<p> The Cuyuna Range is a former North American iron mining district about 90 miles(145 kilometers) west of Duluth in central Minnesota. The district was the furthest south and west of the three Minnesota iron ranges (Vermilion, Mesabi, and Cuyuna). In 2011, Students and staff from Michigan Technological University's Department of Social Sciences were asked to identify and promote features of the Cuyuna Range's mining heritage. Methods and approaches of mulitsited archaeology were used to unify the diverse places and themes into a more cohesive narrative. Their investigations focused on sites of technological innovation, social conflict, and important people. One collaborative project involved training a team of local volunteers to survey seven iron mining communities to identify sites with historic importance. In total, 876 sites were documented. The data generated from this effort can be used to develop plans for cultural tourism focused on the iron mining heritage of the Cuyuna Iron Range. It was found that using multiple themes from multisited archaeology strengthened the region&rsquo;s narrative better than simply focusing on sites from a single thematic viewpoint</p>

Interference is a fundamental physical phenomenon proving the wave nature of energy. It is based on wave superposition forming natural waveeffects expressed both in nature under random selective conditions as well as in laboratory scientific experiments by carefully controlled selection of parameters. Science generates a number of technology applications using the inherited properties of waves after their superposition in space termed interference. These interfering waves have extremely rare properties compared to their initial physical systems and become entities with measurable quantities which can be used to quantify qualities in other phenomena, mechanisms, and physical objects with variety of physical properties. These waves are currently fully explored in theoretical and experimental physics finding many modern applications and enlightening the way to longstanding questions. Remote non contact study of surfaces and their reactions visually witnessing internal subsurface and unknown bulk information without need to implement destructing forces or penetrating irradiation to trace them and without interacting with it or interfering with the results is one of the most challenging modern applications of interference physics. Apart from everyday life applications artworks’ conservation is a field that interference properties are uniquely suited. It is the quality of light wave interference that is being utilised in this body of research and summarised in the present thesis. The context of the presented thesis unfolded in next chapters is constructed in one book on a contextual rather than chronological order. The contextual base presentation is achieved through clustering same context published articles that have resulted over the course of years of research which have been published in review journals, conference proceedings or governmental publications. The formation of laser interference fringe patterns and their exceptional qualitites in application for structural diagnosis with defect detection and definition, their unique properties utilised in studies of environmental and climate effects, the prototype optical geometries and novel experimental methodologies envisaged to solve specific application problems are presented along with examination on theoretical matters of exploring interference properties, qualities, geometries and their outmost final product the interference fringe pattern. Thus in this thesis the aim is to prove the contribution of the experimental research publications to the study of interference patterns as a highly sophisticated structural diagnostic tool in the complicated problems of Cultural Heritage applications. The implementation of interference phenomena and the development in experimental investigations applied in inhomogeneous, anisotropic, shape variant, multilayered, multicomposition cultural heritage objects, paves the way to implement “fringe patterns” as a scaleless (scale independent) diagnostic detector allowing generation of novel tools and practices on problem solving projects. The developments are beyond the specific application and are extended to other fields of science and technology. The articles and bibliography cited within the text including author's publications utilised as sources in the writing of this thesis are referenced in square brackets and are explicitly listed in ANNEX I The list of publications of the author is shown in ANNEX II. The originals of author's publications supporting the thesis are provided after the Annex II as have been published. Due to limitation in number of pages there is not included a section to present the fundamental principles of the phenomena presented here instead a list of books commonly found in most University libraries is provided for interested readers as BIBLIOGRAPHY at the last paragraphs of ANNEX I.

The founders and officers of the Virginia Military Institute, one of the few American engineering schools in the antebellum period, embedded a particular engineering culture into the curriculum and discipline of the school. This occurred, in some cases, as a consequence of struggles by the elite of western Virginia to gain a greater share of political power in the commonwealth and by the officers of VMI for authority within the field of higher education. In other cases, the engineering culture was crafted as a deliberate strategy within the above struggles. Among the features embedded was the key feature of requiring the subordination of one’s own local and individual interests and identities (class, regional, denominational, etc.) to the service of the commonwealth and nation. This particular articulation of service meant the performance of “practical” and “useful” work of internal improvements for the development and defense of the commonwealth and the nation. The students learned and were to employ an engineering knowledge derived from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, as opposed to a craft knowledge learned on the job. To carry out such work and to even develop the capacity to subordinate their own interests, the cadets were disciplined into certain necessary traits, including moral character, industriousness, selfrestraint, self-discipline, and subordination to authority. To be an engineer was to be a particular kind of man. The above traits were predicated upon the engineers being white men, who, in a new “imagined fraternity” of equal white men, were innately independent, in contrast to white women and blacks, who were innately dependent. Having acquired a mathematically-intensive engineering education and the character necessary to perform engineering work, the graduates of VMI who became engineers were to enter their field as middle-class professionals who could claim an objective knowledge and a disinterested service to the commonwealth and nation, rather than to just their own career aspirations. / Ph. D.

