Cao Hui. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-194). / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Abstract --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xv / List of Figures --- p.xvii / Abbreviations and symbols --- p.xx / Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Historical background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Pharmacognostical development --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Importance of herb authentication --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4. --- Objective of study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review / Chapter 2.1. --- Botanical and taxonomic aspects --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Morphology --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Scientific names --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2. --- Chemical aspects --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3. --- Pharmacological aspects --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Antibacterial effect --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Antiphlogistic effect --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Antipyretic effect --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Effect in gastrointestinal propulsion --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Antineoplastic activity --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.7. --- Inhibitory activity on enzymes --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.8. --- Cardiovascular effect --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.9. --- Acute toxicity (LD50) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4. --- Pharmacognostical aspects --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Kudidan in Ben-cao literature / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2. --- Name evolution --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3. --- Natural distribution --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4. --- Characteristics --- p.25 / Chapter 3.5. --- Substitutions investigation --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6. --- Summary --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Morphological differences / Chapter 4.1. --- Plant identification --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Collection of voucher materials --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Plant morphology --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2. --- Macroscopical identification --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- Macroscopical characteristics --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Histological identification / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Kudidan --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Pugongying --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.1.3. --- Substitutes --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Authentic plant materials for comparison --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Methods --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.3.1. --- Paraffin method --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.3.2. --- Light microscopy --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2.3.3. --- Quantitative microscopy --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Microscopical characters of comparative plants --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Internal structures of herbs --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Chemical analysis / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Authentic samples --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Commercial samples --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Methods --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.3.1. --- Isolation and characterization of standard substances --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.3.2. --- Extraction of plant materials --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2.3.3. --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- TLC synopsis --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- TLC analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3.2.1. --- Qualitative evaluation of authentic plants --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3.2.2. --- Qualitative evaluation of commercial samples --- p.107 / Chapter 6.4. --- Summary --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Molecular fingerprinting / Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.115 / Chapter 7.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.120 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Plant materials --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Herbal materials --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Total genomic DNA preparation --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.3.1. --- CsCl/EtBr gradient method --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2.3.2. --- CTAB/CsCl gradient method --- p.123 / Chapter 7.2.3.3. --- CTAB miniprep method --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2.4. --- Qualitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.5. --- Quantitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2.6. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2.6.1. --- DNA amplification --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2.6.1.1. --- AP-PCR --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.1.1.2. --- RAPD --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.6.2. --- Data analysis --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3. --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3.1. --- Studies on extraction of genomic DNA --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3.2. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by AP-PCR --- p.130 / Chapter 7.3.3. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by RAPD --- p.131 / Chapter 7.4. --- Discussion --- p.131 / Chapter 7.4.1. --- DNA extraction --- p.132 / Chapter 7.4.2. --- DNA fingerprinting of Kudidan --- p.136 / Chapter 7.4.3. --- Phylogenetic relationship between two genera Elephantopus and Pseudo-elephantopus of by DNA fingerprinting --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- General summary and conclusion / Chapter 8.1. --- General summary --- p.165 / Chapter 8.1.1. --- Ben-cao investigation --- p.166 / Chapter 8.1.2. --- Investigation of commercial samples --- p.166 / Chapter 8.1.3. --- Histological characteristics --- p.167 / Chapter 8.1.4. --- Chemical analysis --- p.168 / Chapter 8.1.5. --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.168 / Chapter 8.2. --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Appendices / Chapter A) --- Solutions --- p.171 / Chapter B) --- Chinese characters cited in this Thesis --- p.173 / Chapter a) --- Herbal names --- p.173 / Chapter b) --- Book names --- p.175 / Chapter c) --- Personal names --- p.176 / Chapter d) --- Place names --- p.177 / Chapter e) --- Miscellaneous names --- p.179 / Bibliography --- p.180

