This project addresses how residential segregation have stymied home ownership and wealth in the black community; inhibiting true housing equity. This thesis project will attempt to use design as a means to help address past and continuing discrimination. Accessibility, affordability and accountability are central to this goal, which will be addressed in the project. The site chosen for this project is the St. Luke’s Building located in Richmond, VA. This building was home to the Independent Order of St. Luke, a fraternal and cooperative insurance society for blacks. It also housed the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank which was founded in 1903 by Maggie Walker. Walker was the first woman to charter a bank in the United States.

This thesis looks at the Confrontation Clause from the Sixth Amendment in light of the decision made in Maryland v. Craig. It examines the opinions of Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Antonin Scalia, and determines if their judicial philosophies were consistent with their opinion. It does so by examining the history of the Confrontation Clause from ancient history to the present, and by enumerating the judicial philosophies of O'Connor and Scalia. In conclusion, while O'Connor's majority opinion is consistent with her pragmatic philosophy, Scalia's dissent is not consistent with his originalist views.

Researchers must consider the role of context when examining the behavior and characteristics of an individual. An individual must alter development, characteristics, and behavior, to adequately meet the challenges presented within their ecology. The following dissertation presents three manuscripts that examine individual differences while considering the role ecological (spatial) and developmental (temporal) context plays on the individual. Each paper utilizes Life History Theory to examine and to integrate the study findings into a cohesive framework. Life history theory is an evolutionary-developmental theory that focuses on how allocation of bioenergetic and material resources to different developmental facets will have long-term implications for behavior, traits, and health. Each paper collectively highlights key contextual factors throughout the lifespan and seeks to understand how life history strategies emerge. Study I examined the role mother's behavior had on the development of the child unpredictability schema (i.e., worldview where children view their environment and others as unreliable). The study included 65 children and their mothers. Results revealed that child unpredictability schema was predicted by mother's mating and parental effort. A quadratic effect was also found, whereby child unpredictability schema became constant at lower levels of parental effort. Study II utilized retrospective reports of childhood parental effort from extended kin family, positive emotional environment, and traditional social values from a sample of 200 Mexican and Costa Rican college students. High levels of childcare assistance from patrilineal and matrilineal kin were associated with more positive family environment, and the association was partially mediated between kin care and slow life history. Positive associations were also found between matrilineal kin childcare and traditional Latin social values. Study III utilized a nationally-representative, all-female sample to test whether higher reproductive effort increases physical/mental deterioration in women. Results reveal that reproductive effort and illness were mediated by both antioxidant defenses and inflammation. The results of the three studies broadly support hypotheses generated from Life History Theory. Contextual factors during key developmental stages have an impact on how an individual will allocate time and bioenergetic resources - thus contributing to specific behavioral life history strategies.

Recent adaptationist accounts of human mental and physical health have reinvigorated the debate over the evolution of human intelligence. In the tradition of strong inference the current study was developed to determine which hypothesis; Rushton’s (2000) differential K theory, or Miller’s (2000a) fitness indicator model (F), better accounts for general intelligence ('g') in an undergraduate university population (N = 194). Due to the lengthy administration time of the test materials a newly developed 18-item short form of the Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-18; Sefcek, Miller, & Figueredo, 2007) was used. There was a significant positive relationship between K and F (r = .31, p < .001), however no significant relationships were found between 'g' and either K or F (for each, r = -.06, p ≥ .05). While contrary to both hypotheses, these results may be explained in relation to antagonistic pleiotropy and a potential failure to derive within species comparisons directly from between species comparisons.

