One of the key points to reduce the world dependence on fossil fuels and the emissions of greenhouse gases is the use of renewable energy sources. Recent studies showed that wind energy is a significant source of renewable energy which is capable to meet the global energy demands. However, such energy cannot be harvested by today’s technology, based on wind towers, which has nearly reached its economical and technological limits. The major part of the atmospheric wind is inaccessible to the conventional wind turbines and wind at higher altitude is the major source of potential energy which has not been fully exploited yet. The thesis paper has presented a study aimed to devise a new class of wind generator based on extracting energy from high altitude wind.A brief theoretical study is presented to evaluate the potential of an innovative high altitude wind power technology which exploits a tethered airfoil to extract energy from wind at higher altitude. Among the various concepts proposed over last few decades, a kite power system with a single kite is selected for the design purpose.The designed ground station is an improvisation over existing prototypes with an energy reservoir for having a continuous power output. A flywheel is used as the energy storage system which stores the extra energy during traction phases and supplies it during recovery phases and thus giving a continuous power generation regardless of the kite’s motion and keeping the rotor speed in a permissible range defined by the design constraints. Manufacturability of the structure, availability of the components, safety and maintenance criteria have been taken into account while building the ground station CAD model.A dynamic simulation model is developed to investigate the power transmission system of the kite power unit which reflects the torque, speed and power behaviour of the modelled ground station driveline. The functionality of the designed model for the selected concept is tested with several numerical and graphical examples.

Doctor of Philosphy (PhD) / This thesis describes the work carried out during four treks, each over 10-11 days, from 1400m to 5000m in the Nepal Himalaya and further work performed during several two-night sojourns at the Barcroft Laboratory at 3800m on White Mountain in California, USA. Nineteen volunteers were studied during the treks in Nepal and seven volunteers were studied at White Mountain. All subjects were normal, healthy individuals who had not travelled to altitudes higher than 1000m in the previous twelve months. The aims of this research were to examine the effects on sleep, and the ventilatory patterns during sleep, of incremental increases in altitude by employing portable polysomnography to measure and record physiological signals. A further aim of this research was to examine the relationship between the ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, measured at sea level, and the development of periodic breathing during sleep at high altitude. In the final part of this thesis the possibility of preventing and treating Acute Mountain Sickness with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation while sleeping at high altitude was tested. Chapter 1 describes the background information on sleep, and breathing during sleep, at high altitudes. Most of these studies were performed in hypobaric chambers to simulate various high altitudes. One study measured sleep at high altitude after trekking, but there are no studies which systematically measure sleep and breathing throughout the whole trek. Breathing during sleep at high altitude and the physiological elements of the control of breathing (under normal/sea level conditions and under the hypobaric, hypoxic conditions present at high altitude) are described in this Chapter. The occurrence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) in subjects who travel form near sea level to altitudes above 3000m is common but its pathophysiology not well understood. The background research into AMS and its treatment and prevention are also covered in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the equipment and methods used in this research, including the polysomnographic equipment used to record sleep and breathing at sea level and the high altitude locations, the portable blood gas analyser used in Nepal and the equipment and methodology used to measure each individual’s ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia at sea level before ascent to the high altitude locations. Chapter 3 reports the findings on the changes to sleep at high altitude, with particular focus on changes in the amounts of total sleep, the duration of each sleep stage and its percentage of total sleep, and the number and causes of arousals from sleep that occurred during sleep at increasing altitudes. The lightest stage of sleep, Stage 1 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, was increased, as expected with increases in altitude, while the deeper stages of sleep (Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep), were decreased. The increase in Stage 1 NREM in this research is in agreement with all previous findings. However, slow wave sleep, although decreased, was present in most of our subjects at all altitudes in Nepal; this finding is in contrast to most previous work, which has found a very marked reduction, even absence, of slow wave sleep at high