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The consumption of herbal teas is an increasing phenomenon among tea consumers globally. However, herbal teas that are not pre-treated to reduce their microbial load are a health risk to consumers, in spite of their potential health-promoting properties. The aim of this study was to develop a steam pasteurisation treatment to reduce the microbial load on Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbanaceae) tea leaves, a herbal tea from Ghana, identify the bacteria present, and to evaluate the effect of the steam treatment on the bioactive constituent of the leaves. An HPLC method was developed and optimised for the identification and quantification of verbascoside, the major antioxidant compound of L. multiflora herbal infusion. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to confirm the presence of the compound in the infusion. Ascorbic acid was used as a stabilising agent during the quantification process to prevent the degradation of verbascoside. The hot water infusion of L. multiflora was compared to those of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) on the basis of their soluble solids and total polyphenol contents, as well as on their antioxidant activities. In addition to verbascoside, another compound with the same parent and fragment ions as verbascoside was present in the infusion. A 100 ml infusion of L. multiflora had significantly (P < 0.05) higher soluble solids and total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities than those of rooibos and honeybush. The rooibos infusion showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher soluble solids and total polyphenol contents as well as antioxidant activities than honeybush. On the basis of soluble solids, rooibos showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher total polyphenol content and a lower ferric-reducing activity than L. multiflora. Both teas, however, did not differ significantly with respect to the DPPH antioxidant activity. The effect of steam pasteurisation on the microbial load of L. multiflora herbal tea leaves was evaluated. Five samples of the tea were steam pasteurised at 99.8°C for 2.5 min and five samples were unpasteurised. Microbial enumeration was conducted in duplicate on potato dextrose agar (PDA), plate count agar (PCA), violet red bile agar (VRBA), yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPDA), and de Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS). Morphologically distinct colonies were isolated, sub-cultured and their Gram reaction recorded. These bacteria were identified to the species level using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence data. Most of the bacteria identified belonged to the genus Bacillus. One species each from the genera Pantoea and Kocuria were also identified, but only the Bacillus species survived the steam treatment. Coliform bacteria detected prior to pasteurisation were not detected after steam treatment. Steam pasteurisation reduced the microbial load from 104 to 102 cfu.g-1. The effects of the steam pasteurisation on the soluble solid, total polyphenol, and the active compound contents of L. multiflora, as well as the antioxidant activities were studied. Pasteurisation did not significantly (P > 0.05) change the soluble solids, total polyphenol and active compound contents, or the antioxidant activity. Steam pasteurisation is potentially an effective method to treat L. multiflora herbal teas prior to consumption. However, the steam treatment should complement good agricultural and hygienic practices rather than replace them as some bacteria can survive this treatment. The identification and quantification of verbascoside in L. multiflora infusion, as well as the relatively higher antioxidant contents compared to rooibos and honeybush should provide the basis for future studies on the therapeutic application of this herbal tea. Also, verbascoside could potentially form the basis for future quality control of L. multiflora. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is 'n wêreldwye toename in die verbruik van kruietee. Kruietee wat egter nie vooraf-behandelings ontvang om die mikrobiese lading te verlaag nie kan, ten spyte van moontlike gesondheidsvoordele, ook 'n potensiële gesondheidsrisiko vir verbruikers inhou. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n stoompasteurisasie-behandeling te ontwikkel wat die mikrobiese lading op Lippia multiflora teeblare, 'n kruietee van Ghana, te verlaag. Verder is die teenwoordige bakterieë geïdentifiseer en die effek van 'n stoombehandeling op die bio-aktiewe komponente in die teeblare is ook geëvalueer. 'n Hoë-druk vloeistof-chromatografie metode is ontwikkel en ge-optimiseer vir die identifikasie en kwantifisering van verbaskosied, 'n hoof antioksidant komponent in L. multiflora kruie aftreksels. Vloeistof chromatografie, gekoppel aan in-lyn massa spektroskopie is ook gebruik om die teenwoordigheid van die komponent in die aftreksel te bevestig. Tydens die kwantifiseringsproses is askorbiensuur as 'n stabiliseringsagent gebruik om die degradasie van verbaskosied te voorkom. Die warm water aftreksel van L. multiflora is vergelyk met die van Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) en Cyclopia spp. (heuningbos) in terme van hul opgeloste vastestof- en totale polifenol inhoude, asook hul antioksidant aktiwiteite. 'n Ander komponent buiten verbaskosied, maar met dieselfde ouer en fragment ione, was ook in die aftreksel teenwoordig. 'n 100 ml L. multiflora aftreksel het beduidend (P < 0.05) meer opgeloste vastestowwe, totale polifenole en antioksidant aktiwiteit getoon as rooibos en heuningbos. Rooibos het weer beduidend (P < 0.05) meer opgeloste vastestowwe, totale polifenole, en antioksidant aktiwiteit as heuningbos. In terme van opgeloste vastestowwe het rooibos 'n beduidende (P < 0.05) hoër totale polifenol inhoud en laer ferriet-reduserende aktiwiteit as L. multiflora. Beide tee het egter nie beduidend verskil ten opsigte van hul antioksidant aktiwiteit nie. Die effek van stoompasteurisasie op die mikrobiese lading van L. multiflora kruieteeblare is geëvalueer. Vyf teemonsters is gestoompasteuriseer by 99.8°C vir 2.5 min en 5 verdere monsters is nie gepasteuriseer nie. Mikrobe-tellings is in Mikrobe-tellings is in v duplikaat op potato dextrose agar (PDA), plate count agar (PCA), violet red bile agar (VRBA), yeast peptone dextrose agar (YPDA), en de Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS) gedoen. Morfologies onderskeibare kolonies is geïsoleer, her-gekweek en hul Gram status genotuleer. Hierdie bakterieë is daarna tot op spesie-vlak geïdentifiseer deur 16S ribosomale DNS (rDNS) volgorde bepalings. Die meerderheid van die geïdentifiseerde bakterieë behoort tot die genus Bacillus en een spesie elk van die genera Pantoea en Kocuria is ook geïdentifiseer. Slegs Bacillus spesies het egter die stoompasteurisasie behandeling oorleef. Kolivorme bakterieë wat voor pasteurisasie waargeneem is was afwesig na die stoom behandeling. Stoompasteurisasie het ook die mikrobiese lading van 104 na 102 kve.g-1 verminder. Die effek van stoompasteurisasie op die opgeloste vastestowwe, totale polifenole en die aktiewe-komponent inhoud van L. multiflora, asook die antioksidant aktiwiteit is bestudeer. Pasteurisasie het die opgeloste vastestowwe, totale polifenole, aktiewe komponente en die antioksidant aktiwiteit nie-beduidend (P > 0.05) verander. Stoompasteurisasie kan potensieël 'n effektiewe metode wees vir die behandeling van L. multiflora kruietee voor verbruik. Die stoombehandeling moet egter saam met goeie landbou- en higiëniese praktyke gebruik word eerder as om dit te vervang aangesien sommige bakterieë hierdie stoombehandeling kan oorleef. Die identifikasie en kwantifisering van verbaskosied in L. multiflora aftreksels, asook die hoër antioksidant inhoud vergeleke met rooibos en heuningbos verskaf moontlikhede vir verder navorsing in die terapeutiese aanwending van hierdie kruietee. Verbaskosied kan ook moontlik die basis vorm vir toekomstige kwaliteitskontrole van L. multiflora.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sensory profiles and the phenolic composition of C. genistoides, C. longifolia, C. maculata and C. subternata, used for commercial production of honeybush tea, were determined with the aim to develop quality control tools, such as sensory wheels and statistical models to predict the basic taste and mouthfeel modalities using compositional data. Optimum fermentation parameters for C. longifolia in terms of aroma and flavour development were determined by investigating eight temperature/time regimes (80°C and 90°C for 8, 16, 24 and 32 h), using descriptive sensory analysis (DSA). Fermentation at 80°C/24 h or 90°C/24 h significantly reduced the negative sensory attributes present and produced a tea of good sensory quality. Previously, 80°C/24 h and 90°/16 h were shown to deliver optimum quality for the other three Cyclopia species. A large sample set (N = 150) consisting of C. genistoides, C. maculata and C. subternata, harvested during three production years (2010, 2012 and 2013), as well as C. longifolia harvested in 2013, was used to develop sensory wheels. All the samples were produced by fermentation at the two optimum fermentation temperature/time regimes of each species. The plant material was sourced from different production regions and plantations to ensure inherent plant variation was accommodated. The “characteristic” and generic sensory profile of honeybush was defined as a “fynbos-floral”, “woody”, “fynbos-sweet” aroma and