Although the process by which fertilization occurs in bryozoans is well described, the ability to self-fertilize and the subsequent ecological consequences are poorly understood. Culturing experiments were conducted examining the effects of selfing on offspring survival and reproduction in the simultaneous hermaphrodite Bugula stolonifera collected from Eel Pond, Woods Hole, MA. Results from these experiments document significant decreases in survival and fecundity of selfed offspring, compared to outcrossed controls, suggesting that these animals are not routinely self-fertilizing in Eel Pond. How these arborescent colonies minimize selfing remains unclear, but it is hypothesized that conspecific aggregations could serve to minimize the chances that a colony utilizes its own sperm for fertilization. The genetic composition of these aggregations was investigated using a newly developed microsatellite library. As larvae routinely metamorphose on conspecific colonies, the possibility that larvae select or avoid their maternal colony was also investigated. Analyses of genetic structure document homogeneity throughout these aggregations on extremely small spatial scales, suggesting high amounts of larval dispersal within aggregations. When combined with results from parentage-exclusion and kinship analyses, these results indicate that a colony's nearest neighbors are not composed of siblings, potentially minimizing inbreeding. Molecular analyses were then used to determine if the high larval dispersal within aggregations resulted in high mixing between aggregations. Sites within Eel Pond separated by 100-300 m were routinely sampled from 2009 to 2011, and analyses were conducted to investigate potential inter- and intra-annual genotypic differentiation within and between aggregations. Results document that although low levels of mixing could result in increased homogeneity between some aggregations, barriers to genetic exchange prevent mixing between most sites. Further, inter-annual comparisons within sites document that significant differentiation can occur between reproductive seasons. Hence, any potential homogeneity achieved between sites during one reproductive season will likely be lost by the beginning of the next reproductive season. Additionally, while sampling in Eel Pond in 2010, I document the first occurrence from the western Atlantic Ocean of another aggregating arborescent bryozoan, Tricellaria inopinata. The growth and reproductive biology of these animals was monitored throughout 2011; results suggest that this introduction is likely to persist.

Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας αποτελεί η διερεύνηση της προσυζευκτικής συμπεριφορικής απομόνωσης στο ερμαφρόδιτο χερσαίο σαλιγκάρι Albinaria caerulea (Pulmonata, Clausiliidae), η πολυπλοκότητα της οποίας, μπορεί να αντανακλά δράση εξελικτικών μηχανισμών επιλογής συντρόφου και κατ' επέκταση ειδογενετικών διεργασιών. Η ποικιλότητα κελυφικής ποίκιλσης είναι έντονη στο είδος αυτό (δύο μορφές, λεία και γραμμωτή, που συνιστούν δυο υποείδη), αλλά δε φαίνεται να συσχετίζεται με αντίστοιχη οικολογική και γενετική διαφοροποίηση. Η συλλογή των ατόμων πραγματοποιήθηκε στη Φολέγανδρο, όπου παρατηρούνται αλλοπάτριοι πληθυσμοί αλλά και ζώνες επαφής μεταξύ των λείων και των γραμμωτών μορφών. Στο εργαστήριο πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα αναπαραγωγικής συμπεριφοράς, όπου καταγράφονταν ο αριθμός κι ο τύπος (ετεροτυπικά-ομοτυπικά) των σχηματιζόμενων ζευγών, καθώς και οι αντίστοιχες ερωτοτροπικές προσπάθειες (φλερτ). Βάσει των συχνοτήτων των σχηματιζόμενων ζευγών υπολογίστηκε ο βαθμός προσυζευκτικής