This thesis will probe selected Arabic commentary material on the Hippocratic Aphorisms. The aim is, first, to shed light on the development of Arabic medical commentary; second, to draw attention to issues of continuity and change in medical ideas and debates; third, to shed light on wider debates about women and medicine in the medieval world. Due to limitations on space, the main focus is on the second point. The sample of Arabic commentary material investigated here relates to Aph. 5. 31, Aph. 5. 35 and Aph. 5. 48. The material is situated within the wider context of the Islamic scientific commentary genre. The Arabic material is taken from the preliminary online edition now available due to the culmination of the Project on the Hippocratic Aphorisms (2012-2017) led by Peter Pormann at the University of Manchester.

This thesis investigates Médécins Sans Frontières (MSF) communication in the setting of South Sudan. More precisely, the thesis investigates MSF’s engagement in a discussion regarding the potential harm NGOs, both other and themselves, might cause in terms of conflict dynamics. The thesis takes off in the perceived conflict between the adaptation of the Hippocratic Approach, as outlined by Mary B Anderson, and the increased necessity of branding in today’s humanitarian industry and seeks to understand how this might unfold in practice. Demonstrating MSF’s commitment to ideals in line with the Hippocratic Approach, which encourage self-criticism and accountability, the thesis moves on to illustrate how branding has become an inevitable measure for NGOs to remain operational. Based on previous research identifying a successful branding as information, trust and image, where self-criticism might be counter-productive, the thesis tries to identify the conflict between the two fields. The thesis sets out to uncover some of the tensions more concretely by investigating MSF’s communication in the conflict-settings of South Sudan. It does so utilizing the method Qualitative Content Analysis. The material stems from MSF’s self-published reports, reviews and articles. In conclusion, the thesis finds that MSF does engage in a discussion about harms caused by other organizations as well as harm caused by themselves. However, the harms discussed are not put in terms of conflict dynamics in South Sudan. Furthermore, the thesis identifies some disproportion in criticism towards other organizations versus self-criticism. The thesis refrains from drawing any permanent conclusions and suggest a comparative case study to better understand the tensions in NGO’s building of a Hippocratic brand.

Hippocratic databases are designed to protect the privacy of the individuals whose personal information they contain. This thesis presents a model for providing and enforcing access control in an open Hippocratic database system. Previously unknown individuals can gain access to information in the database by authenticating to roles through trust negotiation. Allowing qualified strangers to access the database increases the usefulness of the system without compromising privacy. This thesis presents the design and implementation of two methods for filtering information from database queries. First, we extend a query modification method for use in an open database system. Second, we introduce a novel filtering method that overcomes some limitations of the query modification method. We also provide results showing that the two methods have comparable performance that is suitable for interactive response time with our sample data set.

This study concentrates on the disease and treatment cases of women in the Hippocratic texts, to identify and describe the Hippocratic medical style as one that, through its mode of practice, represents a significant departure in making the human body observable. As an antidote to a bias in the literature that has always made the male more visible, we chose to view Hippocrates&rsquo / s novel way of making the woman visible since, producing a new entity for observation, this style of practice led to the emergence of a new profession of medicine, gynecology. In this way, the &ldquo / white-armed&rdquo / women of ancient times were brought into the realm of the visible. Examination of the case histories in the corpus revealed that the observational style was used in light of two principles, that of nature as an active force, generally for healing, and water as a function and humor / both the nature and water concepts uniting the analytical and the metaphorical in a holistic way. The nature inspiration enables an ecological view of Hippocratic practice in such a way that later categories described by Kuhn as incommensurable are seen to function in interrelation. The theoretical trajectory therefore, involves a short survey which starts with Popper and follows through Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and finally Crombie, with the latter&rsquo / s concept of &ldquo / styles of thinking&rdquo / which accounts for how habits of thought inform specific practices like Hippocratic gynecology.

This study concentrates on the disease and treatment cases of women in the Hippocratic texts, to identify and describe the Hippocratic medical style as one that, through its mode of practice, represents a significant departure in making the human body observable. As an antidote to a bias in the literature that has always made the male more visible, we chose to view Hippocrates&rsquo / s novel way of making the woman visible since, producing a new entity for observation, this style of practice led to the emergence of a new profession of medicine, gynecology. In this way, the &ldquo / white-armed&rdquo / women of ancient times were brought into the realm of the visible. Examination of the case histories in the corpus revealed that the observational style was used in light of two principles, that of nature as an active force, generally for healing, and water as a function and humor / both the nature and water concepts uniting the analytical and the metaphorical in a holistic way. The nature inspiration enables an ecological view of Hippocratic practice in such a way that later categories described by Kuhn as incommensurable are seen to function in interrelation. The theoretical trajectory therefore, involves a short survey which starts with Popper and follows through Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and finally Crombie, with the latter&rsquo / s concept of &ldquo / styles of thinking&rdquo / which accounts for how habits of thought inform specific practices like Hippocratic gynecology.

