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How Do Volatile Cues Impact Plant-Herbivore Interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana?Shimola, Jennifer 19 April 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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The Effect of Plant Neighbors on a Common Desert Shrub's Physiology and EvapotranspirationJanuary 2015 (has links)
abstract: Hydrological models in arid and semi-arid ecosystems can be subject to high uncertainties. Spatial variability in soil moisture and evapotranspiration, key components of the water cycle, can contribute to model uncertainty. In particular, an understudied source of spatial variation is the effect of plant-plant interactions on water fluxes. At patch scales (plant and associated soil), plant neighbors can either negatively or positively affect soil water availability via competition or hydraulic redistribution, respectively. The aboveground microclimate can also be altered via canopy shading effects by neighbors. Across longer timescales (years), plants may adjust their physiological (water-use) traits in response to the neighbor-altered microclimate, which subsequently affects transpiration rates. The influence of physiological adjustments and neighbor-altered microclimate on water fluxes was assessed around Larrea tridentata in the Sonoran Desert. Field measurements of Larrea’s stomatal behavior and vertical root distributions were used to examine the effects of neighbors on Larrea’s physiological controls on transpiration. A modeling based approach was implemented to explore the sensitivity of evapotranspiration and soil moisture to neighbor effects. Neighbors significantly altered both above- and belowground physiological controls on evapotranspiration. Compared to Larrea growing alone, neighbors increased Larrea’s annual transpiration by up to 75% and 30% at the patch and stand scales, respectively. Estimates of annual transpiration were highly sensitive to the presence/absence of competition for water, and on seasonal timescales, physiological adjustments significantly influenced transpiration estimates. Plant-plant interactions can be a significant source of spatial variation in ecohydrological models, and both physiological adjustments to neighbors and neighbor effects on microclimate affect small scale (patch to ecosystem) water fluxes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015
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A Network Approach to Understanding Patterns of Coflowering in Diverse CommunitiesArceo-Gómez, Gerardo, Kaczorowski, Rainee L., Ashman, Tia Lynn 01 September 2018 (has links)
Premise of research. The duration and intensity of flowering overlap among plants are the first determiners of the potential for pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions. Yet, our ability to describe community-wide patterns of coflowering, and thus understand its impact on the structure of plant-pollinator communities, is limited. Methodology. We present a conceptual framework for how network theory can reveal structural properties that are ecologically relevant in diverse coflowering communities. Coflowering modules, in particular, may suggest that groups of species coflower more strongly (clustering) with each other than with other species (over-dispersion) in the community. Such a finding would indicate that competitive and facilitative interactions do not act alone but instead act simultaneously to mediate the assembly of coflowering communities. We illustrate our conceptual framework in four diverse coflowering communities in the serpentine seeps in northern California. Pivotal results. Our coflowering networks vary in size and degree but not in overall connectance, suggesting that both intrinsic community features (species richness) and ecological constraints (length of flowering season) play a role in mediating coflowering community structure (distribution of frequency and intensity of flowering overlap among plant species). We show, for the first time, that groups of species tend to coflower more strongly with each other than with other species in a community, supporting the idea that competition and facilitation are not mutually exclusive processes mediating coflowering community assembly. Our results show that the degree of modularity is not sensitive to the number of coflowering species within each community, suggesting that ecological factors may be more important in driving this pattern. Conclusions. Coflowering networks have the potential to advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of flowering overlap in diverse plant communities by revealing a more in-depth and novel characterization of coflowering community structure. Such characterization will allow for a better understanding of the importance of coflowering patterns in mediating the structure of plant-pollinator interactions.