flavour, with a sweet taste and slightly astringent mouthfeel. Species-specific sensory profiles were also identified. Cyclopia genistoides had a strong “rose geranium” flavour and a perceptible bitter taste, whereas C. longifolia had a similar sensory profile to that of C. genistoides, however, C. longifolia’s “rose geranium” flavour was less prominent and its bitter taste not perceptible. Cyclopia maculata and C. subternata were both described as having “caramel” and other “sweet-associated” notes and a slightly astringent mouthfeel. These results were used to develop a generic sensory wheel for both aroma and flavour, as well as similar wheels for each of the four Cyclopia species. Each sensory wheel reflects the relative intensity of the sensory attributes, while prevalence of the major attributes were accommodated in accompanying bar graphs. Sorting was investigated as a rapid profiling technique to serve as an alternative to the standard profiling method, descriptive sensory analysis (DSA). Instructed sorting was identified as a possible rapid sensory profiling tool for the honeybush industry, especially when samples need to be classified according to a selected list of sensory attributes. Uninstructed sorting can be used when the aim is to categorise a group of samples freely according to similarities and thus determine the natural grouping of samples within a broader sample set. The phenolic content of the respective four Cyclopia species differed qualitatively and quantitatively. Of the compounds quantified only four compounds were present in all four species, i.e. hesperidin, vicenin-2, mangiferin and isomangiferin. A larger number of compounds were present in three out of four species. The predictive value of the phenolic compounds towards the intensity of the taste and mouthfeel attributes (sweet, sour, bitter and astringent) was investigated using Pearson‟s correlation analysis, partial least squares regression (PLS) and step-wise regression analysis. Potential “candidate predictors” for taste and mouthfeel attributes were identified such as the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, being responsible for bitter taste and astringency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sensoriese profiel en fenoliese samestelling van C. genistoides, C. longifolia, C. maculata en C. subternata, waarvan heuningbostee geproduseer word, is bepaal om gehaltebeheer hulpmiddels te ontwikkel soos sensoriese wiele en statistiese modelle wat die fenoliese samestelling kan gebruik om die basiese smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe van infusies te voorspel. Die optimum fermentasie parameters vir C. longifolia in terma van aroma- en geurontwikkeling is bepaal deur agt temperatuur/tyd kombinasies (80°C en 90°C vir 8, 16, 24 en 32 h) te ondersoek met behulp van beskrywende sensoriese analise (BSA). Fermentasie by 80°C/24 h of 90°C/24 h het „n beduidende afname in die negatiewe sensoriese eienskappe veroorsaak en tot die ontwikkeling van tee met ʼn goeie sensoriese kwaliteit gelei. Die fermentasie parameters, 80°C/24 h en 90°/16 h, is voorheen aangedui as die optimale kondisies vir die ontwikkeling van „n goeie kwaliteit tee vir die ander drie Cyclopia spesies. 'n Groot stel monsters (N = 150), bestaande uit C. genistoides, C. maculata en C. subternata en ge-oes gedurende drie produksiejare (2010, 2012 en 2013), sowel as C. longifolia ge-oes in 2013, is gebruik om die sensoriese wiele te ontwikkel. Die twee optimum fermentasie temperatuur/tyd kombinasies van elke spesie is gebruik om die monsters te produseer. Plantmateriaal afkomstig van verskillende produksiegebiede en plantasies is versamel ten einde te verseker dat die monsters „n betekenisvolle hoeveelheid inherente variasie dek. Die generiese en "karakteristieke" sensoriese profiel wat met heuningbos geassosieer word, is gedefinieer as 'n "fynbos-blomagtige", "houtagtige", "fynbos-soet" aroma en geur, met 'n soet smaak en effense vrank mondgevoel. Spesies-spesifieke sensoriese profiele is ook geïdentifiseer. Cyclopia genistoides het 'n sterk "roos malva" geur en „n merkbare bitter smaak. Die sensoriese profiel van C. longifolia is soortgelyk aan dié van C. genistoides, maar sy "roos malva" geur was minder prominent en 'n bitter smaak was nie sensories waarneembaar nie. Beide C. maculata en C. subternata het waarneembare "karamel" en ander "soet-verwante" eienskappe, asook 'n effense vrank mondgevoel getoon. Die volle stel data is uiteindelik gebruik om 'n generiese sensoriese wiel vir heuningbostee, asook spesies-spesifieke sensoriese wiele vir elk van die vier Cyclopia spesies saam te stel. Die onderskeie sensoriese wiele weerspieël die relatiewe intensiteit van elk van die sensoriese eienskappe, terwyl die voorkoms-frekwensie van die onderskeie sensoriese eienskappe in gepaardgaande kolomgrafieke geillustreer is. Sortering, 'n vinnige profileringsmetode, is as alternatief tot die standaard profileringsmetode, beskrywende sensoriese analise (BSA), ondersoek. Gestrukteerde sortering is geïdentifiseer as 'n moontlike hulpmiddel vir die heuningbosbedryf om die sensoriese profiel van heuningbos te bepaal, veral wanneer „n groot aantal monsters vinning geklassifiseer moet word volgens 'n lys geselekteerde sensoriese eienskappe. Ongestrukteerde sortering kan gebruik word wanneer die doel is om „n groot aantal monsters vrylik te kategoriseer volgens hul sensoriese ooreenkomste of verskille. Die fenoliese saamestelling van die vier Cyclopia spesies het kwalitatief en kwantitatief verskil. Slegs vier van die gekwantifiseerde verbindings was teenwoordig in al vier spesies, naamlik hesperidien, visenien-2, mangiferien en isomangiferien. Meer verbindings was egter teenwoordig in drie van die vier spesies. Die voorspellingswaarde van die fenoliese verbindings tot die intensiteit van die smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe (soet, suur, bitter en vrank) is ondersoek met behulp van Pearson se korrelasie, gedeeltelike kleinste-kwadrate regressie (PLS) en stapsgewyse regressie analises. Potensiële "kandidaat voorspellers" vir die smaak en mondgevoel eienskappe, soos die xantone, mangiferien en isomangiferien, verantwoordelik vir 'n bitter smaak en vrank mondgevoel, is geïdentifiseer.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Um estudo transversal sobre a utilizaÃÃo de medicamentos fitoterÃpicos nas Unidades BÃsicas de AtenÃÃo à SaÃde da FamÃlia (UBASF) do municÃpio de MaracanaÃ-Ce foi realizado em duas etapas entre agosto de 2002 e janeiro de 2003; Primeiramente, foram entrevistados nas farmÃcias das UBASF, mediante questionÃrio estruturado, 226 usuÃrios maiores de 18 anos, com prescriÃÃo contendo medicamento fitoterÃpico; e posteriormente, utilizando-se metodologia qualitativa, foram selecionados 12 prescritores (6 mÃdicos e 6 enfermeiros) e 12 usuÃrios para um estudo aprofundado sobre a fitoterapia, considerando os aspectos sÃcio-culturais que envolvem tal prÃtica. Esta etapa foi realizada mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas, gravadas, nos respectivos consultÃrios e residÃncias. Dos 226 usuÃrios entrevistados, 85,4% foram do sexo feminino e 14,6% do masculino, com mÃdia de idade de 38 anos; 94,2% receberam explicaÃÃo do prescritor quanto ao uso do fitoterÃpico; apenas 27,0% relacionaram o fitoterÃpico ao Programa farmÃcias Vivas; 63,1% jà havia utilizando o fitoterÃpico antes, dentre os quais, a maioria relatou sua eficiÃncia terapÃutica. Dos 542 medicamentos prescritos, 58% foram alopÃticos e 41,7% fitoterÃpicos; a mÃdia de medicamentos por prescriÃÃo foi de 2,39 e a mÃdia de fitoterÃpicos foi de 1,01%. Os fitoterÃpicos mais prescritos foram: o Xarope Expectorante (63,8%), o Sabonete de Alecrim (11,4%) e a Tintura de Mororà (11,4%). Dentre os 12 prescritores entrevistados, 91,66% afirmaram que prescrevem medicamentos fitoterÃpicos com freqÃÃncia e reconhecem sua eficiÃncia terapÃutica; o fator econÃmico tambÃm foi constantemente citado. Foi observada a homogeneidade das opiniÃes entre mÃdicos e enfermeiros; 100% dos prescritores reclamaram a quantidade insuficiente dos fitoterÃpicos em relaÃÃo à demanda. Dos 12 usurÃrios entrevistados nas residÃncias, todos demonstraram sua crenÃa na eficiÃncia dos fitoterÃpicos (caseiros ou das UBASF), geralmente relacionada à origem ânaturalâ dos mesmos, conceito legado da cultura empÃrica da comunidade; a referÃncia ao fator econÃmico como justificativa para o uso de produtos fitoterÃpicos foi insignificante. O presente estudo demonstrou que a Fitoterapia em Maracanaà à bastante aceita por usuÃrios e prescritores. Entretanto, o paÃs necessita de uma legislaÃÃo especÃfica para a produÃÃo de fitoterÃpicos na atenÃÃo primaria, que forneÃa subsÃdios aos Programas de Fitoterapia, no que concerne à realizaÃÃo de estudos de eficÃcia e toxicidade dos medicamentos produzidos, e de aÃÃes de FarmacovigilÃncia e controle de qualidade na produÃÃo e uso racional dos mesmos

