Laser induced shock experiments were performed to study the dynamics of various solid state material processes, including shock-induced melt, fast rate fracture, and elastic to plastic response. Fast rate fracture and dynamic yielding are greatly influenced by microstructural features such as grain boundaries, impurity particles and alloying atoms. Fast fracture experiments using lasers are aimed at studying how material microstructure affects the tensile fracture characteristics at strain rates above 106 s-1. We used the Z-Beamlet Laser at Sandia National Laboratories to drive shocks via ablation and we measured the maximum tensile stress of aluminum targets with various microstructures. Using a velocity interferometer and sample recovery, we are able to measure the maximum tensile stress and determine the source of fracture initiation in these targets. We have explored the role that grain size, impurity particles and alloying in aluminum play in dynamic yielding and spall fracture at tensile strain rates of ~3x106 s-1. Preliminary results and analysis indicated that material grain size plays a vital role in the fracture morphology and spall strength results. In a study with single crystal aluminum specimens, velocity measurements and fracture analysis revealed that a smaller amplitude tensile stress was initiated by impurity particles; however, these particles served no purpose in dynamic yielding. An aluminum-magnesium alloy with various grain sizes presented the lowest spall strength, but the greatest dynamic yield strength. Fracture mode in this alloy was initiated by both grain boundaries and impurity particles. With respect to dynamic yielding, alloying elements such as magnesium serve to decrease the onset of plastic response. The fracture stress and yield stress showed no evidence of grain size dependence. Hydrodynamic simulations with material strength models are used to compare with our experiments. In order to study the strain rate dependence of spall in aluminum we used a shorter pulsed laser and thinner targets. From these experiments we do not observe an increase in spall strength for aluminum up to strain rates of ~2x107 s-1. / text

It is possible to reach the radiation-reaction–dominated regime in today’s high-intensity laser facilities, using the collision of a wakefield-accelerated GeV electron beam with a 30 fs laser pulse of intensity 10²² Wcm^-2. This would demonstrate that the yield of high energy gamma rays is increased by the stochastic nature of photon emission: a beam of 10⁹ electrons will emit 6300 photons with energy > 700 MeV, 60 times the number predicted classically. Detecting those photons, or a prominent low energy peak in the electron beam's post-collision energy spectrum, will provide strong evidence of quantum radiation reaction; we place constraints on the accuracy of timing necessary to achieve this. This experiment would provide benchmarking for the simulations that will be used to study the plasmas produced in the next generation of laser facilities. With focused intensities > 10²³ Wcm^-2, these will be powerful enough to generate high fluxes of gamma rays and electron-positron pairs from laser–laser and laser–solid interactions. It will become possible to test the physics of exotic astrophysical phenomena, such as pair cascades in pulsar magnetospheres, and explore fundamental aspects of quantum electrodynamics (QED). To that end we will discuss: classical theories of radiation reaction; QED processes in intense fields; and a Monte Carlo algorithm by which the latter may be included in particle-in-cell codes. The feedback between QED processes and classical plasma dynamics characterises a new regime we call QED-plasma physics.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da irradiação com lasers de alta intensidade antes da obturação de canais radiculares com cimentos endodônticos resinosos no selamento apical. Raízes permanentes humanas (n=168) foram endodonticamente tratadas e, então, divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=42), de acordo com o tratamento dentinário subsequente. Os grupos foram: GØ (controle) sem tratamento adicional; GN irradiado com o laser de Nd:YAG (1,5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz); GD irradiado com o laser de diodo (2,5 W em modo contínuo); GE irradiado com o laser de Er:YAG (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz). Dois espécimes de cada grupo foram preparados para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) convencional para observação morfológica da superfície dentinária apical. Os espécimes remanescentes de cada grupo foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro subgrupos (n=10), de acordo com o cimento obturador utilizado (AH Plus, EndoREZ®, Epiphany® ou Epiphany SE®). Para a análise de infiltração, os espécimes foram imersos em solução amoniacal de nitrato de prata a 50 % (pH=9,5) por 24 horas. Os valores de infiltração apical, em mm, foram comparados pela ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Cinco secções de cada subgrupo foram aleatoriamente selecionadas e analisadas em MEV em modo ambiental para avaliar a adaptação e penetração do material obturador nas paredes dentinárias. As imagens em MEV ambiental foram classificadas em escores por três avaliadores calibrados. A concordância interexaminadores foi confirmada pelo teste Kappa e os escores foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05). No grupo controle, o cimento EndoREZ® apresentou infiltração de nitrato de prata significantemente menor que todos os outros cimentos (p<0,05), com exceção do Epiphany®. A irradiação com os lasers de Nd:YAG e de diodo diminuiu a infiltração média dos subgrupos obturados com o cimento AH Plus (p<0,05). A irradiação com o laser de Nd:YAG levou a um aumento do nível de infiltração nos subgrupos obturados com EndoREZ® e Epiphany SE®. A adaptação, bem como a penetração dos cimentos, não foram prejudicadas pela prévia irradiação com laser dos canais radiculares, independentemente do laser utilizado. / The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of intracanal high intensity laser irradiation prior to root canal filling with resin based endodontic sealers on the apical sealing. Human dental roots (n=168) were endodontically treated and then randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=42), according to the further dentin surface treatment. The groups were: control (GØ) received no further treatment; GN irradiated with Nd:YAG laser (1.5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz); GD irradiated with diode laser (2.5 W in continuous way) and GE irradiated with Er:YAG laser (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz). Two specimens of each group were prepared for conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological observation of the apical dentin surface. The remaining specimens of each group were randomly divided into four subgroups (n=10), according to the sealer used for dental root filling as follows: AH Plus, EndoREZ®, Epiphany® or Epiphany SE®. For leakage analysis, the specimens were immersed into 50 % silver nitrate ammoniacal solution (pH = 9.5) for 24 hours. The values of apical leakage, in mm, were compared by ANOVA followed by Tukeys test (p<0,05). Five sections of each subgroup were randomly selected and analyzed using environmental SEM in order to evaluate the adaptation and penetration of the filling material into the dentin walls. The environmental SEM images were scored by three calibrated examiners. The inter-examiners agreement was confirmed by Kappa test and the scores were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). At the control group, the EndoREZ® sealer led to significantly smaller silver nitrate leakage in comparison to the others sealers (p<0,05), except by Epiphany®. The irradiation with Nd:YAG and diode lasers reduced the mean leakage of the subgroups filled with AH Plus sealer (p<0,05). Nd:YAG laser irradiation led to a leakage level increase of the subgroups filled with EndoREZ® and Epiphany SE®. The adaptation as well as sealer penetration were not impaired by the root canal prior laser irradiation, independently of the laser used.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da irradiação com lasers de alta intensidade antes da obturação de canais radiculares com cimentos endodônticos resinosos no selamento apical. Raízes permanentes humanas (n=168) foram endodonticamente tratadas e, então, divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=42), de acordo com o tratamento dentinário subsequente. Os grupos foram: GØ (controle) sem tratamento adicional; GN irradiado com o laser de Nd:YAG (1,5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz); GD irradiado com o laser de diodo (2,5 W em modo contínuo); GE irradiado com o laser de Er:YAG (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz). Dois espécimes de cada grupo foram preparados para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) convencional para observação morfológica da superfície dentinária apical. Os espécimes remanescentes de cada grupo foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro subgrupos (n=10), de acordo com o cimento obturador utilizado (AH Plus, EndoREZ®, Epiphany® ou Epiphany SE®). Para a análise de infiltração, os espécimes foram imersos em solução amoniacal de nitrato de prata a 50 % (pH=9,5) por 24 horas. Os valores de infiltração apical, em mm, foram comparados pela ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Cinco secções de cada subgrupo foram aleatoriamente selecionadas e analisadas em MEV em modo ambiental para avaliar a adaptação e penetração do material obturador nas paredes dentinárias. As imagens em MEV ambiental foram classificadas em escores por três avaliadores calibrados. A concordância interexaminadores foi confirmada pelo teste Kappa e os escores foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05). No grupo controle, o cimento EndoREZ® apresentou