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Interactions entre plantes dans un contexte de communauté : une approche expérimentale en Espagne et en Bolivie / Plant-plant interactions in a community background : an experimental approach in Spain and in BoliviaDanet, Alain 17 November 2017 (has links)
Les interactions entre organismes ont des conséquences majeures sur la composition des communautés et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. En écologie l'étude des interactions négatives, telles que la prédation et la compétition, a largement dominé la littérature. Des travaux récents ont souligné l’importance des interactions positives dans la nature, telles que la facilitation, mais ces interactions restent malgré tout peu intégrées dans les théories contemporaines en écologie. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette démarche et aborde deux questions centrales : (i) Comment la facilitation indirecte (via la protection contre le pâturage) affecte-t-elle la structure fonctionnelle (caractéristiques des distributions de traits) des communautés de plantes ? (ii) L'effet net des interactions facilitatrice-bénéficiaire identifiées à l’échelle d’une paire d’espèces restent-elles valides en présence d’une communauté entière d'espèces bénéficiaires potentielles ? Deux expérimentations in situ dans des environnements contrastés ont été mises en place : l’exclusion du pâturage dans des tourbières tropicales alpines et une transplantation de communautés de plantules sous des plantes adultes en milieu méditerranéen semi-aride. Nous avons montré que la facilitation indirecte affectait les caractéristiques du filtre environnemental, la dominance des espèces et la différenciation de niche au sein de la communauté. Nos travaux suggèrent également que la composition des communautés de plantules modifie les interactions adultes-plantules, remettant ainsi en cause la possibilité d’extrapolation des résultats entre paires d'individus à l’échelle de la communauté. / Interactions between organisms are key drivers of community composition and ecosystem functioning. Ecology has a long history of studies on negative interactions, such as predation and competition. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of positive interactions, such as facilitation in nature. The integration of these interactions into modern ecological theory has nonetheless lagged behind. This thesis aims at contributing to this research effort and addresses two core questions : (i) How does indirect facilitation (through protection against grazing) affect the functional structure (characteristics of trait distributions) of plant communities? (ii) Does the net effect of the interactions between a species pair (benefactor-beneficiary) remain valid in the presence of several beneficiary species at community level? We set up two insitu experiments in contrasted environments: a grazing exclusion experiment in tropical alpine peatlands and a transplantation experiment of sapling communities beneath adult plants in a mediterranean environment. Our results showed that indirect facilitation affects the characteristics of the environmental filter, species dominance and niche differentiation in the community. Our results also suggested that the composition of sapling communities modifies adult-sapling interactions, thereby questioning the possibility of extrapolating results from pairs of individuals to the community scale.
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Herbivory and plant community structure in a subarctic altitudinal gradientMoen, Jon January 1993 (has links)
The object of this thesis was to study plant community structure, especially in relation to vertebrate herbivory, in an altitudinal gradient in the Fennoscandian mountain chain. A sowing experiment in a high alpine Ranunculus glacialis population showed that seeds germinated better in cleared microsites than under established individuals. This is contrasted with a hypothesis that predicts positive plant-plant interactions in high alpine environments. It was concluded that plant-plant interactions in die studied population varied from neutral to negative, whereas no indications for positive interactions were found. An exclosure experiment in a snow-bed showed that a lemming population consumed 33 % of the available graminoids and 66 % of the mosses from August to June during a population peak. The results shows that grazing needs to be considered as a structuring factor in snow-bed vegetation. The vegetation in exclosures in another snow-bed changed from a graminoid-dominated to a herb-dominated plant community during a long-term (six years) experiment No changes of the same magnitude were seen in a tall herb meadow on a lower altitude. Survival of transplanted adult shoots from the tall herb meadow was equally high in the snow-bed as on the meadow, and germination was also high on bare ground in the snow-bed. Grazing seemed to be a more important structuring factor in the snow-bed than in the more productive tall herb meadow. Raising the grazing pressure during one growing season by introducing microtine rodents into enclosures did not cause any large short-term effects on plant community structure in a tall hob meadow or in a snow-bed. Marked shoots showed that some preferred plant species had a high shoot mortality, but biomass for pooled categories of plants was not significantly affected. It was predicted that the tall herb meadow would be more grazing sensitive than die snow-bed, but productivity on the meadow seemed to be sufficiently high for the plants to compensate for the grazing during the growing season. A greenhouse experiment showed that voles, when grazing freely, have the potential to deplete productive field layer vegetation contrary to predictions from plant defence theories. A nitrogen-based defence did not prevent heavy shoot mortality for toxic tall herbs. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu.se