altitude. Surprisingly, unlike experimental animal studies of chronic hypoxia, REM sleep was well maintained at all altitudes. Stage 2 NREM and REM sleep, total sleep time, sleep efficiency and spontaneous arousals were maintained at near sea level values. The total arousal index was increased with increasing altitude and this was due to the increasing severity of periodic breathing as altitude increased. An interesting finding of this research was that fewer than half the periodic breathing apneas and hypopneas resulted in arousal from sleep. There was a minor degree of upper airway obstruction in some subjects at sea level but this was almost resolved by 3500m. Chapter 4 reports the findings on the effects on breathing during sleep of the progressive increase of altitude, in particular the occurrence of periodic breathing. This Chapter also reports the results of changes to arterial blood gases as subjects ascended to higher altitudes. As expected, arterial blood gases were markedly altered at even the lowest altitude in Nepal (1400m) and this change became more pronounced at each new, higher altitude. Most subjects developed periodic breathing at high altitude but there was a wide variability between subjects as well as variability in the degree of periodic breathing that individual subjects developed at different altitudes. Some subjects developed periodic breathing at even the lowest altitude and this increased with increasing altitude; other subjects developed periodic breathing at one or two altitudes, while four subjects did not develop periodic breathing at any altitude. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, measured at sea level before departure to high altitude, was not significantly related to the development of periodic breathing when the group was analysed as a whole. However, when the subjects were grouped according to the steepness of their ventilatory response slopes, there was a pattern of higher amounts of periodic breathing in subjects with steeper ventilatory responses. Chapter 5 reports the findings of an experimental study carried out in the University of California, San Diego, Barcroft Laboratory on White Mountain in California. Seven subjects drove from sea level to 3800m in one day and stayed at this altitude for two nights. On one of the nights the subjects slept using a non-invasive positive pressure device via a face mask and this was found to significantly improve the sleeping oxyhemoglobin saturation. The use of the device was also found to eliminate the symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness, as measured by the Lake Louise scoring system. This finding appears to confirm the hypothesis that lower oxygen saturation, particularly during sleep, is strongly correlated to the development of Acute Mountain Sickness and may represent a new treatment and prevention strategy for this very common high altitude disorder.

Thesis--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-98).

Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:23:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiMigueli_CaioOliveira_M.pdf: 2747069 bytes, checksum: d9c9a266d54797dc0c2753c7d1a10446 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A disponibilidade de água é um importante fator determinante da distribuição de espécies vegetais em várias comunidades. Vários modelos climáticos preveem secas mais severas para regiões tropicais de altitude em decorrência do aumento na altitude média das camadas de nuvens orográficas que dão origem à neblina, o que poderá afetar a distribuição de espécies e de tipos vegetacionais da Floresta Atlântica nesses locais. Investiguei a diversidade de atributos hidráulicos de seis espécies de Floresta Nebular e quatro espécies de Campos de Altitude com o objetivo de entender as respostas de espécies desse tipo de vegetação a variações sazonais na disponibilidade de água. Optei por investigar atributos hidráulicos pois têm influência direta sobre as estratégias de uso de água pelas plantas em diferentes condições de disponibilidade desse recurso. Escolhi esses ecossistemas por co-ocorrerem em um topo de montanha e por apresentarem condições contrastantes quanto à seca ambiental, com diferentes níveis de exposição do solo às condições climáticas. Quantifiquei densidade da madeira, potenciais hídricos antes do amanhecer, às 10:00 h e mínimo diário e condutância estomática. Investiguei ainda a ocorrência nesses ecossistemas de relações negativas entre densidade da madeira e potenciais hídricos mínimos, já observadas em florestas tropicais secas e ambientes temperados. Verifiquei uma grande diversidade de valores de densidade da madeira nas espécies que estudei. As quatro espécies de Campos de Altitude apresentaram influência da demanda evaporativa da atmosfera sobre seus potenciais hídricos nos meses mais úmidos do estudo, o que é consistente com comportamento anisohídrico. Nesse tipo de estratégia, a condutância estomática se mantém inalterada frente a reduções nas disponibilidades de água do solo e da atmosfera, resultando em redução do potencial hídrico da planta. Nos meses mais secos essa influência foi menor, como se observa em plantas com comportamento isohídrico, que reduzem a condutância estomática e mantêm potenciais hídricos constantes frente ao aumento da seca ambiental. Dentre as espécies de floresta, apenas D. brasiliensis e Vernoniae sp. apresentaram