This study concentrates on the disease and treatment cases of women in the Hippocratic texts, to identify and describe the Hippocratic medical style as one that, through its mode of practice, represents a significant departure in making the human body observable. As an antidote to a bias in the literature that has always made the male more visible, we chose to view Hippocrates&rsquo / s novel way of making the woman visible since, producing a new entity for observation, this style of practice led to the emergence of a new profession of medicine, gynecology. In this way, the &ldquo / white-armed&rdquo / women of ancient times were brought into the realm of the visible. Examination of the case histories in the corpus revealed that the observational style was used in light of two principles, that of nature as an active force, generally for healing, and water as a function and humor / both the nature and water concepts uniting the analytical and the metaphorical in a holistic way. The nature inspiration enables an ecological view of Hippocratic practice in such a way that later categories described by Kuhn as incommensurable are seen to function in interrelation. The theoretical trajectory therefore, involves a short survey which starts with Popper and follows through Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and finally Crombie, with the latter&rsquo / s concept of &ldquo / styles of thinking&rdquo / which accounts for how habits of thought inform specific practices like Hippocratic gynecology.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objeto as trajetórias da medicina hipocrática no pensamento médico ocidental. Através da análise bibliográfica de textos e documentos, objetivou-se compreender como os conceitos de vida e do processo saúde-doença, partindo de uma mesma raiz, foram se definindo em sistemas médicos baseados em paradigmas distintos. Para tanto, inicialmente, procurou-se levantar e analisar o nascimento e desenvolvimento da medicina hipocrática, com ênfase em seu método de observação clínica e em sua proposta terapêutica. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise do histórico e das dimensões das racionalidades médicas homeopatia e biomedicina, avaliando o papel dos conceitos sobre physis, vida e vis medicatrix naturae em cada paradigma. Na abordagem dos referidos conceitos, Canguilhem e Jacob foram os principais apoios teóricos. Conclusões: para a medicina homeopática, tal como para a medicina hipocrática, o adoecer e o curar são processo de equilíbrio e desequilíbrio que fazem parte da vida do ser humano e, por isso, também considerados único e individuais. Hahnemann criou uma terapêutica baseada no reconhecimento da pessoa enferma como um indivíduo único, singular, dotado de capacidade automantenedora e autorrestauradora, levando em conta a ideia de natureza que se manifesta em singularidades plurais a cada momento e, portanto, a prescrição medicamentosa é individualizada e mobilizadora da vis medicatrix naturae. A racionalidade médica homeopática compartilha dos conceitos hipocráticos tanto em sua doutrina, quanto nos seus sistemas diagnóstico e terapêutico. Apesar de a biomedicina ter em suas bases a medicina hipocrática, ao se tornar uma ciência das doenças, não mais compartilhou dos conceitos hipocráticos que permitiriam uma abordagem de saúde positiva e de um enfoque terapêutico baseado no sujeito como um ser único. A homeopatia afirma uma medicina que tem como categoria central de seu paradigma a categoria saúde e não a doença, consideradas fenômenos da vida. A vida, assim valorizada, se colocaria no caminho da Grande Saúde, afirmando-se em seu potencial criativo e capaz de transmutar valores. / This work has as object the trajectories of Hippocratic medicine in the Western medical thought. Through literature review of texts and documents aimed to understand how the concepts of life and the health-disease process starting from the same root, they were defining themselves in medical systems based on different paradigms. For this purpose, initially sought to survey and analyze the birth and development of Hippocratic medicine, with emphasis on his method of clinical observation and its therapeutic proposal. Then the analysis of history and dimensions of medical homeopathy and biomedicine rationality was carried out to evaluate the role of the concepts of physis, life and medicatrix vis naturae in each paradigm. In the approach of those concepts, Canguilhem and Jacob were the main theoretical support. Conclusions: For homeopathic medicine, as to Hippocratic medicine and healing the sick are equilibrium and disequilibrium that are part of the human life process and therefore also considered unique and individual. Hahnemann created one based on the recognition of the sick person as a unique, singular individual, endowed with self - sustaining and self - restorative and capacity, taking into account the idea of nature that manifests in every moment plural singularities and therefore the prescription is individualized drug therapy and mobilizing the medicatrix vis naturae. The homeopathic rationality shares the Hippocratic concepts both in their doctrine and in their diagnostic and therapeutic systems. Although biomedicine have their bases in the Hippocratic medicine , to become a "science of disease ", no longer shared the Hippocratic concepts that allow an approach of positive health and therapeutic approach based on the individual as a unique being . Homeopathy asserts a medicine that has as its central category of the category paradigm health and not disease, considered phenomena of life. Life thus valued, would stand in the way of "Big Health", stating in his creative and capable potential "transmute values."