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Ecology of alpine plants in NW Himalaya. / Ecology of alpine plants in NW Himalaya.DVORSKÝ, Miroslav January 2014 (has links)
The westernmost spur of the Tibetan Plateau stretches to Eastern Ladakh in India. It is a region which remains poorly explored because of challenging conditions and long periods of political instability. At the same time, it is one of the highest places on earth supporting angiosperm life, which goes beyond 6000 m a.s.l. here. The whole region, due its remoteness, is practically unaffected by plant invasions and direct human activities. Thus, Ladakh represents a kind of "natural experiment", providing very long gradient of elevation suitable for comparative functional ecology as well as for testing various hypotheses concerning limitations of vascular plants. Arid climate and extreme elevations are the common factors. Our team pursued the goal of systematic botanical and ecological exploration of Ladakh, started by late Leoš Klimeš. This thesis provides insight into the main vegetation types, clonality in plants, plant-plant interactions and soil phototroph communities.
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The clonal plant microbiota : assembly rules, heritability and influence on host phenotype / Le microbiote des plantes clonales : règles d'assemblage, héritabilité et influence sur le phénotype de l'hôteVannier, Nathan 23 October 2017 (has links)
Les plantes vivent en association avec une grande diversité de microorganismes qui forment son microbiota. Ce microbiote fournit des fonctions clés qui influencent tous les aspects de la vie d'une plante, de l'établissement à la croissance jusqu'à la production. Cette thèse a pour intention de déterminer les règlent d'assemblage du microbiote et ses conséquences pour le phénotypel l'adaptation et l'évolution des plantes. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous avont utilisé différentes approches expérimentales comprenant des plantes clonales comme organismes modèles ainsi que des mésocosmes prairiaux pour analyses à l'échelle des communautés. Nos résultats ont démontré i) que les Champignons Mycohiziens à Arbuscules induisent d'important es variations phénotypiques pour les traits des plantes clonales impliqués dans l'exploration de l'espace et l'exploitation des ressources. Ces changements dépendent de l'identité des symbiontes et altèrent les capacités des plantes à développer des réponses plastiques à l'hétérogénéité environnementale. ii) Les plantes ont évolué un méchanisme permettant la transmission d'une partie de leur microbiote a leur descendance, assurant la qualité de leur habitat. iii) Le contexte spécifique des communautés de plantes est un facteur majeur structurant l'assemblage du microbiota des plantes à échelle locale. L'abondance de certaines espèces de plante dans le voisinage d'une plante cible augmente ou diminue la diversité de son microbiote, déterminant in fine ses performances. De manière générale, cette thèse démontre l'importance des organismes symbiotiques dans la compréhension de l'adaptation et de l'évolution des plantes. / Plants live in association with a wide diversity of microorganisms forming the microbiota. The plant microbiota provides a variety of key functions that influence many aspects of plant's life comprising establishment, growth and reproduction. The present thesis aims at determining the assembly rules of the plant microbiota and its consequences for plant phenotype, adaptation and evolution. To fulfill this objective, we used different experimental approaches using either clonal plants as model organisms or grassland mesocosms for community-wide analyses. Our results demonstrated i) that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi induce important phenotypic variations in clonal plants traits involved in space exploration and resources exploitation. These changes depended on the identity of the symbionts and altered the plants ability to produce plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity. ii) Plants have evolved a mechanism allowing the transmission of a part of their microbiota to their progeny, ensuring thus their habitat quality. iii) The plant community context is a major factor structuring local plant microbiota assembly. Particular plant species identity in the neighborhood increase or decrease the microbiota diversity and ultimately determine the focal plant performance. This thesis overall demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microorganisms in the understanding of the plant adaptation and evolution. From the knowledges acquired we developed a novel understanding of symbiotic interactions in clonal plants by extending the holobiont theory to the meta-holobiont theory.