infiltração de nitrato de prata significantemente menor que todos os outros cimentos (p<0,05), com exceção do Epiphany®. A irradiação com os lasers de Nd:YAG e de diodo diminuiu a infiltração média dos subgrupos obturados com o cimento AH Plus (p<0,05). A irradiação com o laser de Nd:YAG levou a um aumento do nível de infiltração nos subgrupos obturados com EndoREZ® e Epiphany SE®. A adaptação, bem como a penetração dos cimentos, não foram prejudicadas pela prévia irradiação com laser dos canais radiculares, independentemente do laser utilizado. / The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of intracanal high intensity laser irradiation prior to root canal filling with resin based endodontic sealers on the apical sealing. Human dental roots (n=168) were endodontically treated and then randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=42), according to the further dentin surface treatment. The groups were: control (GØ) received no further treatment; GN irradiated with Nd:YAG laser (1.5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz); GD irradiated with diode laser (2.5 W in continuous way) and GE irradiated with Er:YAG laser (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz). Two specimens of each group were prepared for conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological observation of the apical dentin surface. The remaining specimens of each group were randomly divided into four subgroups (n=10), according to the sealer used for dental root filling as follows: AH Plus, EndoREZ®, Epiphany® or Epiphany SE®. For leakage analysis, the specimens were immersed into 50 % silver nitrate ammoniacal solution (pH = 9.5) for 24 hours. The values of apical leakage, in mm, were compared by ANOVA followed by Tukeys test (p<0,05). Five sections of each subgroup were randomly selected and analyzed using environmental SEM in order to evaluate the adaptation and penetration of the filling material into the dentin walls. The environmental SEM images were scored by three calibrated examiners. The inter-examiners agreement was confirmed by Kappa test and the scores were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). At the control group, the EndoREZ® sealer led to significantly smaller silver nitrate leakage in comparison to the others sealers (p<0,05), except by Epiphany®. The irradiation with Nd:YAG and diode lasers reduced the mean leakage of the subgroups filled with AH Plus sealer (p<0,05). Nd:YAG laser irradiation led to a leakage level increase of the subgroups filled with EndoREZ® and Epiphany SE®. The adaptation as well as sealer penetration were not impaired by the root canal prior laser irradiation, independently of the laser used.

Free-electron lasers provide high intensity pulses with femtosecond duration and are ideal tools in the investigation of ultrafast processes in materials. Illumination of any material with such pulses creates extreme conditions that drive the sample far from equilibrium and rapidly convert it into high temperature plasma. The dynamics of this transition is not fully understood and the main goal of this thesis is to further our knowledge in this area. We exposed a variety of materials to X-ray pulses of intensities from 1013 to above 1017 W/cm2. We found that the temporal evolution of the resulting plasmas depends strongly on the wavelength and pulse intensity, as well as on material related parameters, such as size, density, and composition. In experiments on atomic and molecular clusters, we find that cluster size and sample composition influence the destruction pathway. In small clusters a rapid Coulomb explosion takes place while larger clusters undergo a hydrodynamic expansion. We have characterized this transition in methane clusters and discovered a strong isotope effect that promotes the acceleration of deuterium ions relative to hydrogen. Our results also show that ions escaping from exploding xenon clusters are accelerated to several keV energies. Virus particles represent a transition between hetero-nuclear clusters and complex biological materials. We injected single mimivirus particles into the pulse train of an X-ray laser, and recorded coherent diffraction images simultaneously with the fragmentation patterns of the individual particles. We used these results to test theoretical damage models. Correlation between the diffraction patterns and sample fragmentation shows how damage develops after the intense pulse has left the sample. Moving from sub-micron objects to bulk materials gave rise to new phenomena. Our experiments with high-intensity X-ray pulses on bulk, metallic samples show the development of a transient X-ray transparency. We also describe the saturation of photoabsorption during ablation of vanadium and niobium samples. Photon science with extremely strong X-ray pulses is in its infancy today and will require much more effort to gain more knowledge. The work described in this thesis represents some of the first results in this area.