συμπεριφορικής απομόνωσης με τον αμερόληπτο δείκτη ΙPSI. Καταγράφηκαν επίσης και άλλες συμπεριφορικές παράμετροι (αριθμός και τύπος φλερτ, χρόνος ως το πρώτο ενεργητικό φλερτ, χρόνος από την αφύπνιση ως την έναρξη της σύζευξης, διάρκεια σύζευξης), με σκοπό την ανίχνευση λοιπών προσυζευκτικών συμπεριφορικών διαφορών μεταξύ των δυο μορφών. Τέλος, ελέγχθηκε αν τυχόν μορφομετρικές διαφορές (σχήμα/μέγεθος κελύφους) μεταξύ των δύο μορφών, χρησιμοποιούνται στις στρατηγικές επιλογής συντρόφου. Ο βαθμός προσυζευκτικής συμπεριφορικής απομόνωσης βρέθηκε μικρός, καθώς τα άτομα, ως επί το πλείστον, επέλεγαν ετεροτυπικό σύντροφο. Επίσης βρέθηκε μεγαλύτερη προσυζευκτική και συζευκτική δραστηριότητα στις ζώνες επαφής, κάτι που απορρίπτει την υπόθεση περί μηχανισμού ενίσχυσης, .καθώς εάν υπήρχε απομόνωση θα ανιχνεύονταν πρώτα σε αυτές. Όσον αφορά τις μορφομετρικές διαφορές, παρά το ότι τα άτομα διακρίνονται βάσει σχήματος και μεγέθους κελύφους, δεν φαίνεται να χρησιμοποιούν τις διαφορές αυτές στους μηχανισμούς επιλογής συντρόφου. Εντούτοις, οι διαφορές στο μέγεθος κελύφους των δυο μορφών εξομαλύνονται στις ζώνες επαφής, και επομένως δεν υπάρχει απόκλιση χαρακτήρα. Έτσι λοιπόν, ενώ δεν φαίνεται να υπάρχουν ισχυρά προσυζευκτικά φράγματα στο είδος αυτό, περισσότερο φως στις αντίστοιχες εξελικτικές διεργασίες, θα ρίξει η μελέτη μετασυζευκτικών μηχανισμών απομόνωσης, αλλά και παραμέτρων της οικολογίας και της πληθυσμιακής γενετικής τους. / The aim of this study was the investigation of premating behavioural isolation in the hermaphrodite land snail Albinaria caerulea (Pulmonata, Clausiliidae). The snails of this genus exhibit a really complicated premating behaviour, a fact that may reflect evolutionary mechanisms of mate choice, or even speciation forces acting. Shell differentiation is intense, with two patterns (smooth and ribbed) constituting two subspecies, which don’t seem to differ ecologically or genetically. The animals were collected from the island of Folegandros, where they can form contact zones –between animals with smooth and ribbed shell- or the two forms can be isolated. Mate choice experiments were conducted, with variable number of possible mates and the premating behaviour was reported (mating attempts, successful copulations, copulation duration, mating activity), between populations exhibiting the same or different ribbing pattern. To reveal other behavioural differences between the two morphs, we also reported the number and type of courtships, the time from the awakening till the beginning of copulation, the time untill the first active courtship and the duration of copulation. Finally, we examined if possible morphometric differences (shell shape and size) between the two morphs, can be used in the mate choice strategies. The unbiased isolation index IPSI, which based on mate frequencies, suggested that there aren’t strong premating barriers. The intense observed activity (copulations and courtships) in the contact zones agrees with the above results and consequently does not support the initial hypothesis of reinforcement of behavioural barriers in these sites. As far as it concerns the morphometric differences, despite the fact that the morphs are being distinguished, they don’t seem to use them as criterion in the mate choice. Nevertheless, such differences in size, seem to be eliminated in the contact zones, suggesting that there is no character displacement. In conclusion, further investigation of the reproduction of the genus in the basis of postmating isolation mechanisms, the ecology and population genetics of the genus, will reveal the possible action of evolutionary forces.