This study explores the history of a group of London handicraftsmen, the multi-skilled millwrights, who were power-transmission mechanics and rudimentary engineers, from 1775-1825. It reveals an organised group of old-style journeymen, who had developed a powerful grip on all aspects of the trade itself, not just their terms and conditions (which were in the top bracket of London artisans of the time). This amounted to a power-sharing partnership with their masters who accepted this arrangement for decades of the late eighteenth century because of the millwrights' unique skills, quality work and organised power as a trade club. The millwrights as individual handicraftsmen varied from 'rough and ready rule of thumb' mechanics to ingenious mechanical and civil engineers. Many of these latter could design and erect complex buildings and infrastructure for water, wind or horse-driven mills and install the transmission millwork/gear wheels of the time. They were, in effect, a powerful guild to which many of the masters belonged. With the growing demand for larger and more complex power sources of the early industrial revolution, this traditional trade came under tremendous pressure to overcome the restrictions imposed by the journeymen millwrights, especially from the businesses who employed the masters as contractors. The study examines the previously unappreciated role of the London brewers, distillers and other manufacturers in pressurising the master millwrights to resist the power of their combined journeymen. It was this pressure which induced the master millwrights to bring to Parliament a Combination Bill seeking to outlaw the London Society of Journeymen Millwrights' trade club and replace them by wage regulation of the magistrates of the City and neighbouring Home Counties. This wider development is examined in detail. Those City employers were also prominent in the more successful 1812-14 bid to remove the medieval apprenticeship laws which then underpinned all journeymen's control of skilled labour supply. But it was the exigencies of the wars with the French from the 1800s which really drove the technological changes which undermined the millwrights' exclusive control of mechanical work, especially using the new, better quality fabrication of iron and machinery. This development is examined at the Portsmouth naval dockyard in 1805 and the spread of new engineering works in the London area thereafter. A new breed of engineering employer now emerged who were successful in breaking the millwrights' grip on the trade with greater control in larger establishments. They made a practice of employing/training non- or short-apprenticed skilled fitters, turners and a variety of other specialised engineering workers to do aspects of the more expensive and less tractable high-skilled millwrights with what became known as an Engineers' Economy. This little-known episode of early British engineering history was illustrated throughout with contemporary prints and drawings and pen-pictures of the key figures who became involved - John Rennie, James Watt and Henry Maudslay, to name but a few. An update and rewrite has recently been produced entitled, The Old London Artisans: the Millwrights 1775-1825.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSANGELA NUNES ALMEIDA DE CASTRO.pdf: 16187719 bytes, checksum: c994d783b2802b7445eb0233387d701c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-18 / This research analyzes the process of constitution and consolidation of the Electrical Engineering course of Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), as well as identify in this process the historical agents, laws and ideas that guided the organizational rules of the course. The hypothesis is that the Electrical Engineering course of UFG has three logical-historical moments: one that came up with the ideas of its creation (1948-1960), one of its foundation (1964-1985) and one that searched for the course s identity, its consolidation (1986-2012). This periodicity happens because of the historical, institutional and cognitive scenery. The transition from one logicalhistorical moment to another occurs because of the ruptures and continuities between the periods. In this way, based on a historical-sociological perspective, this work aims to search the logical-historical moments of the course, trying to uncover and interpret its current configuration. The inquiry way contemplates a bibliographical research, a documentary research and a field research. The bibliographical research happened during all the work and made it possible to verify the growing interest on engineering education . In the last eleven years there were done 53 thesis by engineers in postgraduate programs in education. The documentary research sought documents about the foundation meeting, of the council meetings, speeches, legislation, official gazette of the union, newspapers, curriculums, teachers dossiers, pictures and personal documents of the founders of the course. The field research used the oral history as methodology, to pick up the testimonial of the historical agents by opened interviews with the aim to solve disagreements and doubts about fates that occured all long the history of the course. The option for qualitative approach is justified because of its positive characteristics for the purposes of the study, such as the identification of important witnesses to determinant facts in the historical context of the electrical engineering course of UFG. The theoretical frameworks of this research are categories inherited from Bourdieu s sociological thought. Sociology is sought because the Electrical Engineering School is a social, scientific and educational institution, whose identity is based on principals, values, rules and organization forms that are given to it by agents that together wrote its history. The concepts of field, habitus and symbolical systems of Pierre Bourdieu substantiate the understanding of the Electrical Engineering School as a place of permanent fights and strategies of maintenance or subversion motivated by conscious or inconscious interest in obtaining vantages by owning the symbolical systems. / Esta pesquisa analisa o processo de constituição e consolidação do curso de Engenharia Elétrica da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), bem como identifica nesse processo os agentes históricos, as leis e as ideias que orientavam as normas de organização do curso. Parte-se da hipótese que o curso de Engenharia Elétrica da UFG possui três momentos lógico-históricos: o das ideias de sua origem (1948-1960), o da fundação (1964-1985) e o da busca pela identidade do curso, ou seja, da consolidação (1986-2012). Esta periodicidade acontece em função do cenário histórico, institucional e cognitivo. A transição de cada momento lógico-histórico para o outro se dá em função das rupturas e permanências entre os períodos. Portanto, com base em uma perspectiva histórico-sociológica, objetiva-se perquirir os momentos lógico-históricos que constituíram o curso, buscando desvendar e interpretar a sua configuração atual. O modo de investigação contempla uma pesquisa bibliográfica, uma pesquisa documental e uma pesquisa de campo. O levantamento bibliográfico acompanhou todo o processo de pesquisa e possibilitou verificar o crescente interesse pelo tema ensino de engenharia . Nos últimos 11 anos foram defendidas 53 teses por engenheiros em programas de pós-graduação em educação. Na pesquisa documental para fundamentar esta tese, buscou-se a Ata da Assembleia de Fundação, as atas das reuniões de conselho, discursos, legislações, diário oficial da união, jornais, currículos, plataforma Lattes, dossiês dos professores, fotos e documentos pessoais dos fundadores do curso. Com relação à pesquisa de campo utilizou-se como metodologia a história oral para colher o depoimento dos agentes históricos, através de entrevistas abertas, com o objetivo de solucionar desacordos e dúvidas sobre fatos ocorridos ao longo da história do curso. A opção pela abordagem qualitativa deve-se às suas características favoráveis aos propósitos do estudo, como a identificação de testemunhas-chave para fatos determinantes no contexto histórico do curso de Engenharia Elétrica da UFG. Esta pesquisa tem como referencial teórico categorias herdadas do pensamento sociológico bourdieusiano. Os conceitos de campo, habitus, e sistemas simbólicos em Pierre Bourdieu fundamentam a compreensão da Escola de Engenharia Elétrica como um espaço de lutas permanentes e de estratégias de manutenção ou de subversão motivadas pelo interesse consciente ou inconsciente de obter os proveitos decorrentes da posse dos sistemas simbólicos.