comportamento isohídrico, as demais apresentaram comportamento anisohídrico. Com base nesses resultados faço a previsão que D. brasiliensis e Vernoniae sp. são as espécies mais vulneráveis à seca e podem apresentar maiores taxas de mortalidade por "privação de carbono", em decorrência do seu comportamento isohídrico. Em seguida, as espécies anisohídricas mais vulneráveis à seca são P. vellosiana, L. carassana e Miconia sp., em ordem decrescente de vulnerabilidade à cavitação. As espécies de Campos de Altitude são as mais resistentes à seca. A densidade da madeira só apresentou relação com o potencial hídrico mínimo sazonal quando analisei as espécies de Floresta Nebular e de Campos de Altitude em conjunto, e apresentou uma forte relação linear negativa com o potencial hídrico mínimo diário nas espécies de floresta. Esses resultados indicam que as relações entre esses atributos propostas na literatura parecem estar presentes nos ecossistemas que estudei / Abstract: Water availability is an important feature determining plant species distribution in several communities. Several climatic models predict harsher dry spells for high-altitude tropical regions due to the increase in the mean altitude of formation of the orographic cloud layer that originates fog, which can influence the distribution of species and vegetational types of the Atlantic Forest in these places. I have investigated the diversity of hydraulic traits of six Cloud Forest species and four High-altitude Grasslands species to understand the answers of species of this kind of vegetation to seasonal variations in water availability. I have choosen to investigate hydraulic traits because they have direct influence on the plant water use strategies under different conditions of availability of this resource. I have choosen these ecosystems because they co-occur in a mountain top and present contrasting conditions relative to environmental drought, with different exposure levels of the soil to climatic conditions. I have quantified wood density, pre-dawn, 10:00 o' clock and daily minimun water potentials and stomatal conductance. I have also investigated the occurrence in these ecosystems of negative relationships between wood density and minimun water potentials, that have been observed in tropical dry forests and in temperate environments. I found a very large diversity of wood density values in the species I have studied. The four High-altitude Grasslands species presented influence of atmospheric evaporative demand on their water potentials, consistent with anisohydric behaviour. In this strategy, stomatal conductance remains unaltered in face of reductions in soil and atmosphere water availabilities, resulting in reduction of plant water potential. In the wettest months this influence was smaller, as is seen in plants with isohydric behaviour, that reduce stomatal conductance and maintain constant water potentials in face of environmental drought intensification. Among the forest species, only D. brasiliensis and Vernoniae sp. presented isohydric behaviour, the remaining showing anisohydric behaviour. Based on these results I make the prediction that D. brasiliensis and Vernoniae sp. are the most drought vulnerable species and may present higher mortality rates by carbon starvation, due to their isohydric behaviour. Following these two species, the most drought vulnerable anisohydric species are P. vellosiana, L. carassana and Miconia sp., in decreasing order of vulnerability to cavitation. The High-altitude Grasslands species are the most resistant to drought. There was a correlation between wood density and minimun seasonal water potential only when I analised the Cloud Forest and the High-altitude grasslands species togheter. There was also a strong negative linear relationship between wood density and daily minimun water potential in the forest species. These results show that the relationships between these traits that are proposed in the literature appear to be present in the ecosystems I studied / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Submitted to the Information Technology (IT) Department in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology, Durban University of Technology. Durban, South Africa, 2016. / This doctoral research introduces an integration of satellite systems and new stratospheric platforms for weather observation, imaging and transfer of meteorological data to the ground infrastructures. Terrestrial configuration and satellite communication subsystems represent well-established technologies that have been involved in global satellite sensing and weather observation area for years. However, in recent times, a new alternative has emerged based on quasi-stationary aerial platforms located in the Stratosphere called High Altitude Platform (HAP) or Stratospheric Communication Platforms (SCP). The SCP systems seem to represent a dream come true for communication engineers since they preserve most of the advantages of both terrestrial and satellite communication systems. Today, SCP systems are able to help, in a more cost effective way, developments of space Earth sensing and weather observation and weather sensing and observation. This new system can provide a number of forms ranging from a low altitude tethered balloon to a high altitude (18 – 25 km) fuel-powered piloted aircraft, solar-powered unmanned airplanes and solar-powered airship.