Hin-Chung Chu. / Thesis submitted in: July 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-306). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Cover (English & Chinese version) --- p.I / 中文封面 --- p.II / Abstract (English version) --- p.III-IV / 中藥不良反應論文摘要 --- p.V / Acknowledgements --- p.VI / Abbreviations --- p.VII-VIII / Publication in press --- p.IX / Content --- p.X-XV / Lists of Table --- p.XVI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-3 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used in Hong Kong. --- p.4-15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.4-5 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Policy In Hong Kong -- Past And Present --- p.5-1 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Preparatory Committee on Chinese Medicine (PCCM) --- p.7-8 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong --- p.8-10 / Chapter 2.5 --- Development of Standards --- p.10 / Chapter 2.6 --- Development of Centres of Good Clinical Practice --- p.10-11 / Chapter 2.7 --- Establishment of a Good System of Education and Training --- p.11 / Chapter 2.8 --- Investigation of Suspected Herbal Toxicity Cases --- p.12-13 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Herbal Safety Surveillance --- p.13-14 / Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.14-15 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Herbal medicines used in other countries --- p.16-45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- China --- p.16-19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Macau --- p.22-23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Taiwan --- p.23-26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Japan --- p.27-30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Singapore --- p.30-31 / Chapter 3.7 --- Australia --- p.31-34 / Chapter 3.8 --- Others Asian countries --- p.35 / Chapter 3.9 --- USA --- p.35-39 / Chapter 3.10 --- United Kingdom --- p.39-41 / Chapter 3.11 --- Europe --- p.41-43 / Chapter 3.12 --- Germany --- p.43-45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Adverse reaction -- General Aspect --- p.46-63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- p.47-49 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Compound Prescriptions to Reduce Toxicity --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Processing Of Chinese Herbs --- p.50-51 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The Aims of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.51-52 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The Methods of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- External processing (simple treatment by trimming) --- p.52-53 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Water processing --- p.53-54 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Fire processing --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Water-fire processing --- p.54-55 / Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- Other methods --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Practical Problem in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.55-57 / Chapter 4.4 --- Evaluation of herbal adverse reactions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Type A reactions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Type B reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Type C reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Type D reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chinese Proprietary medicine --- p.58-59 / Chapter 4.6 --- Potential Risks for Herbal Adverse Reaction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Misidentification --- p.59-60 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Lack of standardisation --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Contamination --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Incorrect preparation / dosage --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Excessive dosage --- p.60-61 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Individual errors --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6.7 --- Individual response --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6.8 --- Unqualified Herbal Practitioner with Wrong Prescription --- p.61-62 / Chapter 4.6.9 --- Interaction with Western medicine --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.10 --- Prolonged Usage --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.11. --- Coexisting disease --- p.62-63 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Substitution, Adulteration or Misusing with Toxic Herbs" --- p.64-84 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.64-65 / Chapter 5.2 --- Adulteration by Guijiu --- p.65-68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Anticholinergic reactions Caused by <Yangjinhua> --- p.69-74 / Chapter 5.4 --- Overdosage --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overdose of Aconitine --- p.74-78 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Overdose of Liquorice ('Gancao') --- p.78-80 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Overdose of <Chansu> --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5 --- Misusing - Personal abuse --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- <Banmao> --- p.80-81 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.81-84 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Chinese Patent Medicine - General Aspect --- p.85-112 / Chapter 6.1 --- Chinese Patent Medicine --- p.85 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.85-87 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Herbal Injection and Infusion --- p.87-88 / Chapter 6.1.2.1 --- Variety & Processing --- p.88 / Chapter 6.1.2.2 --- Stabilization --- p.88-89 / Chapter 6.1.2.3 --- The Molecular Size --- p.89-90 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Adverse Reactions Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicines --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1.3.1 --- Aconitine poisoning --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1.3.2 --- Nan Lien Chui Fong Toukuwan' --- p.90-91 / Chapter 6.1.3.3 --- Jin Bu Huan' --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.3.4 --- Baoyingdan' --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Heavy metals in CPM --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- The Necessarity to Develop Randomise Herbal Clinical Trial. --- p.91-92 / Chapter 6.1.6 --- Recommendation --- p.92-93 / Chapter 6.1.7 --- Conclusion --- p.93-94 / Chapter 6.2 --- Adulteration by synthetic therapeutic substances --- p.95-104 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Experiences in China --- p.91-99 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The Experiences in Hong Kong --- p.99-101 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- The Experience in Taiwan --- p.101-102 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Discussion --- p.102-104 / Chapter 6.3 --- Oil of Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) --- p.104-112 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Overview --- p.104-111 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Prevention --- p.111-112 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Adverse effects of Ginseng. --- p.113-123 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.113 / Chapter 7.2 --- Botany --- p.113-114 / Chapter 7.3 --- Pharmacological Effects --- p.114-115 / Chapter 7.4 --- Adverse reaction of Ginseng --- p.115 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Overdosage --- p.115-116 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Substitution with cheaper and more toxic herbs --- p.116-121 / Chapter 7.5 --- Drug - herb Interaction --- p.121-122 / Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Herbal