Cette étude se penche sur les discours des professionnels du droit de la France d’Ancien Régime sur l’hermaphrodisme pour cerner les réactions du système de justice face aux défis que représentait l’hermaphrodisme et ainsi circonscrire les constructions des définitions du masculin et du féminin. Nos recherches démontrent que les juristes de cette période ne pouvaient tolérer que des êtres puissent vivre sur la frontière étanche séparant juridiquement et socialement le féminin du masculin. Le système judiciaire, gardien du dimorphisme genré traditionnel de la société, se devait impérativement d’attribuer un genre juridique à tout individu ne cadrant pas avec l’idéal dichotomique de la France d’Ancien Régime. Par l’étude des six procédures pénales contre de prétendus hermaphrodites de cette période, nous démontrons que les experts juridiques de la France d’Ancien Régime établirent deux modèles distincts d’attribution d’un genre juridique à des individus à l’anatomie et au comportement ne cadrant pas avec les normes genrées de la période. Dans une première phase (1601 1661), les magistrats attribuaient un genre juridique selon l’apparence extérieure des parties génitales de l’individu. Dans une deuxième période (1686 1765), ces mêmes autorités attribuaient un genre juridique selon la fonctionnalité des organes génitaux et surtout, selon les capacités reproductrices théoriques de l’individu. Cette thèse expose aussi que les juristes français du XVIIIe siècle, suivant la jurisprudence développée par les magistrats du siècle précédent, ont criminalisé indirectement l’hermaphrodisme au moyen de crimes et délits inscrits dans les ordonnances du royaume en l’absence d’une législation royale sur la question. Cette étude offre une nouvelle compréhension de l’organisation sociale de la France d’Ancien Régime sous le prisme d’une histoire de la justice et du genre en illustrant les définitions de la masculinité et de la féminité dans les discours juridiques de professionnels du droit confrontés à l’hermaphrodisme et à l’ambiguïté anatomique.

No description available.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Ornelas Berriel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:50:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_AnaClaudiaRomano_D.pdf: 462497191 bytes, checksum: 95a1bcb4a0a455fe962de04edb99c491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conteudo: v.1. Estudo ; v.2. Tradução / Resumo: Analisar e traduzir La Terre Australe connue são os objetivos desta tese de doutorado. Segundo "G. de F", narrador do prefácio, La Terre Australe connue é a tradução do relato da viagem de Nicolas Sadeur ao último continente ainda desconhecido no século XVII, chamado nos mapas da época de terra australis incógnita, um lugar aprazível, habitado e totalmente planejado - em todos os seus aspectos - por hermafroditas perfeitamente racionais. Este pseudodocumento é uma utopia literária que foi, em realidade, escrita por Gabriel de Foigny e publicada em Genebra, em 1676, sob falso nome de editor e de cidade. O trabalho está dividido em dois volumes. O volume 1 é dedicado à análise da obra e contém dois capítulos principais. O primeiro trata da definição da utopia como gênero literário partindo do texto paradigmático de Thomas Morus, A Utopia. No segundo capítulo, apresento uma biografia de Gabriel de Foigny, faço uma revisão bibliográfica da crítica já publicada sobre sua utopia para, em seguida, desenvolver minha interpretação da figura do hermafrodita como alegoria da hibridização 1) do poder real absoluto, 2) do Estado absolutista e 3) do panorama religioso francês desta época. Passo em seguida à análise da figura do hermafrodita tal como ela é descrita pelo autor, percebendo que ela se insere na tradição menipéia e luciânica. Na parte seguinte, estudo outros temas relevantes para a compreensão desta utopia: a questão religiosa no capítulo VI ("Da religião dos austrais"), a ciência e a técnica na Terra Austral, o prefácio e o narrador-editor, a temática das línguas e da tradução nesta utopia e, por fim, o libertinismo. Um apêndice é dedicado ao estudo das fontes gregas da utopia. No volume 2 está a tradução para o português, organizada numa edição bilíngue acompanhada de notas. / Abstract: The aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyze and translate La Terre Australe connue. According to "G. de F. ", the narrator of the preface, La Terre Australe connue is the translation of Nicolas Sadeur's voyage account to the last continent still unknown in the 17th Century, called terra australis incognita on the maps of the period, an inhabited place, in all aspects pleasing and totally planned by perfectly rational hermaphrodites. This pseudodocument is a literary Utopia. It was, in fact, written by Gabriel Foigny and published in Geneva in 1676, under a false name of city and editor. The work is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 is dedicated to the analysis of the text and contains two main chapters. The first one deals with the definition of Utopia as a literary genre starting from the paradigmatic text of Thomas More, Utopia. The second brings a biography of Gabriel de Foigny, a review of the published criticism about his Utopia with the purpose of, afterwards, presenting my personal reading of it, based on the figure of the hermaphrodite as an allegory of the hybridization of 1) the absolute royal power, 2) the absolutist state and 3) the religious panorama of 17th Century France. I examine, then, the figure of the hermaphrodite as it is described by the author, observing that it continues the menippean and lucianic tradition. After that, I study other relevant subjects to the understanding of this Utopia: the religious question in Chapter VI ("The religion of the Southern"), science and technology in the Southern Land, the preface and the narrator-editor, the thematics of language and translation in this Utopia and, eventually, the philosophical libertinism. An appendix is devoted to the study of Greek sources of Utopia. In volume 2 we present the Portuguese translation, organized in a bilingual edition, accompanied by notes. / Doutorado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

No description available.

