Patterns of heterospecific matings are important to understand in order to learn about speciation. I proposed a classical signal detection model as a representation of heterospecific mating patterns in both sexes. From the model I proposed that males would be able to achieve successive heterospecific mating success, as those males were more similar to conspecifics. I also proposed that restrictive females that rejected heterospecific matings would also be more likely to reject conspecific matings. I used the sibling species Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis to examine heterospecific mating patterns in males and females. I found that males previously accepted as heterospecific mates were more likely to achieve heterospecific matings than males that had previously been rejected as heterospecific mates. This was most likely due to decreased courtship by rejected males. Males rejected heterospecifically but mated conspecifically also were less likely to achieve heterospecific matings than males that had initially been accepted as heterospecific mates. This indicated that the same males were able to achieve successive heterospecific matings, despite rejected males also having had initial mating success. This was again likely influenced by decreased courtship in rejected males. Furthermore, I found that females that rejected heterospecific males were also more likely to reject conspecific males than naive females. There was also a non-significant trend of females that previously accepted heterospecific males were more likely to again accept heterospecific males than females that had previously rejected heterospecific males. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The question of group-living in animals has attracted a lot of research attention. Today, we have a nuanced understanding of ultimate explanations and proximate mechanisms for group-living, as well as the genetic basis for seemingly puzzling aspects of sociality such as altruism. However, our current view of sociality has been obtained almost entirely in an intraspecific context, i.e. based on groups consisting of individuals of a single species. On the other hand, heterospecific sociality, i.e. groups formed by individuals of multiple species, has been largely ignored in group-living theory and empirical research. This is despite the fact that heterospecific sociality is widely prevalent in nature and is known to occur in many different contexts, in a variety of taxa and in both marine and terrestrial habitats. My dissertation focuses on one of the best-known examples of heterospecific sociality, namely heterospecific foraging associations of terrestrial insectivorous birds (commonly called mixed-species flocks; flocks hereon). Flocks are found all over the world, in a variety of habitats, and include a unique suite of species in each area. Although flocks are the best-studied among different types of heterospecific associations known, most of the research has been descriptive. In other words, while we have descriptions of the richness, size and composition of flocks from many areas, we know little about why and how flocks form. Therefore, one broad objective of this dissertation was to better understand the causes of flock formation. Birds are thought to join flocks either to obtain direct foraging benefits or better protection from predators. I used different approaches to understand which of these two reasons is likely to be more important. Additionally, to situate heterospecific sociality within sociality in general, I also examined whether the mechanisms underlying flocks are similar to single-species groups or unique to a mixed-species condition. In other words, are flocks a different route to obtain the same benefits as single-species groups, or a route to obtain benefits that conspecifics cannot provide? In the previous section, I described why understanding flocks is important from the point of view of sociality. Flocks are also important for the consequences they might have on community organization. While each flock is a collection of interacting individuals of different species, populations of species are linked in a network of interactions across multiple flocks in an area. The theoretical framework guiding our understanding of community organization is currently dominated by the idea of interspecific competition. Mutualisms or positive interactions, if any, are only expected to occur between members of different trophic levels. Only recently has the need to incorporate positive interactions between members of the same trophic level into ecological theory been emphasized. Flocks and other heterospecific associations present an important example of within-trophic level positive interactions. Therefore, the second broad objective of this dissertation was to examine the consequences of flock formation on community organization. The objectives described above were addressed using multiple approaches in this dissertation. “Why” questions in ecology and evolution are generally tackled using manipulative experiments. Given that experiments are neither feasible nor ethical in the case of multispecies flocks in the wild, I addressed the “why” question by focusing on “who” instead. To understand “why” flocks form, I examined what kinds of species participate in flocks, who associates with whom, and who provides and who receives the benefits. This dissertation uses a combination of methods and data, including questions addressed at a global scale using descriptive