e o ILU, respectivamente contra 92%, 70% e 59% do fármaco de referência. Porém, as frações e os extratos enriquecidos em flavonóides obtidos de ambos os extratos brutos liofilizados não apresentaram atividade antiulcerogênica em nenhum dos 3 parâmetros. Esses mesmos resultados foram obtidos no modelo de lesão gástrica subcrônica para ambos os extratos vegetais. Os EBLF e EBLC de C. ferrea promoveram uma atividade antioxidante de 94% e 84%, respectivamente, na concentração de 0.8196 µg/mL, e um Q 1/2de 0.2331 (Folha) e 0.5061 (Caule) µg/mL. Na avaliação da atividade cicatrizante de ambos os extratos vegetais, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os Grupos Tratados e Controle. No laudo histológico não se observou nenhum sinal de cicatrização tecidual. Apesar de C. ferrea ser utilizada pela população como cicatrizante, não foi possível confirmar tal atividade nas folhas e nos caules desta espécie. / Caesalpinia ferrea Martius , populary, known as iron-wood or juca, is utilized in traditional medicine in the treatment of both hepatic and respiratory problems and, in special, for gastrointestinals disturbances and eventual healing. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the leiophyllized brute extracts of the leaf (lBEl) and the stem (lBES), the botanic caracterization, the chemical and pharmacological studies, focuzing principally, the antiulcer and healing action, and also the toxicity of these vegetable organs of C. ferrea. The phytochemical was ma de with the drug of the leaf (DL) and of the stem (DS)- LaEL and lBES. The method was precognized by Famsworth (1966) e Matos (1988) where doing research of: flavonoids, cardiotonic glicosids, saponins, antraderivates, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins and essential oi!. Beyond that, the quantification of tannins and flavonoids according to the metodology proposed in European Pharmacopeia (2001) and Brazilian Pharmacopeia (2003) were also undertaken, respectively. For the evaluation of the C. ferrea toxicity, the acute toxicity of both vegetable organs, the DL50 of LBEL and the subcronical toxicity of LBEL and LBES, were analyzed following the metodology of Brito (1994).The test of induction of acute gastric lesion for ethanol/HCI was used for antiulcerogenic activity analysis of the species studied. Treated Groups received LBEL or LBES or fractions or extracts enrich in flavonoids, Controls Groups water or tween 80 and misoprostol Reference Group. Three parameters were evaluated considering: Total Area of Lesion (TAL), Relative Area of Lesion (RAL) and Rate of Ulcerative Lesion (RUL). And for evaluation of subcronic gastric lesion by acetic acid 30%, the Treated Group received LBEL or LBES, Control Group water and cimetidine Reference Group. The ulcerative lesions were evaluated only in 2 parameters: RAL and RUL. An antioxidant activity \"in vitro\" was measured through inibition of antioxidation of homogenate of rat brain (Stocks et aI., 1974). The extracts were solubilized in ethanol 70% and dilutions (0.05-0.003mg/mL) were performed in ethanol 35%. The ethanol 35% was utilized like control. And for evaluation of healing activity, the animals (rats) suffered na incision in the dorsal region with a punch aid. The Treated Groups received daily 1mL of LBEL or LBES, solubilized by 15% in water, and Control Group distilled in the same proportion during a 14 day period. In phytochemical were detected for both extacts, flavonoids, tannins., beyond antradderivate and coumarins in leaves. The percentages of tannins found were 7.13% in DL, 23.95% in LBEL, 2.26% in OS and 11.77% in LBES. The quantification of flavonoids was 0.0095% in DL, 0.026% in LBEL, 0.00014% in DS and 0.0017% in LBES. During the acute toxicity test, it was observed a behaviour alteration among animais that received LBEL up tp the first time of observation and death pof 3 males and 2 females. The DL50 found to this vegetable extract was 5471.64 mg/Kg for the females and 3112.94 mg/Kg for the males. In subronic toxicity, only the females receiving LBES (800mg/Kg) presented a significant difference, according to the Control Group, as much as the weight of a kidney. However, no histologic alteration in this organ was found. LBEL and LBES presented antiulcerogenic significant activity in acute gstric lesions, based on the parameters evaluated. The LBES was reduced to 37% in RAL. The LBEL was so active as the misoprostol, being reducid to 95%,81% and 63% TAL, RAL and the RUL, respectively against 92%, 70% and 59% of pharmaco of reference. Nevertheless, nor the fractions nor the flavonoids enriched extracts obtained from both leiophyllized brute extracts showed antiulcerogenic activity at the 3 studied parameters. Up to the present time, in model subcronic gastric lesion, none of both vegetable extracts in question has showed active similar to TAL, RAL and RUL in relation to the Control Group. The LBEL and LBES of C. ferrea promoved an antioxidant activity of 93,56% and 84,38%, respectively, in concentration of de 0.8196 µg/mL, and a Q1/2 of 0.2331 (leaf) and 0.5061 (Stem) µg/mL. Conceming the healing activity evaluation of both vegetable extracts, no significant differences between Treats and Control Groups were found. Also in histologic award, no sign of tecidual cicatrization was observed. In spite of the fact that C. ferrea has been utilized by the population as cicatrizant, no clear evidence of its leaves and stems healing activity has been confirmed.

