Hypertension is a common chronic health problem worldwide due to contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and changes in lifestyle. The standard of care for hypertension in South Africa is prescription medication, as well as a stepwise programme; this treatment approach is for the treatment of hypertension according to severity using diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators in a stepwise progressive manner. In South Africa, traditional herbal medicines have been used to treat many ailments especially hypertension. Garlic and African olive has been reported as herbal medicines that have anti-hypertensive properties and may be used to control hypertension, either individually or in combination.The objective of this study is to 1) prevalence of these traditional herbal medicines will be investigated and 2) determine the prevalence of garlic and/ or African olive use among hypertensive patients lieu of/or in combination with prescription medication.The study design was cross-sectional, comprising of two phases. Phase one was the administration of questionnaires concerning the participants’ demographics, medical/clinical history, chronic illness and traditional herbal treatment. One hundred and eighty participants from Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological study (PURE) cohort were administered questionnaires. Of the 180 participants, 139 indicated that they are hypertensive, 30 hypertensive participants were selected to participate in the in-depth interviews. Phase two was divided into two parts which were detailed interviews including in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion. The focus group discussion was conducted with a convenience sample of 10 hypertensive patients who were available on the day of data collection. The questionnaire data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the interviews and focus group discussion was analysed using thematic content analysis.The results show that the participants with hypertension who are on prescription medication are also using traditional herbs, garlic and African olive as part of a dualistic health care treatment for their hypertension. The use of garlic is more prevalent than the use of African olive, as African olive was not well known among the participants.The results will facilitate in the acknowledgment of traditional herbal medicine use for hypertension, as either a home remedy for (other) chronic conditions or treatment in combination with prescription medication. It also highlights the necessity to educate participants and healthcare providers in the use of traditional herbal medicine. Furthermore, healthcare workers needs to be trained about THM and should also be obligated to ask about traditional herbal medicine among their patients. / >Magister Scientiae - MSc

Tikslas: Ištirti ir įvertinti vaistininko darbo ypatybes dirbant su augaliniais vaistiniais preparatais. Metodika: Tyrimas buvo atliktas pasirinkus anketavimo metodą, dviem etapais: 2007-2009 m. ir 2012-20014 m, respondentams pateikiant tas pačias neatnaujintas anketas, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kaip pakito vaistininko darbo ypatybės dirbant su augaliniais vaistiniais preparatais. Tyrimo metu, kiekvienu laikotarpiu, apklausta po 135 vaistininkus, t.y. po vieną vaistininką iš vaistinės. Gauti anketinės apklausos duomenys buvo analizuojami SPSS programos 17 versija. Grafikai ir lentelės sudarytos naudojant Microsoft Office Excel 2007 programą. Anketą sudarė 24 klausimai. Rezultatai: atlikę apklausą nustatėme, pacientai yra įspėjami dėl nepageidaujamų reakcijų ar pašalinio poveikio. Įspėjimų skaičius nuo 2007-2009 m. iki 2012-2014 m. išaugo 10%. Specialios literatūros skaitymas farmacijos specialistams yra vis dar populiariausias būdas atnaujinti savo žinias, taip manė 2007-2009 m. 77% apklaustųjų vaistininkų, o 2012-2014 m.- 70%. Dauguma žmonių į vaistinę ateina iš anksto apsisprendę, kokio vaisto jiems reikia. Šiam apsisprendimui didžiausią įtaką daro klientų giminės, draugai ar pažįstami, iš kurių ir gaunama daugiausiai žinių apie augalinius preparatus. Dažniausiai vaistinėje perkami augalinės kilmės preparatai skirti peršalimo ligoms gydyti. Išvados: 1. Augalinės kilmės preparatai, įskaitant arbatas, populiarėja kaip pirmo pasirinkimo vaistas, siūlomas vaistinėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: To research and evaluate job characteristics of a pharmacist working with herbal medicine. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages using a questionnaire method: in 2007-2009 and 2012-2014 the respondents were given the same questionnaires in order to determine how job characteristics of a pharmacist working with herbal medicine had changed during this time period. In both periods of time of the study 135 pharmacies were interviewed. The questionnaire data were analyzed using a program SPSS 17. Graphs and tables were created using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions. Results: The survey revealed that patients are warned on the adverse reactions or side effects. The number of warnings from 2007-2009 to 2012-2014 has increased by 10%. Reading of specialized literature for pharmaceutical professionals is still the most popular way to update their knowledge: so thought by 77% in 2007-2009 and by 70% in 2012-2014 of pharmacists surveyed. Most people come to a pharmacy having already decided what kind of medicine they need. This decision is mainly formed by their relatives, friends or acquaintances from whom the most information about herbal medicine is obtained. The most commonly purchased are plant-based medicines for treating the common cold. Findings: 1. Medical herbal preparations, including teas are gaining popularity as the first choice medicine offered in pharmacies. The most commonly purchased products are for the treatment... [to full text]

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Caesalpinia férrea Martius, popularmente conhecida como pau-ferro e jucá, é utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de problemas hepáticos, respiratórios e, em especial, para distúrbios gastrintestinais e como cicatrizante. Deste modo, os objetivos do presente trabalho visaram avaliar os extratos brutos liofilizados de folha (EBLF) e caule (EBLC) quanto a caracterização botânica, o estudo químico e farmacológico, direcionando principalmente, às ações antiúlcera, antioxidante e cicatrizante, e toxicidade destes órgãos vegetais de C. ferrea. A triagem fitoquímica foi realizada com a droga vegetal constituída de folha (DF) e de caule (DC), bem como com os seus EBLF e EBLC. Os métodos empregados foram preconizados por Farnsworth (1966) e Matos (1988) onde foram pesquisados os seguintes compostos: flavonóides, glicósidos cardiotônicos, saponinas, antraderivados, alcalóides, cumarinas, taninos e óleo essencial. Além disso, foi realizada a quantificação de taninos e flavonóides segundo a metodologia proposta na Farmacopéia Européia (2001) e na Farmacopéia Brasileira (2003), respectivamente. Para a avaliação da Toxicidade de C. ferrea foram realizadas a Toxicidade Aguda de ambos os órgãos vegetais, a DL50 do EBLF e a Toxicidade subcrônica do EBLF e EBLC, todos os modelos seguiram a metodologia de Brito (1994). Para análise da atividade antiulcerogênica da espécie em estudo foi realizado o teste da indução de lesão gástrica aguda por etanol/HCI e lesão subcrônica por ácido acético. Grupos Tratados receberam EBLF ou EBLC ou frações ou extratos enriquecidos em flavonóides, Grupo Controle água ou tween 80 e Grupo de Referência Misoprostol ou Cimetidina. Três parâmetros foram avaliados neste modelo: Área Total de Lesão (ATL) , Área Relativa de Lesão (ARL) e índice de Lesão Ulcerativa (ILU). A atividade antioxidante \"in vitro\" foi medida através da inibição da autoxidação de homogenato de cérebro de Ratos (Stocks et aI., 1974). Os extratos foram solubilizados em etanol 70% e as diluições (0.05-0.003mg/mL) foram efetuadas em etanol 35%. O etanol 35% foi utilizado como controle. E na avaliação da Atividade Cicatrizante, os animais (ratos) sofreram uma incisão na região dorsal com auxílio de punch. Os Grupos Tratados receberam diariamente 1 mL de EBLF ou EBLC, solubilizados a 15% em água, e o Grupo Controle água destilada na mesma proporção por um período de 14 dias. Na triagem fitoquímica foram detectados para ambos os extratos, flavonóides, taninos, além de antraderivados e cumarinas nas Folhas. A porcentagem encontrada de Taninos na DF foi de 7.13% e no EBLF de 23.95% e na DC foi de 2.26% e no EBLC de 11.77%. Já a quantificação de flavonóides foi de 0.0095% na DF, 0.026% no EBLF, 0.00014% na DC e de 0.0017% no EBLC. No teste de toxicidade aguda, somente os animais que receberam EBLF apresentaram alterações comportamentais a partir dos primeiros tempos de observação e morte de 3 animais machos e 2 fêmeas (n=5/sexo). Dessa forma, a DL50 encontrada para este extrato vegetal foi de 5471.64 mg/Kg para as fêmeas e de 3112.94 mg/Kg para os machos. Na Toxicidade subcrônica, apenas os animais fêmeas que receberam EBLC (800 mg/Kg) apresentaram uma diferença significativa, em relação ao grupo controle, quanto ao peso do rim, porém não foi encontrada nenhuma alteração histológica neste órgão. EBLF e EBLC apresentaram significativa atividade antiulcerogênica no modelo de lesão gástrica aguda dentro dos parâmetros avaliados. O EBLC reduziu em 37% a ARL. Já o EBLF foi tão ativo como o Misoprostol reduzindo em 95%, 81% e 63% a ATL, a ARL e o ILU, respectivamente contra 92%, 70% e 59% do fármaco de referência. Porém, as frações e os extratos enriquecidos em flavonóides obtidos de ambos os extratos brutos liofilizados não apresentaram atividade antiulcerogênica em nenhum dos 3 parâmetros. Esses mesmos resultados foram obtidos no modelo de lesão gástrica subcrônica para ambos os extratos vegetais. Os EBLF e EBLC de C. ferrea promoveram uma atividade antioxidante de 94% e 84%, respectivamente, na concentração de 0.8196 µg/mL, e um Q 1/2de 0.2331 (Folha) e 0.5061 (Caule) µg/mL. Na avaliação da atividade cicatrizante de ambos os extratos vegetais, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os Grupos Tratados e Controle. No laudo histológico não se observou nenhum sinal de cicatrização tecidual. Apesar de C. ferrea ser utilizada pela população como cicatrizante, não foi possível confirmar tal atividade nas folhas e nos caules desta espécie. / Caesalpinia ferrea Martius , populary, known as iron-wood or juca, is utilized in traditional medicine in the treatment of both hepatic and respiratory problems and, in special, for gastrointestinals disturbances and eventual healing. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the leiophyllized brute extracts of the leaf (lBEl) and the stem (lBES), the botanic caracterization, the chemical and pharmacological studies, focuzing principally, the antiulcer and healing action, and also the toxicity of these vegetable organs of C. ferrea. The phytochemical was ma de with the drug of the leaf (DL) and of the stem (DS)- LaEL and lBES. The method was precognized by Famsworth (1966) e Matos (1988) where doing research of: flavonoids, cardiotonic glicosids, saponins, antraderivates, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins and essential oi!. Beyond that, the quantification of tannins and flavonoids according to the metodology proposed in European Pharmacopeia (2001) and Brazilian Pharmacopeia (2003) were also undertaken, respectively. For the evaluation of the C. ferrea toxicity, the acute toxicity of both vegetable organs, the DL50 of LBEL and the subcronical toxicity of LBEL and LBES, were analyzed following the metodology of Brito (1994).The test of induction of acute gastric lesion for ethanol/HCI was used for antiulcerogenic activity analysis of the species studied. Treated Groups received LBEL or LBES or fractions or extracts enrich in flavonoids, Controls Groups water or tween 80 and misoprostol Reference Group. Three parameters were evaluated considering: Total Area of Lesion (TAL), Relative Area of Lesion (RAL) and Rate of Ulcerative Lesion (RUL). And for evaluation of subcronic gastric lesion by acetic acid 30%, the Treated Group received LBEL or LBES, Control Group water and cimetidine Reference Group. The ulcerative lesions were evaluated only in 2 parameters: RAL and RUL. An antioxidant activity \"in vitro\" was measured through inibition of antioxidation of homogenate of rat brain (Stocks et aI., 1974). The extracts were solubilized in ethanol 70% and dilutions (0.05-0.003mg/mL) were performed in ethanol 35%. The ethanol 35% was utilized like control. And for evaluation of healing activity, the animals (rats) suffered na incision in the dorsal region with a punch aid. The Treated Groups received daily 1mL of LBEL or LBES, solubilized by 15% in water, and Control Group distilled in the same proportion during a 14 day period. In phytochemical were detected for both extacts, flavonoids, tannins., beyond antradderivate and coumarins in leaves. The percentages of tannins found were 7.13% in DL, 23.95% in LBEL, 2.26% in OS and 11.77% in LBES. The quantification of flavonoids was 0.0095% in DL, 0.026% in LBEL, 0.00014% in DS and 0.0017% in LBES. During the acute toxicity test, it was observed a behaviour alteration among animais that received LBEL up tp the first time of observation and death pof 3 males and 2 females. The DL50 found to this vegetable extract was 5471.64 mg/Kg for the females and 3112.94 mg/Kg for the males. In subronic toxicity, only the females receiving LBES (800mg/Kg) presented a significant difference, according to the Control Group, as much as the weight of a kidney. However, no histologic alteration in this organ was found. LBEL and LBES presented antiulcerogenic significant activity in acute gstric lesions, based on the parameters evaluated. The LBES was reduced to 37% in RAL. The LBEL was so active as the misoprostol, being reducid to 95%,81% and 63% TAL, RAL and the RUL, respectively against 92%, 70% and 59% of pharmaco of reference. Nevertheless, nor the fractions nor the flavonoids enriched extracts obtained from both leiophyllized brute extracts showed antiulcerogenic activity at the 3 studied parameters. Up to the present time, in model subcronic gastric lesion, none of both vegetable extracts in question has showed active similar to TAL, RAL and RUL in relation to the Control Group. The LBEL and LBES of C. ferrea promoved an antioxidant activity of 93,56% and 84,38%, respectively, in concentration of de 0.8196 µg/mL, and a Q1/2 of 0.2331 (leaf) and 0.5061 (Stem) µg/mL. Conceming the healing activity evaluation of both vegetable extracts, no significant differences between Treats and Control Groups were found. Also in histologic award, no sign of tecidual cicatrization was observed. In spite of the fact that C. ferrea has been utilized by the population as cicatrizant, no clear evidence of its leaves and stems healing activity has been confirmed.