information on flocks available from across the world. For other questions that were based on entirely new approaches developed in this dissertation, data were collected in a field site in the Western Ghats. In general, given the two broad objectives of this dissertation, the approaches I used were drawn from both behavioural and community ecology. The dissertation is organized in the following way: Chapter 1: General Introduction The first chapter provides the background to the two broad objectives of this thesis, namely understanding the causes and consequences of heterospecific foraging associations in terrestrial bird communities. Chapter 2 (published in The American Naturalist) Based on a global dataset (55 presence-absence matrices from 24 locations in multiple continents) on the composition of flocks, I asked if flocks largely consist of ecologically similar or dissimilar species. Using null models and randomization tests followed by meta-analysis, I found that the association strength of species in flocks was strongly related to similarity in body size and foraging behaviour, and higher for congeneric compared with non-congeneric species pairs. In other words, flocks seem to consist largely of similar species. Extending group-living and social information use theory to a heterospecific context, I discuss potential behavioral mechanisms leading to positive interactions among similar species in flocks as well as ways in which competition costs are reduced. These findings highlight the need to consider positive interactions along with competition when seeking to explain community organisation. Chapter 3 (published in Animal Behaviour) Two kinds of participants are recognized in flocks: those that join other species (‘followers’) and are therefore likely to be the recipients of the benefits of flock participation and those that are joined (‘leaders’). Through comparative analyses, using a large sample of flocks from around the world, I found (1) ‘followers’ tend to be smaller, more insectivorous, and feed in higher strata than matched species that participate in flocks to a lesser extent and (2) ‘leaders’ tend to be cooperative breeders (which are known to have well-developed anti-predatory systems) more often than matched species that are not known to lead flocks. Furthermore, meta-analyses of published results from across the world showed that bird species in terrestrial mixed-species flocks increased foraging rates and reduced vigilance compared to when they were solitary or in conspecific groups. Moreover, the increase in foraging rates was seen only in the case of flock followers and not flock leaders. These findings suggest a role for predation in the evolution of mixed-species flocking. Species that are vulnerable to predation follow species whose vigilance they can exploit. By doing so, they are able to reduce their own vigilance and forage at higher rates. Chapter 4 (to be submitted to Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology) In this study, conducted in a tropical evergreen forest in the Western Ghats of India, I used intraflock association patterns to generate a community-wide assessment of benefits of flock participation for different species. I assumed that individuals needed to be physically proximate to particular heterospecific individuals within flocks to obtain any direct foraging benefit (flushed prey, kleptoparasitism, copying foraging locations). Alternatively, for all anti-predation benefits, physical proximity to particular heterospecifics is not required, i.e. just being in the flock vicinity will suffice. Therefore, I used the choice of locations within flocks to infer whether individual species are obtaining direct foraging or antipredation benefits. A small subset of the bird community (5/29 species), composed of all members of the sallying guild, showed non-random physical proximity to heterospecifics within flocks. All preferred associates were from non-sallying guilds, suggesting that the sallying species were likely obtaining direct foraging benefits, either in the form of flushed or snatched prey. The majority of species (24/29) chose locations randomly with respect to heterospecifics within flocks, and thus were likely obtaining anti-predation benefits. In summary, my study indicates that direct foraging benefits are important for only a small proportion of species in flocks and therefore that predation is likely to be the main driver of flocking. Chapter 5 (to be submitted to Oecologia) Two types of species – intraspecifically gregarious and sallying species – are thought to play important roles in flocks because studies have shown they attract other flock participants. However, it is not clear why these types of species are attractive, i.e. are they cues for flocks or do they directly provide benefits to other species? It is also not known whether these types are essential for flock formation. In this study, in a tropical evergreen forest in the Western Ghats of India, I used a novel approach to address these questions. Flocks contain anywhere between two and tens of species. My approach focused on the simplest, i.e. two-species, flocks. In two-species flocks, attraction between species must be based on direct benefit to at least one of the species. Therefore, only species combinations that result in benefit to at least one species will occur as two species flocks. Further, by examining leading and following behaviour in these combinations, I could also determine the direction of benefit-flow. Finally, given