Medicines With Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions --- p.124-123 / Chapter 8.1 --- Overview --- p.124 / Chapter 8.2 --- Hypertension --- p.124 / Chapter 8.3 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.124-125 / Chapter 8.4 --- Arrhythmias --- p.125-126 / Chapter 8.5 --- Cardic Failure --- p.126 / Chapter 8.6 --- Angia Pectoris --- p.126 / Chapter 8.7 --- Thromboembolic Disorders --- p.126-127 / Chapter 8.8 --- Discussion --- p.127-128 / Chapter 8.8.1 --- Herbal Medicine Used in Cardiovascular System --- p.131 / Chapter 8.8.1.1 --- Ginseng --- p.131-133 / Chapter 8.8.1.2 --- Ma huang (Ephedra sinica) --- p.133-136 / Chapter 8.8.1.3 --- Yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia) --- p.136-137 / Chapter 8.8.1.4 --- Stephania tetrandra --- p.137-138 / Chapter 8.8.1.5 --- Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) --- p.138 / Chapter 8.8.1.8 --- Ginkgo biloba --- p.138-140 / Chapter 8.8.1.9 --- Dong Quai (Angelicae Sinensis) --- p.140-141 / Chapter 8.8.1.10 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) --- p.141-143 / Chapter 8.8.1.11 --- Berberine --- p.143 / Chapter 8.8.2 --- Potential Problem Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.143-144 / Chapter 8.9 --- Other Herbal Adverse Effects And Drug Interaction --- p.144-145 / Chapter 8.10 --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Review of the Adverse Reactions to herbal treatments of Obesity --- p.146-150 / Chapter 9.1 --- Overview --- p.146 / Chapter 9.2 --- Combined With Unknown medication --- p.146-147 / Chapter 9.3 --- Dietary Supplements and Herbal Preparations --- p.147-149 / Chapter 9.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149-150 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Adverse Effects of CHM used for Diabetes --- p.151-159 / Chapter 10.1 --- Introduction --- p.151 / Chapter 10.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine used in Diabetes --- p.151 / Chapter 10.3 --- Adverse Reaction of Alternative Diabetic Treatment --- p.152-158 / Chapter 10.4 --- Conclusion --- p.159 / Chapter Chapter 11 --- Review of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.160-194 / Chapter 11.1 --- Introduction --- p.160-161 / Chapter 11.2 --- Drug-induced hepatic injury --- p.161-163 / Chapter 11.3 --- Types of Liver Injury --- p.163 / Chapter 11.3.1 --- Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) --- p.163 / Chapter 11.4 --- Hepatotoxicity Herbs --- p.163 / Chapter 11.4.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.163-164 / Chapter 11.4.2 --- Rhizoma Discoreae Bulbiferae --- p.164-165 / Chapter 11.5 --- Consumption of Insect herbs --- p.165 / Chapter 11.6 --- Hepatotoxicity Cause by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.165-166 / Chapter 11.6.1 --- Jin Bu Huan --- p.166-168 / Chapter 11.6.2 --- Chi R Yun (Breynia officinalis) --- p.168 / Chapter 11.6.3 --- Sho-saiko-to --- p.168-169 / Chapter 11.6.4 --- Shou-Wu-Pian --- p.169-171 / Chapter 11.7 --- Importance of Drug-Herb and Herb-Herb Interactions --- p.171-172 / Chapter 11.8 --- Diagnosis of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.172-173 / Chapter 11.9 --- Recomandation --- p.173-174 / Chapter 11.10 --- Conclusion --- p.175 / Table --- p.176-180 / Chapter Chapter 12 --- Review of Herbal Nephropathy --- p.181-194 / Chapter 12.1 --- Introduction --- p.181 / Chapter 12.2 --- Aristolochia acids (AA) --- p.181-183 / Chapter 12.2.1 --- Intoxication of Aristolochia in Worldwide --- p.183-184 / Chapter 12.2.2 --- Morphological findings --- p.184-185 / Chapter 12.2.3 --- Carcinogenic --- p.185-187 / Chapter 12.3 --- MuTong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) --- p.187-188 / Chapter 12.4 --- Ma-dou-ling (Fructus Aristolochiae) --- p.188 / Chapter 12.5 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.188-189 / Chapter 12.6 --- Gastrodia Elata --- p.189 / Chapter 12.7 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) --- p.190-191 / Chapter 12.8 --- Hippocampus (Sea Horse) --- p.191 / Chapter 12.9 --- Milabris Phanalerata --- p.191-192 / Chapter 12.10 --- Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.192-193 / Chapter 12.11 --- Conclusion --- p.193-194 / Chapter Chapter 13 --- Adverse Reaction of Herbal Medicine in Dermatology. --- p.195-217 / Chapter 13.1 --- Overview --- p.195-196 / Chapter 13.2 --- Chinese Herbal Medicine Used in Psoriasis --- p.196 / Chapter 13.2.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.197 / Chapter 13.2.2 --- Radix Angelicae pubescentis and Radix Angelicae dahuricae --- p.197-198 / Chapter 13.2.3 --- Radix macrotomiae seu Lithospermi Injection --- p.198 / Chapter 13.3 --- Chinese Herbal Decoction For Atopic Dermatitis --- p.198-200 / Chapter 13.3.1 --- Tea Extracts --- p.200-201 / Chapter 13.4 --- Potential Adverse Effect with Herbal Medicine --- p.201 / Chapter 13.4.1 --- Allergic skin reactions --- p.201-202 / Chapter 13.4.2 --- Stevens-Johnson syndrome --- p.202 / Chapter 13.4.3 --- Photosensitization --- p.202-204 / Chapter 13.4.4 --- Pellagra --- p.204 / Chapter 13.4.5 --- Hepatotoxic Effects --- p.204-205 / Chapter 13.4.6 --- Others Adverse Reaction --- p.205 / Chapter 13.4.7 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Interactions --- p.205 / Chapter 13.5 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Contamination of Herbal Product --- p.206 / Chapter 13.5.1 --- Herbal creams adulterated with corticosteroids --- p.206-207 / Chapter 13.5.2 --- Arsenic dermatoses --- p.207 / Chapter 13.5.3 --- Mercury poisoning --- p.207-208 / Table --- p.208-211 / Chapter 13.6 --- Dermatological Adverse Reaction Caused by Herbs --- p.211 / Chapter 13.7 --- Contact Dermatitis Caused by CPM --- p.211-212 / Chapter 13.7.1 --- Liushenwan' --- p.211-212 / Chapter 13.7.2 --- Heiguiyou' --- p.212 / Chapter 13.7.3 --- 101 Hair Regrowth Liniment' --- p.212-213 / Chapter 13.7.4 --- Zhenggushui' --- p.213 / Chapter 13.7.5 --- Tiedayaoiing' --- p.213-214 / Table --- p.214-215 / Chapter 13.8 --- Non-dermatological adverse effects of systemic herbal treatments used for dermatological conditions --- p.215-216 / Chapter 13.9 --- Conclusion --- p.216-217 / Chapter Chapter 14 --- "Chinese Herbal Medicine in Pregnancy, Infants & Children," --- p.218-229 / Chapter 14.1 --- Overview --- p.218-219 / Chapter 14.2 --- Asian Cultures for Pregnancy --- p.219-223 / Chapter 14.3 --- Teratogenic Herbs --- p.224-225 / Chapter 14.4 --- Chinese proprietary medicines --- p.225 / Chapter 14.4.1 --- "“Tse Koo Choy""" --- p.225-226 / Chapter 14.4.2 --- "“Lu Shen Wan""" --- p.226 / Chapter 14.4.3 --- "“Po Ying Pills""" --- p.226-227 / Chapter 14.4.4 --- """Jin Bu Huan Toxicity"" in Children" --- p.227 / Chapter 14.6 --- Topical Preparations --- p.227-228 / Chapter 14.7 --- Dietary supplement --- p.228-229 / Chapter 14.8 --- Conclusion --- p.229 / Chapter Chapter 15 --- Heavy metals poisoning in traditional Chinese medicines. --- p.230-251 / Chapter 15.1 --- Introduction --- p.230-232 / Chapter 15.2 --- LEAD --- p.232 / Chapter 15.2.1 --- Overview --- p.232 / Chapter 15.2.2 --- Poisoning Cases of Boa Ning Dan --- p.233-235 / Chapter 15.2.3 --- Lead Poisoning in Worldwide --- p.235-238 / Chapter 15.3 --- MERCURY --- p.238 / Chapter 15.3.1 --- Overview --- p.238-239 / Chapter 15.3.2 --- Cinnabar --- p.239-240 / Chapter 15.3.3 --- Presentation --- p.240-241 / Chapter 15.3.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.241-242 / Chapter 15.4 --- ARSENIC --- p.242 / Chapter 15.4.1 --- Overview --- p.242-243 / Chapter 15.4.2 --- Arsenic toxicity --- p.243-244 / Chapter 15.4.3 --- The toxicologic mechanisms of inorganic arsenic --- p.244-246 / Chapter 15.4.