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Pollen on Stigmas as Proxies of Pollinator Competition and Facilitation: Complexities, Caveats and Future DirectionsAshman, Tia Lynn, Alonso, Conchita, Parra-Tabla, Victor, Arceo-Gómez, Gerardo 01 June 2020 (has links)
Background: Pollen transfer via animals is necessary for reproduction by ~80 % of flowering plants, and most of these plants live in multispecies communities where they can share pollinators. While diffuse plant-pollinator interactions are increasingly recognized as the rule rather than the exception, their fitness consequences cannot be deduced from flower visitation alone, so other proxies, functionally closer to seed production and amenable for use in a broad variety of diverse communities, are necessary. Scope: We conceptually summarize how the study of pollen on stigmas of spent flowers can reflect key drivers and functional aspects of the plant-pollinator interaction (e.g. competition, facilitation or commensalism). We critically evaluate how variable visitation rates and other factors (pollinator pool and floral avoidance) can give rise to different relationships between heterospecific pollen and (1) conspecific pollen on the stigma and (2) conspecific tubes/grain in the style, revealing the complexity of potential interpretations. We advise on best practices for using these proxies, noting the assumptions and caveats involved in their use, and explicate what additional data are required to verify interpretation of given patterns. Conclusions: We conclude that characterizing pollen on stigmas of spent flowers provides an attainable indirect measure of pollination interactions, but given the complex processes of pollen transfer that generate patterns of conspecific-heterospecific pollen on stigmas these cannot alone determine whether competition or facilitation are the underlying drivers. Thus, functional tests are also needed to validate these hypotheses.
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Roles of environmental plasticity and adaptation of nurse species from the subalpine and oromediterranean zones of the Pyrenees and the Mount-Lebanon for alpine communities structure / Rôle de la plasticité environnementale et de l’adaptation d’espèces nurses des étages subalpins et oroméditerranéens des Pyrénées et du Mont-Liban pour la structure des communautés alpinesAl Hayek, Patrick 16 October 2014 (has links)
Les plantes en coussins sont connues pour leur capacité fondatrice de nouvel habitat pour les autres espèces. Par ailleurs, des études ont montré que la variation morphologique au sein d’espèces fondatrices peut induire une variation des effets compétiteurs sur les espèces subordonnées, ce qui peut affecter la composition des communautés. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les conséquences d’une variation intraspécifique de deux espèces fondatrices (Festuca gautieri et Onobrychis cornuta) occupant des micro-environnements contrastés dans deux systèmes montagneux [les Pyrénées (France) et le Mont-Liban (Liban),respectivement] sur les communautés végétales associées (subalpines etoroméditerranéennes, respectivement). Nous avons évalué par des approches descriptives et/ou expérimentales (jardins expérimentaux, transplantations réciproques) les contributions de la génétique et de la plasticité à la variation morphologique entre deux phénotypes de coussins (dense et lâche) pour chaque espèce fondatrice, et à leurs effets contrastés sur les espèces subordonnées. Nous avons également quantifié les effets rétroactifs de la communauté pour la reproduction des espèces fondatrices. Nos résultats montrent une contribution à la fois de la génétique et de la plasticité à la variation phénotypique. La base génétique des variations morphologiques entre les phénotypes a induit des différences héréditaires d’effets compétiteurs sur les espèces subordonnées, tout en contrecarrant l’augmentation de la compétition avec la diminution du stress – le résultat dominant dans la littérature sur les systèmes subalpins. Nous avons aussi trouvé des effets rétroactifs négatifs des espèces subordonnées pour l’espèce fondatrice, avec une diminution de la production de fleurs (par les coussins) due au nombre croissant d’espèces subordonnées. La diversité des espèces subordonnées était plus élevée dans les conditions environnementales favorables que dans les stressantes. Par conséquent, nous avons conclu que les effets génétiques surmontent les effets environnementaux, limitant la compétition dans les milieux favorables, maintenant ainsi une plus grande diversité dans ces milieux que dans les