that all flocks pass through a two-species step, examining which two-species combinations are joined by other species helped understand species roles in flock formation. I found that intraspecifically gregarious species, but not sallying species, were disproportionately represented in two-species flocks, always provided the benefits when present, and that flocks containing them were joined significantly more often. Therefore, intraspecifically gregarious species, but not sallying species, play a role in providing flock benefits and flock formation. Moreover, given that most (7/8) intraspecifically gregarious species in my study site played these roles, the intraspecifically gregarious species guild can be considered an example of a within-trophic level “keystone”. Chapter 6 (“in press” in Oikos) There is a growing recognition of the need to integrate non-trophic interactions into ecological networks for a better understanding of whole-community organization. To achieve this, the first step is to build networks of individual non-trophic interactions. In this study, I analyzed the network of interdependencies among bird species that participated in flocks in an evergreen forest site in the Western Ghats, India. I found that flock networks contain a small core of highly important species that other species are strongly dependent on, a pattern seen in many other biological networks. Further, I found that structural importance of species in the network was strongly correlated to functional importance of species at the individual flock level. Finally, comparisons with flock networks from other Asian forests showed that the same taxonomic groups were important in general, suggesting that species importance was an intrinsic trait and not dependent on local ecological conditions. Hence, given a list of species in an area, it may be possible to predict which ones are likely to be important. Chapter 7: Conclusions In this section, I provide a summary of the main findings of this dissertation, discuss the main conclusions with regard to each of the two broad objectives and finally suggest future lines of investigation to further understand the causes and consequences of flock formation and heterospecific sociality in general. In summary, the work presented in this dissertation provides a picture of how and why flocks form and their likely consequences for community organization. The main driver of flock formation seems to be protection from predators, although a few species do obtain direct foraging benefits. Additionally, given that I found flocks to largely be groupings of similar species, the mechanisms through which benefits are obtained are likely to be similar to those in single-species groups. In other words, flocks are possibly a way for species that are unable to group with conspecifics, to obtain group-living benefits. My finding, that flocks largely consisted of similar species, also questions the stereotyping of interactions between similar species in communities as competitive. Other results from this study demonstrate the importance of intraspecifically gregarious species in flocks. Such species are the main providers of benefits to other flock participants and seem essential for flock formation. Finally, network analysis showed that a small core of species, mainly including species known to provide benefits at the individual flock level, are disproportionately important in the emergent community-level network of interdependencies. Such species are possibly one of the first examples of within-trophic level “keystones” discovered. Apart from the findings, this study also provides a set of new approaches and analytical frameworks that can be used to examine other multispecies foraging groups and heterospecific foraging associations in other contexts.

Premise of the Study: There is growing interest in understanding plant–plant interactions via pollen transfer at the community level. Studies on the structure and spatial variability of pollen transfer networks have been valuable to this understanding. However, there is high variability in the intensity of sampling used to characterize pollen transfer interactions, which could influence network structure. To date, there is no knowledge of how sampling effort influences the richness of pollen on stigmas and thereby transfer interactions observed, nor how this may vary across species and study sites. Methods: We use rarefaction curves on 16 species to characterize the relationship between sampling effort (number of stigmas analyzed) and the richness of pollen transfer interactions recorded. We further assess variability in this relationship among species, plant community types, and sites within a single plant community. Key Results: We show high among-species variation in the amount of sampling required to sufficiently characterize interspecific pollen transfer. We further reveal variability in the sampling effort-interaction richness relationship among different plant communities and even for the same species growing in different sites. Conclusions: The wide heterogeneity in the sampling effort required to accurately characterize pollen transfer interactions observed has the potential to influence the characterization of pollen transfer dynamics. Thus, sampling completeness should be considered in future studies to avoid overestimation of modularity and specialization in pollen transfer networks that may bias the predicted causes and expected consequences of such processes for plant–plant interactions.