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.246 / Chapter 15.4.5 --- Discussion --- p.247-248 / Chapter 15.5 --- Conclusion --- p.248 / Table --- p.249-251 / Chapter Chapter 16 --- Herb - Drug Interactions --- p.252-269 / Chapter 16.1 --- Overview --- p.252-254 / Chapter 16.2 --- Effects of Herb-drug interactions --- p.255 / Chapter 16.2.1 --- Gastrointestinal system --- p.255-256 / Chapter 16.2.2 --- Cardiovascular system --- p.256 / Chapter 16.2.3 --- Central nervous system --- p.257 / Chapter 16.2.4 --- Endocrine system --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3 --- Reason regard to herb-drug interactions --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3.1 --- Lack of Knowledge About Herbs --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3.2 --- Mislabelling or Adulteration --- p.258 / Chapter 16.3.3 --- Lack of Patient Communication About Use of Botanicals --- p.258 / Chapter 16.3.4 --- Lack of Practitioner Knowledge About Potential Interactions --- p.258 / Chapter 16.4 --- Metabolism of Herb-Drug Interaction --- p.258-259 / Chapter 16.5 --- Pharmacologic Interactions --- p.259-260 / Chapter 16.5.1 --- Interaction with Antibiotics --- p.260 / Chapter 16.5.2 --- Interaction with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs --- p.260-261 / Chapter 16.5.3 --- Interaction with Sedatives --- p.261-262 / Chapter 16.5.4 --- Interaction with Anticoagulants --- p.262-263 / Chapter 16.5.5 --- Interaction with Anti-hypertensives and Diuretics --- p.263 / Chapter 16.5.6 --- Interaction with Spironolactone --- p.264 / Chapter 16.5.7 --- Interaction with Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine --- p.264-265 / Chapter 16.5.8 --- Interaction with Estrogen Replacement Therapy --- p.265 / Chapter 16.5.9 --- Interactions Between Natural Product and Drug --- p.265-266 / Chapter 16.6 --- Herb-to-Herb Interactions --- p.266-267 / Chapter 16.7 --- Conclusion --- p.268-269 / Chapter Chapter 17 --- Recommendation --- p.270-264 / Chapter 17.1 --- Overview --- p.270 / Chapter 17.2 --- The need to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine --- p.270-271 / Chapter 17.3 --- For the Pharmaceutical Industries --- p.211-212 / Chapter 17.4 --- For the physicians & patient --- p.272-274 / Conclusion --- p.274 / Chapter Chapter 18 --- Conclusion --- p.275-280 / Chapter Chapter 19 --- Reference --- p.281-306

Throughout the eighteenth century the majority of the population of Scotland were dependent on their own home remedies for treating illnesses. Early in the century doctors were scarce and the difficulties of travel plus the high fees they charged put their services beyond the reach of most people. Even later in the century when roads improved and an increasing number of medical graduates were trained, in rural Scotland domestic medicine was still the only form of treatment available to many. The sources of eighteenth century domestic remedies were largely the same as the sources of orthodox medicine, namely traditional herbal recipes derived from the ancients, and from the mediaeval herbals. Such remedies were perpetuated by word of mouth, in ballads and songs, and in diaries, letters and kitchen books, as well as in printed books. The present thesis aims to illustrate the type of home remedy used, drawing mainly on primary sources, and using as examples various common eighteenth century ailments, such as scurvy, smallpox, consumption, etc. Home remedies changed little in the course of the century, but orthodox medicine underwent considerable changes meanwhile, with the reform of the Pharmacopoeia and the so-called "rationalisation" of medicine. The result was that home and orthodox remedies diverged and many traditional herbal recipes were discarded by the orthodox medical men, some of which may have been of real therapeutic value. Contrary to expectations, it has been found that home remedies were often less complicated than their contemporary medical counterparts. An attempt has been made to identify botanically the numerous plants mentioned, and to give some indication, in the light of present pharmacological knowledge, of their possible therapeutic value. Future analyses may even show that some of the eighteenth century herbal remedies could prove of clinical value in the future.

Introdução: Estima-se que 300 milhões de pessoas no mundo possuam asma e há expectativa de aumentar o número de mortes pela doença nos próximos 10 anos. Parte disto deve-se à limitação na eficácia dos tratamentos atuais e à heterogeneidade da doença. Erythrina mulungu Benth. (Leguminosae, mulungu) é uma planta nativa brasileira de interesse do Sistema Único de Saúde para ser estudada e que apresenta potenciais efeitos antiinflamatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da administração do extrato etanólico das flores de E. mulungu no tratamento da asma em um modelo experimental, e os mecanismos envolvidos. Métodos: Camundongos Balb/c sensibilizados com ovalbumina (OVA) foram tratados por via intraperitoneal com 4 doses (200, 400, 600 e 800 mg/kg) do extrato de E. mulungu, ou dexametasona (2 mg/kg) - controle positivo - durante 7 dias consecutivos e foram paralelamente desafiados com ovalbumina intranasal. A hiper-responsividade brônquica foi avaliada in vivo, 24 h após o último desafio; o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi coletado para avaliação do número de células totais e diferencial por citômetro e contagem microscópica, respectivamente. O sangue foi coletado para dosagem de anconticorpos IgE para ovalbumina. Níveis de citocinas IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 e INF-? foram dosados no homogenato pulmonar através do ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA); e o recrutamento de células inflamatórias no tecido foi avaliado coloração Hematoxilina-Eosina (H&E). O perfil cromatográfico da planta foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC), seguido de espectrofotometria de massas (MS). Resultados: O tratamento com E. mulungu diminuiu significativamente o aumento da hiper-responsividade brônquica nos animais em todas as doses testadas. Diminuiu o número de células totais, eosinófilos e linfócitos no LBA, significativamente na dose de 600 mg/kg e suprimiu significativamente a concentração de IL- 4 e IL-5. Além disso, E. mulungu diminuiu significativamente o recrutamento de células inflamatórias no tecido dos animais asmáticos. Erisotrina, N-óxido-erisotrina e hipaforina foram os constituintes majoritários encontrados. Conclusão: Coletivamente esses resultados sugerem que E. mulungu tem potencial para uso no tratamento da asma, através da modulação da resposta inflamatória, apresentando efeitos imunomodulador e anti-inflamatório. / Background: Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and the number of victims of the disease is expected to increase in the next 10 years. Part of this may be a result of the limited efficacy of current treatments and disease heterogeneity. Erythrina mulungu Benth. (Leguminosae, mulungu) is a Brazilian native species which is listed by the Brazilian National Program of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines to be studied and that has potential anti-inflammatory effects. Objective: To evaluate the effects of E. mulungu flowers ethanolic extract in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice, and to study the mechanisms involved. Methods: OVA-sensitized mice were intraperitoneally treated with four doses (200, 400, 600 e 800 mg/kg) of the E. mulungu extract or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) - positive control - during seven consecutive days and simultaneously challenged with intranasal ovalbumin. Airway hyperresponsiveness was evaluated in vivo, 24 h after the last OVA challenge; broncoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL) was collected for counting the number of total and differential inflammatory cells. Blood was collected for measurement of anti-OVA IgE levels. Levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 IL-13 and INF-? were measured in pulmonary homogenate by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); and the inflammatory cells recruitment to the lung tissue were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). The species\' chromatographic profile was evaluated by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometer. Results: The treatment with E. mulungu extract significantilly reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness in all doses evaluated. It significantly reduced the number of total cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes in BAL, at 600 mg/kg and significantly decresead the levels of IL-4 and IL-5. In addition, E. mulungu significantly decreased the cellular inflammatory infiltration in the lung tissue of allergic mice. Erysothrine, erysothrine-N-oxide and hypaphorine were the major constituents in the extract. Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest the potential of E. mulungu for asthma treatment, through modulation of inflammatory response.