Der Einsatz von Holz- und speziell Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen (WVC) konzentrierte sich in den vergangen Jahrzehnten nahezu ausschließlich auf den Möbelbau und den Bausektor. Eine Verwendung von Holzwerkstoffen im Sinne einer angemessenen technischen Nutzung der vorhandenen Eigenschaften im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau wird hingegen aktuell kaum praktiziert. Der Vortrag zeigt anhand der Darstellung und Analyse des Standes der Technik Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Werkstoffes im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau auf und charakterisiert dabei die Bereiche, in denen noch verstärkt gearbeitet werden muss, um diese Einsatzmöglichkeiten angemessen nutzen zu können. Weiterhin werden grundlegend relevante Werkstoffeigenschaften für das angestrebte Einsatzgebiet charakterisiert und erste Einblicke in Bauformen aus WVC gegeben, mit denen ein praktischer Einsatz im Allgemeinen Maschinenbau und damit in der Fördertechnik technisch sinnvoll ist. / For the last decades the usage of plywood materials (Wood Veneer Composites) was mainly focused on furniture and civil engineering. At the moment there is no adequate technical use of wood based materials in mechanical engineering in respect to its particular properties. Following the state of the art several fields of application in mechanical engineering are presented as well as subjects were identified which need further investigation. Relevant material properties for the aspired technical application are characterized. Furthermore an insight in realized designs of WVC structures is given.

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