Si le signalement du prédateur provoque le plus souvent la fuite des proies, il induit parfois un comportement particulier incitant la proie à s’approcher du prédateur et le harceler pour provoquer son départ plutôt que de se mettre hors de sa portée. Ce comportement de harcèlement s’accompagne de l’émission d’un signal hétérospécifique conduisant de nombreuses espèces à venir harceler le prédateur. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse est de comprendre comment est régi le transfert d’informations entre plusieurs espèces de passereaux dans le cas du comportement de harcèlement d’un prédateur. Mes travaux montrent que le comportement de harcèlement des passereaux face à un rapace nocturne dépend du risque de prédation posé par ce prédateur. Par ailleurs, les résultats indiquent un transfert d’informations entre les espèces et mettent en évidence une propension variable des différentes espèces à se rallier autour du harceleur. Les variations observées dans la réponse aux cris de harcèlement émis par des individus hétérospécifiques peuvent dépendre de la similarité acoustique, des relations interspécifiques et des variations saisonnières. Mes résultats indiquent aussi que la connaissance préalable des signaux de harcèlement n'est pas indispensable pour induire une réponse, même si un processus d’apprentissage associatif favorise sa mise en place. Mon travail suggère également une évolution convergente des cris de harcèlement, générant des signaux dont la structure permet une localisation rapide de l’émetteur, indispensable pour rameuter des proies potentielles lors du harcèlement. L’ensemble de ces avancées nous oblige désormais à considérer la communication acoustique chez les passereaux en prenant en compte le risque de prédation, les interactions hétérospécifiques et la complexité des signaux acoustiques / Signaling the presence of a predator most often causes the escape of prey, but it sometimes induces a particular behaviour prompting prey to approach and harass the predator to cause his departure. This mobbing behaviour is associated with the emission of signals leading individuals from different species to come harass the predator. The objective of this thesis is to understand how the transfer of information between several passerine species is organized in mobbing behaviour against predators. My work shows that the mobbing behaviour of passerine birds against a nocturnal raptor depends on the predation risk imposed by this predator. In addition, my results indicate a transfer of information between species and highlight a variable propensity of different species to rally around the harasser. The observed variations in the response to heterospecific calls depended on acoustic similarity, interspecific relationships and seasonality. My results also indicate that prior knowledge of harassment signals is not essential to induce a response, even if an associative learning process promotes its implementation. My work also suggests a convergent evolution in mobbing calls, generating signals with a structure that allows the emitter to be quickly located, an essential parameter to rally potential prey during harassment. My thesis consequently shows that to better understand acoustic communication in passerine birds, it is necessary to consider predation risk, heterospecific interactions and the complexity of acoustic signals

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3423.pdf: 2509172 bytes, checksum: 46766229822e73097e99235e1a114322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The degradation of natural grassland and open area remnants is still intense and affect environmental integrity of these ecosystems. The mixed-flocks of birds are a common feature in open environments which provide advantages to members. We aimed to analyze mixed-flocks of birds in three open physiognomies of cerrado to verify differences among sampled areas and periods. We believe that mixed-flock structure changes according to the physiognomy and between the seasons. We followed and record 337 mixed-flocks formed by 45 bird species between July 2008 and December 2010, in Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, São Paulo state. The flocks of campo limpo (grassland vegetation) had a lower participation of species than flocks from other areas, and structure did not varied significantly between breeding (summer) and non-breeding (winter) period. Two species formed flocks only in campo limpo . The campo sujo (grassland with scattered shrubs), considered an intermediate environment in our study, had no exclusive species. The seasonal variation in flock structure was significant. The campo cerrado (shrubby-grassland with many scattered trees) indicates the same differentiation between seasons. We found similarities between the breeding period of campo sujo and campo cerrado . Twelve species were present only in flocks of campo cerrado with low occurrence frequencies; all of them are birds of more wooded or forested environments. We categorized species according to their function played in mixed-flocks: True Leaders, Leaders/Followers, True Followers, Occasional Followers, Migrants. Five species played a role as True Leaders, and nine species can be considered as nuclear species of mixed-flocks. Saltator atricollis, Neothraupis fasciata and Cypsnagra hirundinacea were the most 29 common True Leaders. The formation of mixed-flocks, a phenomenon which benefits its members, were recorded in open areas of savanna throughout the year, but were especially important for birds during the period of resources scarcity. Nine flocking species, 20% of all species observed in this study, are threatened in São Paulo state and have high ecological relevance. / A degradação de áreas campestres naturais ainda remanescentes é intensa e prejudica a integridade ambiental destes ecossistemas. Parte da assembléia de aves que vive nestes ambientes exibe o comportamento de formação de bandos mistos, o qual traz benefícios para seus integrantes. Objetivamos analisar bandos mistos de aves presentes em três fisionomias abertas de cerrado para evidenciar possíveis diferenças entre as áreas e entre os períodos amostrados. Acreditamos que sua estrutura muda de acordo com o ambiente e com a época do ano. Acompanhamos 337 bandos mistos formados por 45 espécies, entre julho de 2008 e dezembro de 2010, na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, estado de São Paulo. Os bandos mistos de campo limpo tiveram uma menor participação de espécies que outros ambientes, e a estrutura dos bandos não se alterou significativamente entre os períodos reprodutivo (verão) e nãoreprodutivo (inverno). Duas espécies integraram bandos somente nesta fisionomia. O campo sujo, considerado um ambiente intermediário em nosso estudo, não apresentou espécies exclusivas. A variação sazonal na estrutura dos bandos foi significativa. O campo cerrado obteve esta mesma diferenciação entre as estações, e o período reprodutivo nesta área apresentou bandos similares aos do mesmo período no campo sujo. No campo cerrado foram registradas 12 espécies que não estavam presentes nas outras fisionomias, todas elas características de ambientes florestais e com baixas freqüências de ocorrência nos bandos mistos. As espécies foram categorizadas de acordo com sua função no bando: líderes verdadeiros, líderes/seguidores, seguidores verdadeiros, seguidores ocasionais e migrantes. Cinco espécies em todo o estudo 27 desempenharam papel de liderança verdadeira, e nove espécies puderam ser consideradas nucleares. Os líderes mais presentes foram Saltator atricollis, Neothraupis fasciata e Cyspnagra hirundinacea. A formação de bandos mistos, fenômeno que beneficia seus integrantes, foi registrada em fisionomias abertas de cerrado durante todo o ano, mas foram especialmente mais importantes para as aves durante o período de escassez de recursos. Nove espécies (20%) que participaram dos bandos amostrados estão ameaçadas no estado de São Paulo e possuem alta relevância ecológica.

Background: Pollen transfer via animals is necessary for reproduction by ~80 % of flowering plants, and most of these plants live in multispecies communities where they can share pollinators. While diffuse plant-pollinator interactions are increasingly recognized as the rule rather than the exception, their fitness consequences cannot be deduced from flower visitation alone, so other proxies, functionally closer to seed production and amenable for use in a broad variety of diverse communities, are necessary. Scope: We conceptually summarize how the study of pollen on stigmas of spent flowers can reflect key drivers and functional aspects of the plant-pollinator interaction (e.g. competition, facilitation or commensalism). We critically evaluate how variable visitation rates and other factors (pollinator pool and floral avoidance) can give rise to different relationships between heterospecific pollen and (1) conspecific pollen on the stigma and (2) conspecific tubes/grain in the style, revealing the complexity of potential interpretations. We advise on best practices for using these proxies, noting the assumptions and caveats involved in their use, and explicate what additional data are required to verify interpretation of given patterns. Conclusions: We conclude that characterizing pollen on stigmas of spent flowers provides an attainable indirect measure of pollination interactions, but given the complex processes of pollen transfer that generate patterns of conspecific-heterospecific pollen on stigmas these cannot alone determine whether competition or facilitation are the underlying drivers. Thus, functional tests are also needed to validate these hypotheses.