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-156). / Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of a number of chronic degenerative diseases. These diseases can often be prevented by dietary and lifestyle changes. One major dietary aspect is increasing the intake of plant foods, such as fruit and vegetables as they are rich in the major nutrient and nonnutrient antioxidants. The South African population does not have an adequate intake of fruit and vegetables and many barriers have been noted against increasing the intake of these foods. Other avenues should therefore be sought to increase the antioxidant intake. One such avenue is to use a basic food item consumed often as an antioxidant carrier to increase the antioxidant intake. Much interest has developed in functional foods and their therapeutic effects as well as the use of nutraceuticals in food product development and food fortification. Tea and its polyphenols, due to the antioxidant properties, is a potentially viable option for nutraceutical and functional food use. Rooibos and honeybush herbal teas, native to South Africa, can be potential nutraceutical sources to increase antioxidant levels of food due to their unique polyphenol content. The objective of the study was to increase the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of a basic food item consumed regularly by most South Africans, such as brown bread through fluid manipulation using rooibos, honeybush and black teas respectively, as the replacement fluid for water in a standardised bread recipe formulation. The TAC of these experimental breads were compared to the TAC of the bread produced with no fluid manipulation (control bread) and a commercially processed bread (reference bread). The experimental breads were prepared using 2% weight per volume (w/v) and 5% (w/v) concentration levels for rooibos, honeybush and black tea respectively. To ascertain the TAC of the experimental breads, the fluorescein(FL)-based oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) method was used. The hydrophilic (H)-ORACFL assay was used as the teas contain polyphenols which favour a water environment. The results indicated that the H-ORACFL of the control bread using water as the fluid and the commercial reference bread was significantly different (p < 0.05 for each) to all the experimental bread formulations besides for the 2% (w/v) honeybush experimental bread formulation. The 2% (w/v) honeybush experimental bread formulation was therefore not considered for the consumer acceptance testing. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the H-ORACFL of the 2% (w/v) rooibos and black tea experimental bread formulations, but the H-ORACFL of the 5% (w/v) black tea experimental bread formulation was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the 5% (w/v) rooibos experimental bread formulation. This particular experimental bread formulation had a “golden-orange” colour with a pungent smell due to the increase in rooibos concentration. The 5% (w/v) black tea experimental bread formulation, however, had noted negative sensory attributes of being densely textured with a very dark colour and a pungent and overpowering taste of black tea. These sensory attributes and TAC results lead to the rooibos experimental breads containing 5% (w/v) (as bread A) and 2% (w/v) (as bread B) chosen for the consumer acceptance testing and rooibos being a proudly South African product. The participants (n = 85) of the consumer acceptance testing participated voluntarily and were regular bread consumers. The sample was mostly female (57.6%), in the age group of 18 to 24 years (54.1%), with an education level of between three to four years post-matric/-grade 12 (71.7%) and single, living on their own without children (76.4%). They also represented a sample which had characteristics of a healthy lifestyle. Most participants perceived themselves as being of an optimal body weight (55.2%) and the majority was non-smokers (74.1%), physically active (63.5%), having no family history of chronic disease (69.4%) and not consuming dietary supplements (70.5%). Three sensory attributes of the experimental breads were rated for the acceptance testing and included appearance/colour, flavour/taste and texture/mouthfeel. Both the experimental bread formulations was accepted favourably regarding the above-mentioned sensory attributes. The three liking acceptance categories, ‘neither like nor dislike’ (neutral response), ‘like’ and ‘like very much’ were the most commonly indicated by the participants which also resulted in the experimental breads being rated as fair, good and very good according to the development scores. Although both breads were very similarly scored, there was a trend for bread A to be rated slightly higher regarding the above-mentioned sensory attributes. The acceptance category, ‘like’/good was scored the highest for bread A according to the sensory attributes of appearance/colour (56.5%), flavour/taste (55.3%) and texture/mouthfeel (50.6%). There was no significant association/difference (p > 0.05 for each) between the participants’ demographic characteristics and their overall acceptance of the experimental breads. Most of the participant biographic characteristics also had no significant (p > 0.05 for each) impact on the sensory attribute acceptance of the experimental breads. Although the majority (75%) of the participants consumed rooibos, there was no significant (p > 0.05) association/difference between the participants’ tea consumption and their acceptance of the experimental breads. Although most participants (64%) had no awareness of functional foods, most indicated willingness to purchase foods with added health benefits (93%) and to pay more for foods with added health benefits (73%). These results indicated a general acceptance of bread with functional food characteristics and the possibility of purchasing such products with added health benefits and even at a higher price premium.