Real world exposures to physiologically and/or psychologically stressful environments are often multifactorial. For example, high-altitude typically combines exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, solar radiation and cold ambient temperatures, while sea level thermal stress is often combined with supplementary or transient stressors such as rain, solar radiation and wind. In such complex environments, the effect of one stressor on performance may be subject to change, simply due to the presence of another independent stressor. Such differential influences can occur in three basic forms; additive, antagonistic and synergistic, each term defining a fundamental concept of inter-parameter interactions. As well as the natural occurrence of stressors in combination, understanding interactions is fundamental to experimentally modelling how multiple physiological strains integrate in their influence on or regulation of - exercise intensity. In this thesis the current literature on neuromuscular fatigue and the influence of thermal and hypoxic stress is reviewed (Chapter 1). This is followed by an outline of the methodological developments used in the subsequent experiments (Chapter 2). In the first experimental study (Chapter 3) a novel approach was adopted to investigate the combined effect of muscle cooling and hypoxia on neuromuscular fatigue in humans. The results showed that the neuromuscular system s maximal force generating capacity declined by 8.1 and 13.9% during independent cold and hypoxic stress compared to control. Force generation decreased by 21.4% during combined hypoxic-cold compared to control, closely matching the additive value of hypoxia and cold individually (22%). This was also reflected in the measurement of mechanical fatigue (electromechanical ratio), demonstrating an additive response during combined hypoxic-cold. From this study, it was concluded that when moderate hypoxia and cold environmental temperatures are combined during low intensity exercise, the level of fatigue increases additively with no interaction between these stressors. Before conducting a more complex investigation on combined stressors, a better understanding of the role of muscle temperature on central fatigue - i.e. voluntary muscle activation via the afferent signalling pathways was sought. The focus of Chapter 4 was to quantify the relationship between muscle temperature and voluntary muscle activation (central fatigue) across a wide range of temperatures. The primary finding was that different muscle temperatures can induce significant changes in voluntary activation (0.5% reduction per-degree-centigrade increase in muscle temperature) when neural drive is sustained for a prolonged effort (e.g. 120-s); however this effect is not exhibited during efforts that are brief in duration (e.g. 3-s). To further explore this finding, Chapter 5 investigated the effect of metaboreceptive feedback at two different muscle temperatures, using post-exercise muscle ischemia, on voluntary activation of a remote muscle group. The results showed that at the same perceived mental effort, peripheral limb discomfort was significantly higher with increasing muscle temperature (2% increase per-degree-centigrade increase). However any influence of increased muscle temperature on leg muscle metaboreceptive feedback did not appear to inhibit voluntary muscle activation - i.e. central control - of a remote muscle group, as represented by an equal force output and voluntary activation in the thermoneutral, contralateral leg. In Chapter 6, the psycho-sensory effects of changes in muscle temperature on central fatigue during dynamic exercise were investigated. During sustained dynamic exercise, fatigue development appeared to occur at a faster rate in hot muscle (4% increase per-degree-centigrade increase) leading to a nullification of the beneficial effects of increased muscle temperature on peak power output after a period of ~60-s maximal exercise. In support of previous studies using isometric exercise (Chapter 4 and 6), participants reported significantly higher muscular pain and discomfort in hot muscle compared to cooler muscle during dynamic exercise (2 and 1% increase per-degree-centigrade increase respectively), however this did not result in a lower power output. From Chapters 4, 5 and 6 it was concluded that in addition to faster rates of metabolite accumulation due to cardiovascular strain, it is possible that a direct sensitisation of the metaboreceptive group III and IV muscle afferents occurs in warmer muscle. This likely contributes to the reduction in voluntary muscle activation during exercise in the heat, while it may attenuate central fatigue in the cold. It was also interpreted that muscle afferents may have a similar signalling role to cutaneous sensory afferents; the latter of which are recognised for their role in providing thermal feedback to the cognitive-behavioural centres of the brain and aiding exercise regulation under thermal stress. The impact of body core and active muscle temperature on voluntary muscle activation represented a similar ratio (5 to 1 respectively) to the temperature manipulated (single leg) to non-temperature manipulated mass (rest of body) in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. This indicates that voluntary muscle activation may also be regulated based on a central meta-representation of total body heat content i.e. the summed firing rates of all activated thermoreceptors in the brain, skin, muscle, viscera and spine. Building on the initial findings of Chapter 3, Chapter 7 investigated the causative factors behind the expression of different interaction types during exposure to multi-stressor environments. This was achieved by studying the interaction between thermal stress and hypoxia on the rate of peripheral and central fatigue development during a high intensity bout of knee extension exercise to exhaustion. The results showed that during combined exposure to moderate hypoxia and mild cold, the reductions in time to exhaustion were additive of the relative effects of hypoxia and cold independently. This differs from the findings in Chapter 3, in which fatigue was additive of the absolute effects of cold and hypoxia. In contrast, combining moderate hypoxia with severe heat stress resulted in a significant antagonistic interaction on both the absolute and relative reductions in time to exhaustion i.e. the combined effect being significantly less than the sum of the individual effects. Based on the results in Chapter 7, a quantitative paradigm for understanding of systematic integration of multifactorial stressors was proposed. This is, that the interaction type between stressors is influenced by the impact magnitude of the individual stressors effect on exercise capacity, whereby the greater the stressors impact, the greater the probability that one stressor will be cancelled out by the other. This is the first study to experimentally model the overarching principles characterising the presence of simultaneous physiological strains, suggesting multifactorial integration be subject to the worst strain takes precedence when the individual strains are severe.