A evidência científica da cariologia atual vem apontando para a promoção de saúde bucal, técnicas preventivas, diagnóstico precoce da doença cárie e suas lesões nos elementos dentais, remineralização de lesões de cárie incipientes e a intervenção restauradora célere como procedimentos minimamente invasivos. Durante o ato de remoção de lesão de cárie, é comum remover-se inadvertidamente também tecido dental hígido durante a fase final, por ser um tanto quanto difícil precisar clinicamente os limites entre tecido dental comprometido e tecido dental viável. Usando-se a tecnologia com lasers de Érbio, uma dica clínica subjetiva é a mudança da percepção do som emitido pela ablação do tecido dental ao passar-se de substrato cariado para hígido (de grave para agudo), como uma forma adicional de saber que a ablação naquele ponto deve ser interrompida. Este estudo visa classificar estas diferenças sonoras em dentina e torná-las um parâmetro objetivo para odontologia de mínima intervenção ao usar-se lasers de Érbio. Para tanto, foram realizadas três fases do estudo: primeiramente, utilizaram-se vinte dentes posteriores humanos, sendo dez cariados e dez hígidos. A dentina foi irradiada com laser de Er:YAG sob os mesmos parâmetros, distância e refrigeração e um microfone monodirecional foi posicionado a 10cm da área operatória para captação e gravação dos sons produzidos pela ablação ao se operar tanto em dentina hígida quanto cariada. Dez pulsos por arquivo foram então analisados em um software (200 análises). Foram encontradas diferenças entre os padrões sonoros produzidos dos grupos cariados e hígidos e encontrado um ponto de corte para estas freqüências sonoras, que seria testado a seguir. Em outra segunda etapa, foi desenvolvido, testado e aplicado um software limitador de freqüência sonora, para que, em tempo real, avisasse o operador se o tecido dentinário que estava sendo ablacionado pelo laser de Érbio (Er:YAG e Er,Cr:YSGG) era cariado ou viável, e este evitasse o sobrepreparo, ou seja, desgastar o tecido sadio inadvertidamente, de acordo com os preceitos de mínima intervenção. Finalmente, em uma terceira etapa, o método foi validado através dos critérios visual-tátil e de fluorescência a laser; ilustrações representativas dos espécimes testados foram obtidas através de microscopia de luz e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Conclui-se que o som da ablação dentinária é um parâmetro objetivo que pode ser utilizado como um recurso adicional de orientação no processo de remoção de dentina cariada com lasers de Érbio e que a ferramenta desenvolvida para tanto foi efetiva, devendo ser aprimorada. O método foi validado exitosamente pelos critérios propostos. / Studies in cariology have been struggling for the development of health promotion, caries prevention techniques, precocious diagnoses of lesions, re-mineralization of incipient carious lesions and early restorative intervention with minimally invasive procedures. When removing caries lesion, healthy dental structure is often removed inadvertently during its final phase, for being quite difficult to clinically precise the limits between viable and decayed dental tissues. With laser technologies, a subjective clinical hint, often used to indicate when tissue ablation should be stopped is that different sounds are perceptive whether in carious (bass) or in healthy (treble) dental structure; when sound produced by ablation turned treble it would mean that healthy tissue was reached. This study aims to classify those audio differences and to turn them into objective parameters for a conservative operative dentistry with minimally invasive tissue removal when using Erbium lasers. For so, three phases of this study were needed: at first, twenty freshly extracted posterior human teeth were used (10 decayed and 10 sound teeth). Dentine was irradiated with Er:YAG laser under the same parameters, distance and refrigeration and a mono directional microphone was set 10cm far from the operative area in order to capture and record the ablation produced sounds when working either on carious or healthy dentine. Ten pulses per file were then analyzed in a computer software (200 analyses).It was permitted to draw differences between decayed and healthy produced sounds and also to establish a cut-off value for these sound frequencies, that would be tested later on. On a second phase, a piece of software which was able to border the sound frequency was then developed and tested. This tool was meant to warn the operator, in real-time basis, if sound dentine was reached, while it was ablated by Erbium lasers (either Er:YAG or Er,Cr:YSGG) and so one could avoid over-treatment, which means not to remove sound tissue inadvertently, according to minimal intervention dentistry concepts. Finally, on a third part of the study, the proposed guiding method for dentine caries removal was validated through visuo-tactile and laser fluorescence criteria. Representative illustrations of the tested specimens were obtained by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As a conclusion, audio analysis came out to be a technical reliable objective parameter to determine whether laser ablated dentine substrates are decayed or sound; therefore it can be proposed as an additional conservative parameter to guide the clinician during dentine caries removal process, and that the tool developed for so was effective and should be sharpened. This method was successfully validated by the proposed criteria.