by Cheng Yuk Kwan, Anna. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-112). / Acknowledgements / Table of Contents --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.ix / List of tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Objective and scope of the project --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Morphology of Mimosa pudica --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemistry of Mimosa pudica --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Uses in traditional medicine --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Clinical and pharmacological studies of Mimosa pudica --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Toxicology of Mimosa pudica --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Characteristics and toxicology of mimosine --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Immunomodulation / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Overview of the immune system --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Strategies on the study of immunomodulation of Mimosa pudica --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicology / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Principles of the toxicological assays / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- LD50 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Subacute toxicity test --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Reproductive toxicity test --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mimosa pudica --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction of Mimosa pudica --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Cell preparation / Chapter a) --- Splenocytes --- p.35 / Chapter b) --- Thymocytes --- p.35 / Chapter c) --- Macrophages --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Splenocyte proliferation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Thymocyte proliferation --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Phagocytic activity of macrophages --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Release of IL-1 by macrophages --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Plaque forming cells --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Restoration on splenocyte blastogenesis of old mice --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assays for the toxicity of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- LD50 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Subacute toxicity --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 3.1.1 --- In vitro study on the lymphocyte proliferation / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Splenocyte proliferation --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Thymocyte proliferation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- In vivo study on the lymphocyte proliferation --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Phagocytic activity of macrophages --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Release of IL-1 by macrophages --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Plaque forming cells --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Restoration on splenocyte blastogenesis of old mice --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2 --- Toxicity of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 3.2.1 --- LD50 --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Enzyme assays --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Subacute toxicity --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- General discussion on the immunomodulatory effects and toxicity of Mimosa pudica / Chapter 4.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of Mimosa pudica --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2 --- Toxicity of Mimosa pudica --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Concluding remarks --- p.99 / References --- p.104 / Appendix --- p.113

by Chun Yiu-to. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 72-79.

Tsai Sam-Hip. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-60). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Basic theory of infrared spectroscopy --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- History Chinese herbal drugs --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Identification of Chinese herbal drugs using traditional methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Identification of Chinese herbal drugs by spectral fingerprinting method --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of this research --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Extraction and identification of Chinese herbal drugs using the ""Effective Peaks Matching"" method" / Chapter 2.1 --- Experimental --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results and Discussions --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Identification of Chinese herbal drugs using point-to-point spectral comparison method / Chapter 3.1 --- Experimental --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and Discussions --- p.34 / Conclusion --- p.55 / References --- p.56 / Appendices / Chapter A1 --- "VBA programs for the ""Effective Peaks Matching"" method" --- p.61 / Chapter A2 --- "VBA programs for ""point-to-point"" comparison method" --- p.74 / Chapter A3 --- Original spectra for database building --- p.79

by Kwan Yee Ting, Chris. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-48). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Part 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Identification of TCM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemical Pattern Recognition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Discriminant Analysis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Epimedium --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of this work --- p.8 / Chapter Part 2. --- Chemical Analysis --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sources of Epimedium samples --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Extraction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample Pre-treatment --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Procedure --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Extraction Recovery --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Instrumental Analysis --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chromatographic Operating Conditions --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of Calibration Graph --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Sample injection --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Linearity of the Calibration Graph --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Development of Analysis Procedure --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Sample Pre-treatment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Extractant --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Purification of Extract --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Extraction Time --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.2.5 --- Solvent Gradient --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.2.6 --- Detection --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Quantitative Analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Extraction Recovery --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Icariin Content --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusions --- p.22 / Chapter Part 3. --- Chemical Pattern Recognition --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chromatographic Results --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Patterns of Epimedium Samples --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Computer Program --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Variable Extraction --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Variable Extraction Parameters --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Variable Extraction Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.4.3 --- Transformation of Variables --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Variable Selection --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Predictive Power of the Recognition Model --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Accuracy of the Recognition Models --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Classification Functions --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Casewise Results of Recognition Model IV --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Plotting of the Best Two Canonical Discriminant Functions --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Meaning of Extracted Variables --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Limitations of Variable Extraction Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Importance of the Variable Extraction Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- "Reasons for the Poor Performance in Recognition Models I, II and III" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Selected Variables in Model IV --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Misclassified Samples --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Quality Assessment --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Comparison with Another Chemical Pattern Recognition Method for the Identification of Epimedium --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Potential Usage of the Pattern Recognition Method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Advantage of the Pattern Recognition Method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Disadvantage of Discriminant Analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.43 / References --- p.44 / Appendix I Epimedium Species in China --- p.49 / Appendix II --- p.50 / Chapter II.1 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium sagittatum --- p.50 / Chapter II.2 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium pubescens --- p.57 / Chapter II.3 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium koreanum --- p.61 / Chapter II.4 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium leptorrhizum --- p.67 / Chapter II.5 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium wnshanese --- p.69 / Chapter II.6 --- Chromatograms of Samples of Epimedium brevicornum --- p.72 / Appendix III Log-transformed Values of Variables --- p.75

This study aims to identify traditional medicines which people use in Babati District, Tanzania and to find out which direction the local use and knowledge of traditional medicine is taking in comparison with modern medicine (MM). It is a case study based both on primary and secondary sources. The primary information was gathered with the help of semi-structured interviews and shorter enquiries with people of all categories that use herbal remedies or visit bone fixers and with women that are supported by traditional midwifes. For simple health problems people use TM, for more complicated cases, they go to the hospital. A difference between Babati urban and rural inhabitants was noticed in the usage of traditional and modern medicine, but not between poor and rich people, opinions being slightly different. The Tanzanian government does not encourage the implementation of the TM in the modern medical system and as long as the young generation is not interested to learn the secrets of their parents‟ vocation, this knowledge is threatened by being forgotten. All the herbs used in TM will most likely find their way into the modern pharmacy; however because of the lack of documentation and statistics, it can take up to one hundred years. For this purpose, the gap between TM and MM has to narrow through a better collaboration between all the involved parts.