Les prairies permanentes représentent l’une des principales formes d’utilisation des terres en Europe. En France, elles représentent près de 40% de la Surface Agricole Utile (SAU) et restent le support de nombreux systèmes d’élevage. Les scénarios actuels de changement climatique prévoient tous un accroissement de la variabilité climatique qui pourrait se traduire par un accroissement des évènements extrêmes, notamment en ce qui concerne les épisodes de sécheresses. Ces événements extrêmes sont de nature à altérer la structure et le fonctionnement des prairies et en conséquence la capacité de ces écosystèmes à rendre des services agricoles, écologiques et environnementaux. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance et de résilience des communautés végétales prairiales face à l’occurrence de sécheresses extrêmes s’avère donc cruciale pour évaluer la stabilité du fonctionnement de l’écosystème prairial et notamment du service de production qu'il supporte. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’évaluer la capacité des prairies permanentes à maintenir leur fonction de production face à un événement de sécheresse extrême. Elle s’appuie sur une démarche expérimentale en mésocosmes sous conditions semi-contrôlées permettant de caractériser le rôle de la composition et de la structure des communautés végétales prairiales dans la résistance et la résilience à la sécheresse des prairies. Pour évaluer l’importance de la composition et de la diversité fonctionnelle dans la réponse des communautés végétales, des monocultures et des mélanges associant graminées et une légumineuse ont été sélectionnés. L’originalité de ce travail réside dans une approche d’écologie fonctionnelle permettant d’appréhender l’importance des interactions entre espèces dans la réponse de la communauté via l’analyse de traits morphologiques et physiologiques mesurés conjointement dans les compartiments aérien et souterrain de la végétation. Cette étude a mis en évidence le rôle prépondérant du Trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens) dans la modulation de l’impact d’un événement de sécheresse extrême sur la production de biomasse de mélanges prairiaux. Si aucun effet tampon de la composition et de la structure de la communauté n’a été mis en évidence durant la sécheresse, la présence et l’abondance de Trèfle blanc a été reliée à une meilleure récupération à long terme de la production de biomasse des mélanges. Après l’extrême, une surproduction des mélanges associant graminée et Trèfle blanc a ainsi été attribuée à des mécanismes de facilitation azotée et de complémentarité verticale de niches au niveau racinaire pour l’acquisition de l’eau. Nous avons ainsi souligné l’importance de la croissance des racines profondes pour la mise en place de complémentarités fonctionnelles entre espèces et donc pour le maintien de la production sous sécheresse extrême. L’événement de sécheresse affecte durablement le comportement des racines et de ce fait les mécanismes sous-jacents de l’effet bénéfique du Trèfle blanc sur la production aérienne. Par ailleurs, notre étude a mis en évidence le rôle majeur des interactions hétérospécifiques dans l’expression de traits intraspécifiques liés aux stratégies d’acquisition des ressources et par conséquent dans la régulation de la performance des espèces sous sécheresse extrême. Nous montrons que la structure et la composition fonctionnelle de la communauté végétale apparaît essentielle dans la régulation de la réponse à un événement de sécheresse extrême. Dans notre étude, la récupération de la production de biomasse aérienne après sécheresse extrême repose essentiellement sur la présence de Trèfle blanc et la mise en place d’interactions positives entre espèces. La prise en compte de la modulation par les interactions interspécifiques du comportement des espèces en mélanges s’avère nécessaire dans la prévision de la production des prairies sous climat futur. (...) / Permanent grasslands are one of the main forms of land use in Europe. In France, permanent grasslands represent around 40% of Utilised Agricultural Land and support many animal-based farming systems. Current climate change scenarios predict increased climate variability that could result in an increase in extreme events such as drought episodes. These extreme events can significantly alter the structure and functioning of grasslands, with implications for their capacity to provide agricultural, ecological and environmental services. Improved understanding of the resistance and resilience mechanisms of grassland plant communities exposed to extreme drought is therefore critical in order to assess the stability of grassland functions, in particular that of biomass production. This thesis aims at assessing the capacity of permanent grasslands to sustain their production when exposed to an extreme drought event. The study uses an experimental approach and semi-controlled conditions to investigate the role of community composition and functional diversity for drought resistance and resilience in grassland mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures combining grasses and legumes were selected to test the importance of composition and functional diversity for plant community responses during drought and up to a year after the end of water stress. The originality of this work is the use of a functional ecological approach to assess the impacts of species’ interactions via measurements of plant morphological and physiological traits both above- and below-ground. This study demonstrates the importance of white clover (Trifolium repens) in modulating the impact of extreme droughts on biomass production of grassland mixtures. Community composition did not have a buffering effect on biomass production during the drought event but the presence and abundance of white clover in mixtures was linked to higher recovery of biomass production in the long-term. After the extreme drought event, overyielding in mixtures combining grass and white clover could be attributed to mechanisms of nitrogen facilitation and vertical root complementarity for water uptake. Results also show the importance of deep root growth for the establishment of functional complementarity between species and the maintenance of biomass production under extreme drought. Drought had lasting effects on the root system patterns and thus on the underlying mechanisms of the positive effect of white clover on aboveground production. Moreover, this work highlights the key role of heterospecific interactions in the expression of intraspecific traits related to resource acquisition strategies. Heterospecific interactions are thus an important driver of the species performance under extreme drought.We show that the structure and functional composition of the plant community in simplified mixtures are critical for modulating grassland responses to an extreme drought event. In our study, the recovery of aboveground biomass production is mainly related to the presence of white clover and the establishment of positive interactions between species. Changes of species behaviour in response to heterospecific interactions should be taken into account to better predict grassland biomass production under future climatic conditions. From an applied perspective, accounting for the key role of white clover and the inherent variability or neighbour-induced plasticity of intraspecific traits appears important to adapt mixtures of species or varieties to more intense and frequent drought events.