La formation de nouvelles particules est un processus complexe à l’origine d’une fraction importante des concentrations en nombre de particules observées dans l’atmosphère. En jouant le rôle de noyau de condensation (CCN) pour la formation des gouttelettes de nuage, les particules issues de ce processus impactent le bilan radiatif terrestre. Fréquemment observée et documentée à basse altitude, la formation de nouvelles particules a plus rarement fait l’objet d’études à haute altitude. L’analyse des données obtenues en 2012 à la plus haute station du monde, Chacaltaya (5240 m, Bolivie) révèle une fréquence d’observation annuelle du processus remarquablement élevée (64%), avec de nombreux évènements multiples. Les mesures conduites à la station du puy de Dôme (1465 m, ACTRIS, GAW) qui bénéficie d’un dispositif instrumental rare ont plus particulièrement permis de mettre en évidence le déroulement du processus en troposphère libre. Une analyse complète de l’extension verticale du processus rendue possible grâce aux données aéroportées obtenues au-dessus du bassin Méditerranéen dans le cadre du projet HYMEX (MISTRALS, automne 2012) a montré qu’en plus d’être observé à haute altitude, le processus de formation de nouvelles particules semblait y être clairement favorisé, avec une probabilité d’observation multipliée par 10 au-dessus de 1000 m. De plus, à ces altitudes le processus de formation de nouvelles particules pourrait être une source importante de CCN, comme le suggèrent les résultats obtenus à Chacaltaya, où dans 68% des évènements analysés les particules formées atteignent des diamètres suffisants pour jouer le rôle de CCN. La diversité des environnements associés aux bases de données utilisées a également permis d’apporter des éléments relatifs à la compréhension du processus du point de vue de la charge des embryons formés, de l’identité des précurseurs gazeux impliqués et des paramètres atmosphériques influençant le processus. Ces éléments sont déterminants pour une prise en compte optimale du processus de formation de nouvelles particules dans les modèles. / New particle formation (NPF) results from a complex sequence of multiple processes and contributes to an important fraction of the total atmospheric aerosol number concentration. After they grow, newly formed particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and thus have indirect effect on the Earth radiative balance through cloud related radiative processes. While NPF has often been observed and studied at low altitudes, the occurrence of the process is poorly documented in the literature for high altitude sites. We report a high annual frequency of the NPF process (64%) at the highest measurement site in the world, Chacaltaya (5240 m, Bolivia), in 2012, with frequent multiple events. At the puy de Dôme station (1465 m, ACTRIS, GAW), the occurrence of NPF in the free troposphere was detected using a unique instrumental setup. A complete analysis of the vertical extension of the NPF process was performed based on airborne measurements conducted above the Mediterranean basin in the frame of the HYMEX project (MISTRALS, September – November 2012). Our observations suggest that NPF could be favored at high altitudes with a probability of occurrence increased by 10 above 1000 m. At these altitudes, NPF could significantly contribute to the production of CCN, since 68% of the analyzed events show particle growth up to CCN sizes at Chacaltaya. The high number of observations recorded in various environments also contributed to improve our knowledge regarding the charge of the nucleated clusters, the identity of the gaseous precursors and the atmospheric parameters influencing the NPF process. This will allow a better parameterization of the NPF process in modelling tools.