Using life-history theory within a biocultural perspective, this research explores whether household food insecurity correlates with early or delayed menarche among adolescent females in Tampa Bay, Florida. Early onset of puberty and menstruation is connected with numerous health consequences including growth stunting, obesity, type-2 diabetes, adult-onset asthma, reproductive cancers, increased risk for depression, behavioral problems, and early sexual activity which increases the risk for STIs and ovarian cancer. Early menarche also seems to disproportionally impact disadvantaged and minority groups. While there are many known factors that influence age at menarche (e.g.: genetics, diet), little is understood regarding the effect of food insecurity on menstrual timing. When considering food insecurity as an environmental adversity, long-term exposure may result in biological trade-offs within growth and development. Using a mixed-methods approach, 40 girls and 36 parents or guardians from Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Manatee counties participated in household dyadic interviews that included the assessment of household food security, girls’ dietary analysis, and anthropometry. Using quantitative analyses, the associations of diet, food security, and body size/composition to menarche were evaluated. A Cox hazards model and regression further analyzed the association of food insecurity and the timing of menarche. The research concludes that adolescents and their families are vulnerable to food insecurity for both biological and social reasons. Qualitative results examine the prevalence, experiences, and perpetrators of food insecurity, as well as strategies used by families to mitigate food insecurity. Food insecurity in this study refers to the inconsistent or limited access to adequate amounts of safe and nutritious foods to sustain health and wellbeing. Food insecurity does not necessarily result in hunger. Once can have access to enough calories and not feel hungry but may still be food insecure if their access does not include enough high-quality, nutritious foods. Quantitative analyses showed that iliac height, waist-hip ratio, snack consumption, and household food insecurity is associated with age at menarche among this sample. Spearman’s Rho confirms that height, leg length (p = 0.032, rs = 0.407), and snack consumption (p = 0.042, rs = 0.464) significantly positively correlate with age at menarche. Waist-hip ratio significantly negatively correlates with age at menarche (p = 0.032, rs = -0.518). Cox Hazard Regression analysis interprets that for every one unit increase in household food security survey score, the risk of experiencing menarche increases by 25% (p = 0.023, OR = 1.25). However, when adding leg length, waist-hip ratio, and snack consumption to the Cox Hazard Regression equation, no variables significantly predict menarche. These findings provide a better understanding of the biocultural influences within the timing of menarche. The research provides new insights and further stresses the importance of improving food assistance programs for adolescents and families with older children.

abstract: Why do social perceivers use race to infer a target's propensity for criminal behavior and likelihood of re-offense? Life history theory proposes that the harshness and unpredictability of one's environment shapes individuals' behavior, with harsh and unpredictable ("desperate") ecologies inducing "fast" life history strategies (characterized by present-focused behaviors), and resource-sufficient and stable ("hopeful") ecologies inducing "slow" life history strategies (characterized by future-focused behaviors). Social perceivers have an implicit understanding of the ways in which ecology shapes behavior, and use cues to ecology to infer a target's likely life history strategy. Additionally, because race is confounded with ecology in the United States, American perceivers use race as a heuristic cue to ecology, stereotyping Black individuals as possessing faster life history strategies than White individuals. In the current project, I proposed that many race stereotypes about propensity for criminality and recidivism actually reflect inferences of life history strategy, and thus track beliefs about the behavioral effects of ecology, rather than race. In a series of three studies, I explored the relationship between ecology, race, and perceptions of criminal behavior. Participants in each experiment were recruited through an online marketplace. Findings indicated that (1) stereotypes regarding likelihood to engage in specific crimes were largely driven by beliefs about the presumed ecology of the offender, rather than the offender's race, such that Black and White targets from desperate (and hopeful) ecologies were stereotyped as similarly likely (or unlikely) to commit a variety of crimes; (2) lay beliefs about recidivism predictors likewise reflected inferences of life history strategy, and thus also tracked ecology rather than race; (3) when evaluating whether to release a specific offender on parole, participants placed greater importance on ecology information as compared to race information in a point allocation task, and prioritized ecology information over race information in a ranking task. Taken together, these findings suggest that beliefs about criminality and recidivism may not be driven by race, per se, but instead reflect inferences of how one's ecology shapes behavior. Implications of these findings for understanding and reducing racial bias in the criminal justice system are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2017

I will examine how immigration into the United Kingdom has changed due to globalization, the strength of immigrant transnational networks, and rising hostile nativism. Changing immigrant experiences in the United Kingdom are contextualized by Britain’s “leave” Brexit vote and devolution of integration systems. I will argue that economic and local political integration are the most important contributors to improving immigrant outcomes and reducing tensions between minority and majority groups in the United Kingdom. Using policies from Denmark and Germany, I will compare how different integration regimes across Europe include immigrants as stakeholders in social and economic processes and how transnational networks interact with policy. I will recommend a set of policies at the national and local level to combat rising tensions between minority and majority groups. I will conclude by forecasting the likely and ideal scenarios for the future of minority-majority relations and integration regimes in the United Kingdom.