milieux stressants. / Alpine cushion plants are foundation species known for their nursingability. Moreover, studies have shown that morphological variation in foundationspecies can trigger variation in competitive effects on subordinate species, likely toaffect community composition. We investigated the consequences of intraspecificvariation within two alpine cushion species (Festuca gautieri and Onobrychis cornuta)across heterogeneous environments in two mountain ranges [the Pyrenees (France)and Mount-Lebanon (Lebanon), respectively] for the associated plant communities(subalpine and oromediterranean, respectively). We assessed with observationaland/or experimental (common-gardens, reciprocal transplantation experiments)approaches the relative contribution of genetics and plasticity to the morphologicalvariation between two cushion phenotypes (tight and loose) of the foundationspecies, and to their differential effects on subordinate species. Communityfeedbacks were also quantified. Our results show that both genetics and plasticitycontributed to the phenotypic variation. The genetic basis of the morphologicaldifferences between phenotypes induced heritable differences in competitive effectson subordinate species, but however counteracted the general increase incompetition with decreasing stress dominantly found in the literature on subalpinesystems. We also found negative feedbacks of subordinates on foundation speciesfitness, with higher cover of subordinate species reducing the cushions flowerproduction. Subordinate species diversity was higher in benign than in stressedenvironmental conditions. Consequently, we concluded that genetic effects overcomethe environmental effects by limiting competition in benign physical conditions, thusmaintaining a higher diversity in benign than stressed conditions.
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Conséquences de l'assemblage des communautés végétales sur la décomposition de leur litière / Consequences of plant-community assembly on litter decompositionBarbe, Lou 08 December 2017 (has links)
Au cours de son assemblage, une communauté végétale va subir de nombreux changements : immigration de nouvelles espèces de plantes possédant de nouveaux traits, disparition de certaines espèces de plantes avec d’autres traits, immigration de nouveaux organismes associés aux plantes (insectes, champignons…), changements de traits chez les espèces présentes… Tous ces changements sont susceptibles de modifier la décomposition de la litière produite par la communauté végétale. En effet, la décomposition de la litière est gouvernée par les traits des espèces végétales, par l’activité des organismes décomposeurs, et par le degré d’adaptation de ces organismes aux traits des espèces végétales. Cependant, les conséquences de l’assemblage de la communauté végétale pour la décomposition de la litière demeurent inconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les conséquences de l’assemblage des communautés végétales prairiales sur la décomposition de leur litière, et ce à différentes échelles. Tout d’abord, nous avons étudié, très localement, les conséquences des plantes voisines que possèdent un individu pour la décomposition de sa litière (i.e. échelle intraspécifique). Nous avons distingué le cas où la litière de l’individu était seule, du cas où sa litière était mélangée à de la litière provenant d’autres espèces végétales. Puis, nous avons étudié les conséquences de l’assemblage sur la décomposition de la litière au niveau plus global de l’ensemble de la communauté végétale (i.e. échelle interspécifique). Enfin, nous avons exploré la rétroaction de la décomposition sur l’assemblage de la communauté. Deux grandes démarches expérimentales ont été développées, la première utilisant un dispositif de mésocosmes permettant de manipuler le voisinage local des individus, la seconde utilisant un dispositif Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) impliquant un vaste réseau de prairies avec différentes durées d’assemblage. À l’échelle locale, nos résultats indiquent qu’un individu qui possède des plantes voisines fonctionnellement dissemblables produit une litière plus décomposable et peut également abriter des décomposeurs plus efficaces. Lorsque la litière de cet individu est mélangée avec de la litière d’autres espèces, la décomposition du mélange est accélérée par des effets synergiques lorsque les plantes voisines sont évolutivement dissemblables et fonctionnellement éloignées du mélange. À l’échelle globale de l’ensemble de la communauté, nos résultats indiquent que tout au long de l’assemblage, de nombreux