High altitude is one of the most extreme environments experienced by terrestrial mammals due to both low ambient temperatures and oxygen availability. Deer mice native to high altitude have a greater thermogenic capacity in hypoxia compared to a lowland population, likely as a consequence of both genetic adaptations and phenotypic plasticity. To understand the adaptive variation in phenotypic plasticity, F1 generation lab-reared mice were acclimated to chronic warm-hypoxia, cold-normoxia, and cold-hypoxia. Acclimation led to equal increases in thermogenic capacity in hypoxia for all stressors in high altitude deer mice. Low altitude mice also increased their thermogenic capacity after acclimation, with a distinct increase after acclimation to cold-hypoxia. The thermogenic capabilities of the high and low altitude mice tested in hypoxia were equal, suggesting that both populations of mice had reached a “metabolic ceiling”. Basal metabolic rate increased after acclimation to cold and cold-hypoxia. Nonshivering thermogenesis was not affected by acclimation or altitude ancestry. Shivering thermogenesis contributed 70 to 80 % of total heat produced during VO2summit across all acclimations, and in both populations. VO2summit in hypoxia was supported by lipids in deer mice even though carbohydrates would provide an oxygen saving advantage. Also, rates of lipid oxidation increased after acclimation to cold, and cold combined with hypoxia in the high altitude population. Together these findings suggest that the increased thermogenic capacity of the high altitude wild mice is based both on differences in phenotypic plasticity, and on differences in genotype from the low altitude mice. Adult phenotypic plasticity is pivotal in the thermogenic capabilities of both populations, and it is likely that developmental plasticity also plays an important role. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The development and implementation of silicon carbine (SiC) devices is steadily increasing facilitating the electrification of aircrafts. In this thesis, a printed circuit board (PCB) based heavy copper busbar design and verification are introduced for a SiC based 250 kW multiphase drive system operated at 40,000 ft. Finite-element analysis (FEA) simulation studies of the PCB busbar are conducted to optimize the electric field intensity. Busbar modeling technic is also discussed to derive the current distribution and extract the loss. The measured partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), switching transients and converter-level validations are provided for insulation, thermal and commutation loop verifications. As the part of the inverter system, the integrated gate driver is designed with SPI communication to drive the wide bandgap SiC power modules. With feature of drain-to-source current sensing feature, the gate driver could also provide over-current protection to fast-switching SiC power modules. The converter level verification is performed under single, dual, and quadruple three-phase inverter system for aviation motor drive to evaluate the overall performance of the powertrain converter. The outcomes of this research contribute to the advancement of electric aircraft technology by leveraging the benefits of SiC devices and optimizing busbar design, providing valuable insights and guidelines for engineers and researchers involved in the development and optimization of power electronic systems for all-electric aircraft applications. / Master of Science / This research focuses on the design and verification of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) busbars for a multiphase SiC-based all-electric aircraft powertrain converter. Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices, known for their high efficiency and fast-switching capabilities, are used in the converter to enhance its performance. The goal is to develop an optimized busbar design that ensures efficient power distribution and minimizes energy losses in this advanced aviation powertrain system. The study explores different aspects of busbar insulation design and analyzes busbar current distribution and loss extraction using simulation and modeling techniques. Additionally, gate driver design and communication network are investigated to drive and protect the wide bandgap SiC devices and to ensure the overall performance of the powertrain converter. The converter level verification is also performed under single, dual, and quadruple three-phase inverter system for aviation motor drive. The findings of this research contribute to the advancement of electric aircraft technology, utilizing SiC devices and optimized busbar design, and provide valuable insights for engineers and researchers working on power electronic systems for electric aircraft applications.

Eccentric lunar frozen orbits are analyzed in this study in relation to lunar navigation and communications missions, particularly the proposed Magnolia-1 mission. An overview of the Earth/Moon system, frozen orbits, and the Magnolia-1 mission is provided. A review of existing literature is presented, and potential limitations are discussed. Both preliminary and numerical perturbation analyses are presented, and a general set of perturbations for further analysis of high-altitude lunar orbits is identified. Analysis of potential orbits for the Magnolia-1 mission is performed through calculation of a maximum deviation metric and through visualization as a function of initial orbital elements. Trends are identified within a closed search space by varying elements individually and in combination. Potential orbit designs for the Magnolia-1 mission are selected and compared to established alternatives. A method of orbit refinement is used to improve behavior, and coverage and eclipse analyses are performed to establish suitability. Conclusions are made involving general trends related to eccentric lunar frozen orbits and the specific designs proposed for the Magnolia-1 mission, and a method for the design of similar orbits is suggested. Ideas for further study are also presented.