Flores díclinas originam-se da ausência funcional/estrutural de um dos verticilos envolvidos na reprodução, seja desde o início ou no decorrer do desenvolvimento dos primórdios. Este trabalho visa ao estudo do desenvolvimento floral de Parkia multijuga e Stryphnodendron adstringens, leguminosas andromonoicas, a fim de verificar se as flores estaminadas se formam por ausência do carpelo desde o início do desenvolvimento ou por seu aborto no decorrer do desenvolvimento. Botões florais de vários tamanhos e flores foram coletados e processados para observações em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de luz (ML). O desenvolvimento dos órgãos florais inicia-se com o surgimento de cinco primórdios de sépalas no meristema floral, a partir do lado abaxial em P. multijuga e adaxial em S. adstringes: em alguns botões, um sexto primórdio de sépala inicia-se tardiamente; cinco primórdios de pétalas simultaneamente em P. multijuga e bidirecionalmente em S. adstringes; um primórdio de carpelo concomitante aos cinco primórdios de estames antessépalos em P. multijuga, e após a formação das pétalas em S. adstringes; e cinco primórdios de estames antepétalos. As etapas finais do desenvolvimento são similares entre as espécies. Os estames iniciados em dois verticilos, um mais externo (antessépalo) e outro mais interno (antepétalo), encontram-se arranjados em um único verticilo. Entretanto, os estames antessépalos, que se iniciaram primeiro, apresentam-se um pouco mais alongados que os antepétalos. Em P. multijuga os filetes unem-se na base durante seu alongamento, formando um tubo que, posteriormente, torna-se adnato às pétalas. Nas flores hermafroditas de ambas as espécies, o primórdio carpelar inicia-se, alonga-se, a fenda carpelar se fecha e, logo após, começa a diferenciação do estilete. Já nas flores estaminadas, o primórdio carpelar inicia-se e alonga-se, mas sua fenda não se fecha e o carpelo não termina seu desenvolvimento. Na fase final, as flores hermafroditas apresentam estigmas completamente diferenciados, enquanto que nas flores estaminadas, o primórdio carpelar permanece como um rudimento na base do botão floral. Não há iniciação de óvulos neste caso. Conclui-se que as flores estaminadas em ambas as espécies surgem por aborto do carpelo e não por sua ausência desde o início, semelhante a outros membros de Mimosoideae. / Diclinous flowers originate by functional/structural absence of one of the reproductive whorls, from the inception or by abortion in the development. This study aims to compare the floral development of two andromonoecious legumes, Parkia multijuga and Stryphnodendron adstringens, in order to verify which process acts in the staminate flower formation (carpel absence from inception or by abortion). Flowers and flower buds of various sizes were collected and processed for observations in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The development of floral organs begins with the emergence of five sepal primordia in the floral meristem from the abaxial side (P. multijuga) and from the adaxial side (S. adstringens) in which in some buds, a sixth primordia arises late; five petal primordial simultaneously in P. multijuga and bidirectionally in S. adstringens, a carpel primordium emergence concomitantly to five antesepalous stamens primordia in P. multijuga, and after the petal formation in S. adstringens, and five antepetalous stamen primordium. In the final stages of the development, the stamens initiated in two whorls, one outer (antesepalous) and the other innermost (antepetalous), are arranged in a single whorl. However, the antesepalous stamens, which emerged first, are a little more elongated than the antepetalous ones. In P. multijuga the fillets join in the base while its elongation, forming a tube, which thereafter becomes adnate to the petals. In hermaphrodite flowers, in both species, the carpel primordium emerges, stretches, the carpel cleft closes and, soon after, the style begins its differentiation. In staminate flowers, the carpel primordium begins and stretches, but the carpel cleft does not close and the carpel does not end its development. In the mature stage, the hermaphrodite flowers present fully differentiated stigmas, while in the staminate flowers, the carpel primordium remains as a rudiment at the base of the bud. In this case, there is no initiation of any ovule. We conclude that staminate flowers in both species arise by carpel abortion and not from inception, alike the other members of Mimosoideae.