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Read abstract in the document / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Asthma is considered one of the most common respiratory complaints in the world today but a medical cure for this condition is currently not available. The use of herbal medicines to treat asthma has however been reported and Euphorbia hirtais one such herb. The alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, tannins and triterpenoids in E. hirta appear to exert the anti-asthma effects reported. In the first part of this study, the aqueous, acetone, dichloromethane and hexane extracts of E. hirta were evaluated for their effects on the lysosomal membrane integrity, cell viability and cell number of MRC-5 cell-line using the NR/MTT/CV assay. Hydrocortisone was used as a pharmaceutical control. The differences between the effects of the different extracts were investigated and the effects of the extracts were compared with hydrocortisone. Results obtained showed that hydrocortisone was relatively toxic to the MRC-5 cells whereas all four extracts studied showed very limited cytotoxic effects, with the aqueous extracts generally exhibiting the least effects. In the second part of this study, the effects of the aqueous E. hirta extract on the blood coagulation system and general airway wall microstructure and ultrastructure were investigated using the BALB/c mouse asthma model. Hydrocortisone was also used as a pharmaceutical control. Parameters studied included inflammatory cell population in peripheral blood and their migration into the lung parenchyma; platelet aggregation and fibrin fibre morphology; fibroblast and mucous cell proliferation; alveolar cell numbers, lamellar body formation as well as filopodia formation. The animal weights were continuously being monitored throughout the study. Results from the animal studies showed that the aqueous extract of E. hirta had limited effects on changes in the animal weights and did not cause fragility of blood fibrin fibres nor change the integrity and morphology of the platelets in the mice as seen in those treated with hydrocortisone. E. hirta extracts also significantly reduced the number of active inflammatory cells (especially neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils); restored the histological alterations observed in respiratory structures studied and had diverse, dose-dependent beneficial ultrastructural effects like reduction of smooth muscle hypertrophy, inhibition of macrophages into the airway parenchyma, among others. The final judgment and conclusion of this study was that the aqueous E. hirta extract did not show cytotoxic effects and could be used for the treatment of asthma in the BALB/c mice at doses ranging 25-62.5mg/kg. Further research leading to clinical trials is recommended after testing the potency of equivalent doses of this extract in other animal asthma models. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Anatomy / PhD / Unrestricted

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Haemonchus contortus is a blood-sucking abomasal helminth of small ruminants responsible for major economic losses to producers worldwide. Widespread resistance to commercial anthelmintics has created a need for alternative methods of parasite control. One method involves using plant products with natural anthelmintic properties. This thesis assessed the efficacy of several plant products against experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in gerbils and sheep. In gerbil assays, animals were orally infected with 600 third-stage Haemonchus larvae and treated once or daily for 5 days with artemisinin, Artemisia annua aqueous or ethanolic extract, an orange oil emulsion, or Asimina triloba ethanolic extract. Nine days post-infection, gerbils were euthanized, their stomachs removed, and the worms counted. Significant anthelmintic activity was not found for artemisinin, A. annua extracts, or A. triloba extract. The orange oil product caused significant parasite reductions up to 87.8% when administered for 5 days. The orange oil emulsion was tested in sheep to evaluate the product against Haemonchus in its natural host. Sheep were orally inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus larvae and, one month later, dosed with the emulsion once or daily for 3 days. Fecal egg counts were monitored daily starting on the first day of dosing and continuing to 14 days post-dosing. Results showed that a single dose of the product caused highly significant fecal egg count reduction (97.4%) compared to control sheep and that there is no advantage to treating for 3 days. Thus, the orange oil emulsion shows promise as an alternative to commercial dewormers. / Master of Science

Ng, Chun Fai. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.