A dissertação que se segue trata de investigar as concepções teóricas de Oswald Spengler acerca da história, publicadas em seu livro A Decadência do Ocidente (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), pensando suas implicações para a questão da constituição do conhecimento histórico. Nessa investigação de cunho teórico são importantes, além do conceito de história, também os conceitos de cultura, civilização, vida, decadência e Estado, compreendidos por meio de seu principal texto teórico, assim como seus livros menos conhecidos, sobretudo Socialismo e Prussianismo (Preußentum und Sozialismus) (1920). A Obra de Oswald Spengler, O Declínio do Ocidente (1918/22), é um imbricado ensaio histórico que reúne em seu conteúdo ao mesmo tempo as áreas econômica, política, matemática, artística e cultural, para debatê-las sob uma ótica histórica. O foco deste trabalho encontra-se no conceito de história spengleriano, mas também na sua relação com o problema da identidade alemã, e na necessidade de uma parcela de intelectuais alemães em negar o progresso e a ciência. Desde o movimento Sturm und Drang esses intelectuais procuraram negar as ciências objetivas e os princípios do Iluminismo, procurando alternativas anti-iluministas para a História, para a filosofia e para as ciências. É nesse movimento que se inscreve a tentativa de Oswald Spengler de definir o modo de funcionamento da decadência na estrutura da História, assim como suas tentativas de negar princípios políticos e filosóficos dos iluministas. / The following essay investigates Oswald Spenglers theoretical concepts about history, which were published in his book The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes). It reflects about his implications for the matter of the historical knowledge constitution. In this investigation of theoretical nature, not only the concept of history, but the concepts of culture, civilization, life, decline and State are important. These concepts are understood through his main theoretical text and least popular books, such as Prussiandom and Socialism (Preußentum und Sozialismus) (1920). The work of Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West (1918/22), is an imbricated historical essay which gathers in its content, areas such as economics, politics, mathematics, art and culture, in order to discuss them through a historical point of view. This research aims at the spenglerian concept of history, its relationship with the German identity issue, and the necessity of an amount of German intellectuals to deny the progress and science. Since the moment Sturm und Drang, these intellectuals had been denying the objective sciences and the Enlightenment principles, searching for anti-illuminist alternatives for History, philosophy and sciences. It is in this movement that Oswald Spenglers attempt to establish the operating way of the decline in Historys structure enrolls, just like his attempts to deny illuminists political and philosophical principles.