Flores díclinas originam-se da ausência funcional/estrutural de um dos verticilos envolvidos na reprodução, seja desde o início ou no decorrer do desenvolvimento dos primórdios. Este trabalho visa ao estudo do desenvolvimento floral de Parkia multijuga e Stryphnodendron adstringens, leguminosas andromonoicas, a fim de verificar se as flores estaminadas se formam por ausência do carpelo desde o início do desenvolvimento ou por seu aborto no decorrer do desenvolvimento. Botões florais de vários tamanhos e flores foram coletados e processados para observações em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de luz (ML). O desenvolvimento dos órgãos florais inicia-se com o surgimento de cinco primórdios de sépalas no meristema floral, a partir do lado abaxial em P. multijuga e adaxial em S. adstringes: em alguns botões, um sexto primórdio de sépala inicia-se tardiamente; cinco primórdios de pétalas simultaneamente em P. multijuga e bidirecionalmente em S. adstringes; um primórdio de carpelo concomitante aos cinco primórdios de estames antessépalos em P. multijuga, e após a formação das pétalas em S. adstringes; e cinco primórdios de estames antepétalos. As etapas finais do desenvolvimento são similares entre as espécies. Os estames iniciados em dois verticilos, um mais externo (antessépalo) e outro mais interno (antepétalo), encontram-se arranjados em um único verticilo. Entretanto, os estames antessépalos, que se iniciaram primeiro, apresentam-se um pouco mais alongados que os antepétalos. Em P. multijuga os filetes unem-se na base durante seu alongamento, formando um tubo que, posteriormente, torna-se adnato às pétalas. Nas flores hermafroditas de ambas as espécies, o primórdio carpelar inicia-se, alonga-se, a fenda carpelar se fecha e, logo após, começa a diferenciação do estilete. Já nas flores estaminadas, o primórdio carpelar inicia-se e alonga-se, mas sua fenda não se fecha e o carpelo não termina seu desenvolvimento. Na fase final, as flores hermafroditas apresentam estigmas completamente diferenciados, enquanto que nas flores estaminadas, o primórdio carpelar permanece como um rudimento na base do botão floral. Não há iniciação de óvulos neste caso. Conclui-se que as flores estaminadas em ambas as espécies surgem por aborto do carpelo e não por sua ausência desde o início, semelhante a outros membros de Mimosoideae. / Diclinous flowers originate by functional/structural absence of one of the reproductive whorls, from the inception or by abortion in the development. This study aims to compare the floral development of two andromonoecious legumes, Parkia multijuga and Stryphnodendron adstringens, in order to verify which process acts in the staminate flower formation (carpel absence from inception or by abortion). Flowers and flower buds of various sizes were collected and processed for observations in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The development of floral organs begins with the emergence of five sepal primordia in the floral meristem from the abaxial side (P. multijuga) and from the adaxial side (S. adstringens) in which in some buds, a sixth primordia arises late; five petal primordial simultaneously in P. multijuga and bidirectionally in S. adstringens, a carpel primordium emergence concomitantly to five antesepalous stamens primordia in P. multijuga, and after the petal formation in S. adstringens, and five antepetalous stamen primordium. In the final stages of the development, the stamens initiated in two whorls, one outer (antesepalous) and the other innermost (antepetalous), are arranged in a single whorl. However, the antesepalous stamens, which emerged first, are a little more elongated than the antepetalous ones. In P. multijuga the fillets join in the base while its elongation, forming a tube, which thereafter becomes adnate to the petals. In hermaphrodite flowers, in both species, the carpel primordium emerges, stretches, the carpel cleft closes and, soon after, the style begins its differentiation. In staminate flowers, the carpel primordium begins and stretches, but the carpel cleft does not close and the carpel does not end its development. In the mature stage, the hermaphrodite flowers present fully differentiated stigmas, while in the staminate flowers, the carpel primordium remains as a rudiment at the base of the bud. In this case, there is no initiation of any ovule. We conclude that staminate flowers in both species arise by carpel abortion and not from inception, alike the other members of Mimosoideae.