Au cours de leur vie, les individus doivent constamment prendre des décisions qui peuvent fortement affecter leur valeur sélective. Pour optimiser leur prise de décisions, ces individus peuvent utiliser des informations soit issues de leurs propres interactions avec l’environnement (informations personnelles), soit issues de l’observation d’autres individus (informations sociales). La propension à utiliser des informations sociales et leur signification dépend certainement de paramètres individuels et environnementaux. Pour comprendre le potentiel évolutif de ce comportement à priori adaptatif, il est nécessaire de comprendre les causes de ces variations inter- et intra-individuelles. Le but de cette thèse était donc de déterminer les sources de variations individuelles dans l’utilisation d’information sociales hétérospécifiques pour le choix d’habitat de reproduction, chez le gobe-mouche à collier (Ficedula albicollis). A partir de données à long terme et d’expérimentations en nature dans la population de Gotland (Suède), j’ai montré que l’utilisation d’informations sociales n’est pas héritable dans cette population, mais dépend de l’âge et de l’agressivité des mâles, ainsi que de la taille de ponte des compétiteurs au moment où les gobe-mouches font leur choix. A partir d’une expérience de repasse, j’ai également montré que les femelles peuvent ajuster, en fonction de leur propre niveau d’agressivité, leur choix de site de nidification en fonction de caractéristiques de chants supposément liés à la qualité des mésanges charbonnières (Parus major). Cette thèse souligne l’importance de la personnalité dans l’utilisation d’informations sociales hétérospecifiques pour la sélection d’habitat de reproduction dans cette population, et montre que des caractéristiques fines de signaux à l’intention de congénères peuvent aussi être utilisées par d’autres espèces. Cela nous aide ainsi à mieux comprendre les mécanismes évolutifs de ce comportement / All their life, individuals have to make decisions that may strongly affect their fitness. To optimize their decisions, they can use personally acquired information but also information obtained from observing other individuals (“social information”). The propensity to gather and use social information and the information meaning might depend on both individual and environmental factors. Studying what drives within- and between-individual differences in social information use should help us understand the evolutionary potential of this supposedly adaptive behaviour. The aim of my PhD was to empirically investigate sources of variability in heterospecific social information use for breeding habitat selection. I worked on a natural population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis, Gotland Island, Sweden), a passerine species shown to cue on the presence, density, reproductive investment and nest site preference of dominant titmice for settlement decisions. Using both long term and experimental data, I showed that the use of heterospecific social information, measured as the probability to copy tit nest preference, is not heritable but depends on male age and aggressiveness and on tit apparent breeding investment at the time of flycatcher settlement. Using a playback experiment, I also showed that female flycatchers can fine-tune nest site choice according to (i) song features supposedly reflecting great tit (Parus major) quality and (ii) their own aggressiveness level. This thesis highlights the importance of personality in the use of heterospecific social information for breeding site selection in this population, and broadens the traditionally known sources of heterospecific information to fine song characteristics reflecting heterospecifics’ quality. To fully understand the evolutionary mechanisms and consequences of heterospecific social information use, genetically based plasticity and fitness consequences remains to be explored