A evidência científica da cariologia atual vem apontando para a promoção de saúde bucal, técnicas preventivas, diagnóstico precoce da doença cárie e suas lesões nos elementos dentais, remineralização de lesões de cárie incipientes e a intervenção restauradora célere como procedimentos minimamente invasivos. Durante o ato de remoção de lesão de cárie, é comum remover-se inadvertidamente também tecido dental hígido durante a fase final, por ser um tanto quanto difícil precisar clinicamente os limites entre tecido dental comprometido e tecido dental viável. Usando-se a tecnologia com lasers de Érbio, uma dica clínica subjetiva é a mudança da percepção do som emitido pela ablação do tecido dental ao passar-se de substrato cariado para hígido (de grave para agudo), como uma forma adicional de saber que a ablação naquele ponto deve ser interrompida. Este estudo visa classificar estas diferenças sonoras em dentina e torná-las um parâmetro objetivo para odontologia de mínima intervenção ao usar-se lasers de Érbio. Para tanto, foram realizadas três fases do estudo: primeiramente, utilizaram-se vinte dentes posteriores humanos, sendo dez cariados e dez hígidos. A dentina foi irradiada com laser de Er:YAG sob os mesmos parâmetros, distância e refrigeração e um microfone monodirecional foi posicionado a 10cm da área operatória para captação e gravação dos sons produzidos pela ablação ao se operar tanto em dentina hígida quanto cariada. Dez pulsos por arquivo foram então analisados em um software (200 análises). Foram encontradas diferenças entre os padrões sonoros produzidos dos grupos cariados e hígidos e encontrado um ponto de corte para estas freqüências sonoras, que seria testado a seguir. Em outra segunda etapa, foi desenvolvido, testado e aplicado um software limitador de freqüência sonora, para que, em tempo real, avisasse o operador se o tecido dentinário que estava sendo ablacionado pelo laser de Érbio (Er:YAG e Er,Cr:YSGG) era cariado ou viável, e este evitasse o sobrepreparo, ou seja, desgastar o tecido sadio inadvertidamente, de acordo com os preceitos de mínima intervenção. Finalmente, em uma terceira etapa, o método foi validado através dos critérios visual-tátil e de fluorescência a laser; ilustrações representativas dos espécimes testados foram obtidas através de microscopia de luz e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Conclui-se que o som da ablação dentinária é um parâmetro objetivo que pode ser utilizado como um recurso adicional de orientação no processo de remoção de dentina cariada com lasers de Érbio e que a ferramenta desenvolvida para tanto foi efetiva, devendo ser aprimorada. O método foi validado exitosamente pelos critérios propostos. / Studies in cariology have been struggling for the development of health promotion, caries prevention techniques, precocious diagnoses of lesions, re-mineralization of incipient carious lesions and early restorative intervention with minimally invasive procedures. When removing caries lesion, healthy dental structure is often removed inadvertently during its final phase, for being quite difficult to clinically precise the limits between viable and decayed dental tissues. With laser technologies, a subjective clinical hint, often used to indicate when tissue ablation should be stopped is that different sounds are perceptive whether in carious (bass) or in healthy (treble) dental structure; when sound produced by ablation turned treble it would mean that healthy tissue was reached. This study aims to classify those audio differences and to turn them into objective parameters for a conservative operative dentistry with minimally invasive tissue removal when using Erbium lasers. For so, three phases of this study were needed: at first, twenty freshly extracted posterior human teeth were used (10 decayed and 10 sound teeth). Dentine was irradiated with Er:YAG laser under the same parameters, distance and refrigeration and a mono directional microphone was set 10cm far from the operative area in order to capture and record the ablation produced sounds when working either on carious or healthy dentine. Ten pulses per file were then analyzed in a computer software (200 analyses).It was permitted to draw differences between decayed and healthy produced sounds and also to establish a cut-off value for these sound frequencies, that would be tested later on. On a second phase, a piece of software which was able to border the sound frequency was then developed and tested. This tool was meant to warn the operator, in real-time basis, if sound dentine was reached, while it was ablated by Erbium lasers (either Er:YAG or Er,Cr:YSGG) and so one could avoid over-treatment, which means not to remove sound tissue inadvertently, according to minimal intervention dentistry concepts. Finally, on a third part of the study, the proposed guiding method for dentine caries removal was validated through visuo-tactile and laser fluorescence criteria. Representative illustrations of the tested specimens were obtained by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As a conclusion, audio analysis came out to be a technical reliable objective parameter to determine whether laser ablated dentine substrates are decayed or sound; therefore it can be proposed as an additional conservative parameter to guide the clinician during dentine caries removal process, and that the tool developed for so was effective and should be sharpened. This method was successfully validated by the proposed criteria.

No description available.

No description available.