Esta tese é um estudo de epistemologia da história nos domínios da história econômica. Por ser um estudo de epistemologia histórica também é metodológico e historiográfico. Adotamos como objeto principal de investigação obra e pensamento do historiador francês Fernand Braudel (1902-1985). Nossa hipótese geral é a de que a disciplina de história econômica obteve com Fernand Braudel um novo significado no conjunto das ciências sociais e humanas. Já a nossa hipótese específica parte da noção de que economia mundo não se trata de um conceito comum na obra do autor, como tende a se sustentar na historiografia, mas sim de um mecanismo epistêmico dentro do conjunto braudeliano capaz não apenas de dar sentido à sua teoria histórica do capitalismo, mas fundamental para se compreender a partir da escrita estrutural associada à longa duração - a sua perspectiva de espaço-tempo nos domínios da história. Para comprovação das hipóteses apresentadas, três discussões nortearão esta pesquisa: i) a relação das disciplinas de história, economia e sua resultante, a história econômica; ii) o duelo entre a história estrutural braudeliana e o estruturalismo; e iii) os contextos da obra e pensamento braudelianos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a história econômica não somente foi o maior campo de estudos do historiador francês, mas foi a base de seu projeto epistemológico para o conjunto das ciências sociais e humanas. Verificou-se também que o projeto braudeliano em boa parcela foi construído a partir da antinomia de método com o estruturalismo; uma incursão problematizadora dos princípios epistemológicos do método estruturalista demonstraram que seus formalismos impediram que seu maior expoente, Claude Lévi- Strauss, resolvesse a aporia do tempo. Essa incursão nos levou a estudar a concepção de espaço e de tempo na filosofia e na ciência. Verificou-se o debate entre ciência e filosofia em torno do novo problema espaço-tempo lançado pelo físico Albert Einstein enquanto contexto histórico do período de constituição dos paradigmas dos primeiros Annales e braudelianos. O projeto braudeliano, denominado de história global, de nada tem a ver com a pueril pretensão de estudar todos os fatos históricos humanos em todas as épocas possíveis, mas apenas de se inverter a ordem tradicional de investigação das ciências sociais e humanas que se autonomizaram na virada de século e no decorrer do século XX. Trata-se de não mais se restringir à dicotomia idiográfica hipotético-indutiva (empirista) versus nomotética hipotético-dedutiva (racionalista), trata-se de superá-la. / This thesis is a study of history epistemology within the domains of economic history. As it is a study of history epistemology, it is also methodological and historiographical. We have adopted the french historian Fernand Braudel\'s (1902-1985) work and thought as our investigation object. The general hypothesis is that the economic history discipline has had, with Fernand Braudel, a new meaning in the social and human sciences conjunct. In the other hand, our specific hypothesis is that world-economy is not about a commom concept in the author\'s theory, as it is maintained in historiography, but it\'s about an epistemical mechanism within the braudelian conjunct able to make sense not only to the author\'s historic theory of the capitalism, but fundamental to understand from the structural writing associated to long duration - , as well, his perspective of space-time in history domains. Three discussions will lead this research for validation of the hypothesis: i) the disciplines\' relations of history, economy and their resultant, economic history; ii) the battle between braudelian structural history and structuralism; and iii) the braudelian work and thought contexts. The obtained results have shown that economic history was not only the greater study field of the french historian, but also the bedrock for his epistemological project for the social science conjunct. It was also verified that the braudelian project was elaborated from the methodological antinomy with the structuralism; a problematical incursion of the epistemological principles from the structural method have shown that its formalisms prevented its greater exponent, Claude Lévi-Strauss, to solve the time aporia. This incursion lead us to study the concept of space and time in philosophy and in science. We have noticed that the debate between science and philosophy about the new problem space-time brought up by the physicist Albert Einstein, is related to paradigms from the earliest Annales, and the braudelians. The braudelian project denominated global history, has nothing to do with the puerile pretension of studying all the human historical facts of all possible times, but only to invert the traditional investigation order of social sciences which became independant by the century\'s upturn and throughout the XX th century. This is no longer about getting restricted to the hypothetical-inductive (empiricist) idiographic dichotomy versus hypothetical-deductive (rationalist) nomothetic, it is about to overcome it.

Grandmothers are known to increase the health and well-being of their grandchildren in many different populations. However, grandmothers may vary in their contributions based on their relatedness to their grandchildren. In some populations, maternal grandmothers decrease the risk of mortality and increase the health of their grandchildren more than paternal grandmothers. Grandmaternal influence also sometimes varies based on the gender of the grandchild. The behavioral mechanisms of grandmaternal investment are not well understood and have not been explored in the heavily intergenerational context of Eastern Europe. This study examines the behavioral variation of sixty-two Ukrainian grandmothers through interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire. I test whether maternal and paternal grandmothers differ in face-to-face contact with their grandchildren and whether the gender of the grandchild influences the frequency of face-to-face contact. Additionally, I examine qualitative responses from grandmothers on various aspects of childcare to determine whether maternal and paternal grandmothers have different childcare strategies and experience grandmotherhood in different ways. I found that maternal grandmothers have significantly more face-to-face time with their grandchildren (173.8 days out of the year as compared to 87.5 for paternal grandmothers, p