changements de traits fonctionnels des espèces végétales ont lieu (ratio C:N foliaire, teneur en matière sèche des feuilles, etc.) ainsi que des changements dans la composition de la communauté de décomposeurs (ratio C:N microbien). Ces changements impactent fortement la décomposition de la litière de la communauté prairiale mais s’annulent, maintenant le même taux global de décomposition. Enfin, nos résultats indiquent que plus la litière de couples d’espèces se décompose vite, notamment via des effets synergiques, plus ces espèces coexistent entre elles. Cette thèse met en évidence l’influence majeure de l’assemblage des communautés végétales prairiales sur la décomposition de leur litière, de l’invidu jusqu’à la communauté végétale toute entière. L’assemblage des communautés végétales peut donc influencer les processus écosystémiques d’après-vie tels que la décomposition de la litière. Cette influence se produit via les traits des plantes et l’activité de leurs décomposeurs. En retour, la décomposition de la litière impacte l’assemblage de la communauté végétale. La décomposition de la litière ne semble donc pas une conséquence collatérale des traits des espèces végétales, mais bien un élément important de leur stratégie écologique et de leurs interactions biotiques, situé au coeur d'une boucle de rétroaction avec les processus d'assemblage des communautés. / During its assembly, a plant community will be strongly modified: immigration of new plant species with new traits, disappearance of particular species with other traits, immigration of new plant-associated organisms (insects, fungi…), trait changes in existing species… All these changes are likely to drive the decomposition of litter produced by the plant community. Litter decomposition is indeed controlled by plant traits, activity of decomposer community, and adaptation of decomposer organisms to plant traits. However, the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition remain entirely unknown. This thesis aims at determining the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition, at distinct scales. First of all, we studied, locally, the consequences of neighboring plants on litter decomposition of plant individuals (i.e. intraspecific scale). We distinguished the case where litter of plant individuals was alone from the case where litter of plant individuals was mixed with litter from other species. Then we studied, more globally, the consequences of plant-community assembly on decomposition at the scale of the entire plant community (i.e. interspecific scale). Finally, we investigated whether plant litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. We used two experimental approaches, the first one using a long-term mesocosm experiment for manipulating the local plant neighborhood of plant individuals, and the second one using of Long Term Ecological Research network involving grasslands with different time for assembly. At the local scale, our results indicate that plant individuals grown in functionally dissimilar neighborhood produce a more decomposable litter, and can also harbor more efficient decomposers. When the litter of these individuals is mixed with litter from other species, the decomposition of the litter mixture is accelerated by synergistic effects when neighboring plants are phylogenetically diverse, and functionnally dissimilar to the litter mixture. At the scale of whole plant community, our results show that numerous trait changes occur during assembly (leaf C:N ratio, leaf dry matter content…), as well as changes in the composition of the decomposer community (soil microbial C:N ratio). These changes strongly affect litter decomposition but offset each other, maintaining litter decomposition constant. Finally, our result show that the faster the decomposition of mixed-litter from two species is, the more both species coexist. This thesis demonstrates the major influence of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition in grassland ecosystems, from the scale of plant individuals to the scale of entire plant community. Plant-community assembly hence affects after-life ecosystem processes like litter decomposition. This influence occurs through plant traits and decomposer activity. In turn, litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. Consequently, litter decomposition does not seem to be a collateral consequence of plant traits, but rather an important part of their ecological strategies and biotic interactions, participating to a feedback loop involving community assembly processes.
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