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objeto as trajetórias da medicina hipocrática no pensamento médico ocidental. Através da análise bibliográfica de textos e documentos, objetivou-se compreender como os conceitos de vida e do processo saúde-doença, partindo de uma mesma raiz, foram se definindo em sistemas médicos baseados em paradigmas distintos. Para tanto, inicialmente, procurou-se levantar e analisar o nascimento e desenvolvimento da medicina hipocrática, com ênfase em seu método de observação clínica e em sua proposta terapêutica. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise do histórico e das dimensões das racionalidades médicas homeopatia e biomedicina, avaliando o papel dos conceitos sobre physis, vida e vis medicatrix naturae em cada paradigma. Na abordagem dos referidos conceitos, Canguilhem e Jacob foram os principais apoios teóricos. Conclusões: para a medicina homeopática, tal como para a medicina hipocrática, o adoecer e o curar são processo de equilíbrio e desequilíbrio que fazem parte da vida do ser humano e, por isso, também considerados único e individuais. Hahnemann criou uma terapêutica baseada no reconhecimento da pessoa enferma como um indivíduo único, singular, dotado de capacidade automantenedora e autorrestauradora, levando em conta a ideia de natureza que se manifesta em singularidades plurais a cada momento e, portanto, a prescrição medicamentosa é individualizada e mobilizadora da vis medicatrix naturae. A racionalidade médica homeopática compartilha dos conceitos hipocráticos tanto em sua doutrina, quanto nos seus sistemas diagnóstico e terapêutico. Apesar de a biomedicina ter em suas bases a medicina hipocrática, ao se tornar uma ciência das doenças, não mais compartilhou dos conceitos hipocráticos que permitiriam uma abordagem de saúde positiva e de um enfoque terapêutico baseado no sujeito como um ser único. A homeopatia afirma uma medicina que tem como categoria central de seu paradigma a categoria saúde e não a doença, consideradas fenômenos da vida. A vida, assim valorizada, se colocaria no caminho da Grande Saúde, afirmando-se em seu potencial criativo e capaz de transmutar valores. / This work has as object the trajectories of Hippocratic medicine in the Western medical thought. Through literature review of texts and documents aimed to understand how the concepts of life and the health-disease process starting from the same root, they were defining themselves in medical systems based on different paradigms. For this purpose, initially sought to survey and analyze the birth and development of Hippocratic medicine, with emphasis on his method of clinical observation and its therapeutic proposal. Then the analysis of history and dimensions of medical homeopathy and biomedicine rationality was carried out to evaluate the role of the concepts of physis, life and medicatrix vis naturae in each paradigm. In the approach of those concepts, Canguilhem and Jacob were the main theoretical support. Conclusions: For homeopathic medicine, as to Hippocratic medicine and healing the sick are equilibrium and disequilibrium that are part of the human life process and therefore also considered unique and individual. Hahnemann created one based on the recognition of the sick person as a unique, singular individual, endowed with self - sustaining and self - restorative and capacity, taking into account the idea of nature that manifests in every moment plural singularities and therefore the prescription is individualized drug therapy and mobilizing the medicatrix vis naturae. The homeopathic rationality shares the Hippocratic concepts both in their doctrine and in their diagnostic and therapeutic systems. Although biomedicine have their bases in the Hippocratic medicine , to become a "science of disease ", no longer shared the Hippocratic concepts that allow an approach of positive health and therapeutic approach based on the individual as a unique being . Homeopathy asserts a medicine that has as its central category of the category paradigm health and not disease, considered phenomena of life. Life thus valued, would stand in the way of "Big Health", stating in his creative and capable potential "transmute values."

The treatise On the sacred disease is one of the oldest works included in the Hippocratic corpus and one of the finest examples of the Greek rationalism. Considered to be written in the last decades of the 5th century BC it is concerned with the issue of epilepsy, the disease called "sacred" by magicians and wandering cathartic priests that the author denotes as mere charlatans. According to him, epilepsy is no way more sacred nor more divine than other sicknesses, he places its origin into the brain and claims that it is a hereditary illness. In the introductory study, the character and the structure of the treatise are outlined, it is argued that it was delivered as a speech, the issues of the datation, autorship, reception and textual tradition are discussed. The study is followed by the first translation of the Sacred disease into Czech. In the extensive commentary, apart of the explanation of the text, many problems such as the author's conception of the divine, his sources and some other theoretical issues discussed by scholars are presented and their solution is proposed.

This article pretends to provide a reading of the Seventh Letter focused on the role that medical terminology plays in it. Leaving aside the unsolvable enigma of Plato’s authorship, the letter shows evident connections with fundamental topics from the last” Plato, particularly in its political aspects. In many passages of the Seventh Letter, the figure of the philosopher as an educator appears covered with medical aspects, and the political situation is defined as a pathology that we must treat according to a therapeutic methodology. / En este artículo se pretende aportar una lectura de la Carta VII desde la función que desempeña en ella el léxico médico. Dejando al margen la irresoluble cuestión sobre la autoría platónica, la carta muestra conexiones evidentes con temas fundamentales en el llamado último” Platón, principalmente en sus aspectos políticos. En varios pasajes de la Carta VII, la figura del filósofo en tanto educador aparece revestida de aspectos médicos, y la propia situación política es definida como una patología sobre la que hay que actuar de acuerdo con una metodología terapéutica.