Introdução: Estima-se que 300 milhões de pessoas no mundo possuam asma e há expectativa de aumentar o número de mortes pela doença nos próximos 10 anos. Parte disto deve-se à limitação na eficácia dos tratamentos atuais e à heterogeneidade da doença. Erythrina mulungu Benth. (Leguminosae, mulungu) é uma planta nativa brasileira de interesse do Sistema Único de Saúde para ser estudada e que apresenta potenciais efeitos antiinflamatórios. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da administração do extrato etanólico das flores de E. mulungu no tratamento da asma em um modelo experimental, e os mecanismos envolvidos. Métodos: Camundongos Balb/c sensibilizados com ovalbumina (OVA) foram tratados por via intraperitoneal com 4 doses (200, 400, 600 e 800 mg/kg) do extrato de E. mulungu, ou dexametasona (2 mg/kg) - controle positivo - durante 7 dias consecutivos e foram paralelamente desafiados com ovalbumina intranasal. A hiper-responsividade brônquica foi avaliada in vivo, 24 h após o último desafio; o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi coletado para avaliação do número de células totais e diferencial por citômetro e contagem microscópica, respectivamente. O sangue foi coletado para dosagem de anconticorpos IgE para ovalbumina. Níveis de citocinas IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 e INF-? foram dosados no homogenato pulmonar através do ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA); e o recrutamento de células inflamatórias no tecido foi avaliado coloração Hematoxilina-Eosina (H&E). O perfil cromatográfico da planta foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC), seguido de espectrofotometria de massas (MS). Resultados: O tratamento com E. mulungu diminuiu significativamente o aumento da hiper-responsividade brônquica nos animais em todas as doses testadas. Diminuiu o número de células totais, eosinófilos e linfócitos no LBA, significativamente na dose de 600 mg/kg e suprimiu significativamente a concentração de IL- 4 e IL-5. Além disso, E. mulungu diminuiu significativamente o recrutamento de células inflamatórias no tecido dos animais asmáticos. Erisotrina, N-óxido-erisotrina e hipaforina foram os constituintes majoritários encontrados. Conclusão: Coletivamente esses resultados sugerem que E. mulungu tem potencial para uso no tratamento da asma, através da modulação da resposta inflamatória, apresentando efeitos imunomodulador e anti-inflamatório. / Background: Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and the number of victims of the disease is expected to increase in the next 10 years. Part of this may be a result of the limited efficacy of current treatments and disease heterogeneity. Erythrina mulungu Benth. (Leguminosae, mulungu) is a Brazilian native species which is listed by the Brazilian National Program of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines to be studied and that has potential anti-inflammatory effects. Objective: To evaluate the effects of E. mulungu flowers ethanolic extract in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice, and to study the mechanisms involved. Methods: OVA-sensitized mice were intraperitoneally treated with four doses (200, 400, 600 e 800 mg/kg) of the E. mulungu extract or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) - positive control - during seven consecutive days and simultaneously challenged with intranasal ovalbumin. Airway hyperresponsiveness was evaluated in vivo, 24 h after the last OVA challenge; broncoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL) was collected for counting the number of total and differential inflammatory cells. Blood was collected for measurement of anti-OVA IgE levels. Levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 IL-13 and INF-? were measured in pulmonary homogenate by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); and the inflammatory cells recruitment to the lung tissue were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). The species\' chromatographic profile was evaluated by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometer. Results: The treatment with E. mulungu extract significantilly reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness in all doses evaluated. It significantly reduced the number of total cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes in BAL, at 600 mg/kg and significantly decresead the levels of IL-4 and IL-5. In addition, E. mulungu significantly decreased the cellular inflammatory infiltration in the lung tissue of allergic mice. Erysothrine, erysothrine-N-oxide and hypaphorine were the major constituents in the extract. Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest the potential of E. mulungu for asthma treatment, through modulation of inflammatory response.

A asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica com alta prevalência e caracterizada por hiperresponsividade da via aérea, inflamação, e remodelamento brônquico, e é responsável por considerável morbimortalidade em todo mundo. Os tratamentos disponíveis para a asma podem apresentar diferentes respostas e vários efeitos colaterais. Por isso, o desenvolvimento de novas drogas para o tratamento da asma é muito importante. A Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J. F. Gmel. (\"unha de gato\", Rubiaceae) (UG), é uma planta encontrada principalmente na Amazônia e na América Central, e apresenta atividade anti-inflamatória e antioxidante. Até o momento, não há relato de estudos da U. guianensis no tratamento da asma. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração de dois extratos das folhas da U. guianensis no tratamento da asma em um modelo animal, e os mecanismos envolvidos. Camundongons Balb/c foram sensibilizados duas vezes com ovalbumina (OVA) por via interperitoneal (ip) com uma semana de intervalo entre as sensibilizações, após uma semana, os camundongos foram desafiados com OVA via intranasal por três dias consecutivos e tratados com os extratos aquoso ou hidroetanólico da U. guianensis (100 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal por três dias consecutivos, durante os desafios com OVA. Os camundongos controles receberam solução salina nos mesmos dias. Após a sensibilização e desafios, os animais foram ventilados e medidas in vivo da hiper-responsividade brônquica foram realizadas com a administração de aerossois com concentrações crescentes de metacolina. Após, o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi coletado para contagem de células totais e diferenciais. Sangue foi colhido para dosagem de IgE específica para OVA e os pulmões foram retirados para quantificação de citocinas inflamatórias no homogenato, além de determinação da capacidade antioxidante total e análise histológica. A administração do extrato hidroetanólico diminuiu significativamente o número de células totais e diferenciais no LBA e a hiper-responsividade brônquica, quando comparados ao grupo que não recebeu o tratamento. O extrato aquoso não foi capaz de diminuir a contagem de células totais e diferenciais e mostrou uma pequena diminuição na hiper-reatividade brônquica. Tanto o extrato aquoso quanto o hidroetanólico diminuíram as concentrações de interleucina (IL)-13 no homogenato pulmonar, mas não foram capazes de diminuir os níveis de IgE no soro, o número de células inflamatórias no tecido pulmonar, nem foram capazes de aumentar a capacidade antioxidante total. Com isso, concluímos que a administração dos dois extratos (aquoso e hidroetanólico) das folhas da espécie U. guianensis foi efetiva no tratamento da asma em um modelo animal, tanto em termos de mecânica pulmonar quanto em marcadores inflamatórios, com superioridade terapêutica do extrato hidroetanólico. / Asthma is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling, with considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Available asthma treatments can elicit different responses and numerous side effects. Therefore, the development of new drugs for asthma treatment is highly desirable. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J. F. Gmel. (\"cat\'s claw\", Rubiaceae) (UG), a plant found mainly in the Amazon and the Central America, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. To date, there is no study of U. guianensis in the treatment of asthma The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of two extracts from leaves of U. guianensis in the treatment of asthma in an animal model and the mechanisms involved. Balb/c mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin (OVA) intraperitoneally (ip) one week apart. After one week, mice were challenged with intranasal OVA for three consecutive days and treated with either aqueous or hydroethanolic extract of U. guianensis (100 mg/kg) ip for three consecutive days, during OVA challenges. Control mice received saline solution on the same days. After sensitization and challenge, the animals were ventilated and in vivo measurement of bronchial hyperresponsiveness was performed with increasing concentrations of aerosolized methacholine. After, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for total and differential cell count. The blood was collected to measure OVA specific IgE, and the lungs were removed for measurement of cytokine levels and total antioxidant capacity in the pulmonary homogenate, and for histological analysis. The hidroethanolic extract administration significantly reduced total and differential cells number and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, compared to the group that received no treatment. The aqueous extract did not decrease the total and differential cell count and showed a small decrease in bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Both extracts decreased interleukin (IL)-13 levels in the pulmonary homogenate, but did not decrease serum IgE levels nor the number of inflammatory cells in lung tissue, nor were they able to increase total antioxidant capacity. We concluded that the administration of two extracts (aqueous and hydroethanolic) from leaves of U. guianensis was effective in the treatment of asthma in animal models, both in pulmonary mechanics and in inflammatory markers, with therapeutic superiority of the hydroethanolic extract.