A Escultura Dogon, produzida no Mali, ao noroeste do continente africano, constitui um dos mais importantes acervos das artes africanas, recolhidos a partir das Missões coloniais Etnológicas-Etnográficas coordenadas por Marcel Griaule desde 1931. ITINERÁRIO, ESTUDO ESTÉTICO E ESTILÍSTICO DE UMA ESCULTURA DOGON: \"FIGURA HERMAFRODITA\" DO MESTRE DE YAYÉ, trata da construção de uma análise dos estilos dessa arte estatuária assim como a análise específica sobre o percurso da peça em questão, desde o vilarejo de Yayé em Bandiagara, no Mali, até o acervo do museu du Quai Branly, na cidade de Paris, França. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi fortalecer os estudos sobre a Arte Africana no Brasil, contribuindo para o conhecimento da sociedade Dogon a partir de sua expressão artística, e como pensar a Arte Africana e a África a partir de sua produção estética. / The Dogon sculpture, produced in Mali, northwest of the african continent, is one of the most important collections of African art, collected from the Colonial Missions Ethnological-Ethnographic coordinated by Marcel Griaule since 1931. ITINERARY, AESTHETIC AND STYLISTIC STUDY OF A SCULPTURE DOGON \"HERMAPHRODITE FIGURE\" THE MASTER OF YAYÉ, is the construction of an analysis of styles such statuary as well as specific analysis on the route of the piece in question, from the village of Yayé in Bandiagara, Mali to the museum\'s collection du Quai Branly, in Paris, France. The objective of this research was to strengthen the studies on African Art in Brazil, contributing to the knowledge of the Dogon society from their artistic expression, and how to think African Art and Africa from its aesthetic production.

A Escultura Dogon, produzida no Mali, ao noroeste do continente africano, constitui um dos mais importantes acervos das artes africanas, recolhidos a partir das Missões coloniais Etnológicas-Etnográficas coordenadas por Marcel Griaule desde 1931. ITINERÁRIO, ESTUDO ESTÉTICO E ESTILÍSTICO DE UMA ESCULTURA DOGON: \"FIGURA HERMAFRODITA\" DO MESTRE DE YAYÉ, trata da construção de uma análise dos estilos dessa arte estatuária assim como a análise específica sobre o percurso da peça em questão, desde o vilarejo de Yayé em Bandiagara, no Mali, até o acervo do museu du Quai Branly, na cidade de Paris, França. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi fortalecer os estudos sobre a Arte Africana no Brasil, contribuindo para o conhecimento da sociedade Dogon a partir de sua expressão artística, e como pensar a Arte Africana e a África a partir de sua produção estética. / The Dogon sculpture, produced in Mali, northwest of the african continent, is one of the most important collections of African art, collected from the Colonial Missions Ethnological-Ethnographic coordinated by Marcel Griaule since 1931. ITINERARY, AESTHETIC AND STYLISTIC STUDY OF A SCULPTURE DOGON \"HERMAPHRODITE FIGURE\" THE MASTER OF YAYÉ, is the construction of an analysis of styles such statuary as well as specific analysis on the route of the piece in question, from the village of Yayé in Bandiagara, Mali to the museum\'s collection du Quai Branly, in Paris, France. The objective of this research was to strengthen the studies on African Art in Brazil, contributing to the knowledge of the Dogon society from their artistic expression, and how to think African Art and Africa from its aesthetic production.