This thesis explores the historical development of personal status law, which governs a person’s marriage, divorce, and custody rights. It is significant because it is part of a framework that has defined women’s rights for centuries. I will argue that personal status law is a patriarchal framework that has been reinforced over time, leading up to the creation of nation-states in the Middle East. As such, this is the “institution” of personal status that will be traced using historical institutionalism theory. In this thesis I will argue that personal status has undergone a critical juncture, or crucial moment of potential to change, in both Jordan and Iraq’s founding, and that this has consequentially affected personal status law development and responses to the women’s movement throughout the 20th century in both countries. This thesis briefly reviews the role of women’s rights and the development of law in pre-Islam era, Islam and the Qur’an, and the Ottoman Empire in order to describe the institution of personal status law. Next, I review the history of Jordan and then Iraq and identify the critical juncture of personal status in historical context. In each chapter I will also explore the matter of de facto, or what women’s rights are like in practice, as an example of the institution at work in the patriarchal protection paradox.

There is often an assumption that there is a right and a wrong way for consumers to behave. For example, with regard to eating, people should make food choices based on maximizing vitamins and minerals and not consuming more calories than one expends in a day. Likewise, it is assumed that buying products to conspicuously signal a message to another is wasteful and maladaptive. The research in this thesis challenges these assumptions and argues that these behaviours can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending on one’s environmental conditions. In this thesis, I describe three experiments that examine how perception of environmental harshness affects appetite for different types of foods. The data shows that food desirability in adulthood varies depending on early childhood socio-economic status, the type of environmental stressor (harsh social, harsh economic and harsh physical safety) and the intensity of the stressors within each of these environments. It was also found that different types of environmental harshness differentially affects food desire based on energy density and food category type. In addition to the experiments on harshness and food desirability, I have examined how environmental harshness affects desire for products that are used to conspicuously signal information to others. For example, under conditions of environmental stress, products may be used to advertise that a male possesses financial or physical power which is desirable to a potential mate. Likewise, a women may buy products to display she possess financial power or she may purchase products that augment her beauty and sexual attractiveness. These studies reveal that product desire is also affected by different types of environmental harshness and the intensity of the stress generated by these environmental conditions. Through the research described in this thesis, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of the proximate variables that influence two subsets of consumer behaviour, namely food desire and product signalling, and how these behaviours may have been selected for due to their adaptive value.

Le déclin mondial des anguilles tempérées est lié aux effets synergiques de multiples pressions anthropiques. Cependant, la complexité du cycle de vie des anguilles et leurs incroyables capacités d’adaptation font qu’il est très difficile de connaître le poids relatif de chacune des pressions. Les anguilles tempérées sont trois espèces catadromes qui ont de très grandes aires de répartition pendant leurs phases de croissance continentales. Leurs panmixies et les longues dérives larvaires passives sont des freins aux adaptations locales, cependant on observe des patrons spatiaux de traits d’histoire de vie corrélés aux gradients environnementaux, à l’échelle du bassin versant et de son aire de répartition. Ce doctorat vise à (i) démontrer si ces patrons spatiaux d’histoire de vie sont le résultat de deux réponses adaptatives : le polymorphisme génétique et la plasticité phénotypique adaptative, et (ii) à réévaluer l’effet des différentes composantes du changement global en prenant en compte ces réponses adaptatives. Dans ce cadre, GenEve el, un modèle d’optimisation individu-centré a été développé. Ce modèle postule que la sélection de l’habitat dépendant du génotype et la plasticité phénotypique sont deux mécanismes permettant de faire face à l’hétérogénéité environnementale. Avec de telles hypothèses, le modèle permet de reproduire les patrons spatiaux observés concernant la longueur à l’argenture, le sexe-ratio et la distribution des écotypes. Par la suite, différents types des pressions anthropiques - les pêcheries de civelles et d’anguilles argentées, les obstacles à la migration de montaison et les mortalités dues aux turbines hydroélectriques - ont été intégrés dans le modèle.L’objectif a été d’évaluer leurs impacts sur l’échappement, à la fois en nombre, mais aussi sur différents attributs comme le sexe-ratio, la répartition entre génotypes, la longueur à l’argenture moyenne, et la production globale d’oeufs. Les résultats montrent que la pression qui induit la plus forte mortalité directe n’a pas forcément la plus forte influence sur la biomasse féconde et n’exerce pas nécessairement la pression sélective la plus forte sur les écotypes. Le modèle met aussi en évidence que la plasticité phénotypique peut être source de résilience pour la population et qu’elle atténue l’effet de certaines pressions, mais pas de toutes. Cela suggère également que la gestion ne doit pas seulement se concentrer sur les nombres de survivants et les mortalités directes, mais aussi sur la protection de la diversité au sein des populations. Finalement, un modèle démo-génétique est décrit pour résumer notre compréhension des populations d’anguilles. Un tel modèle pourra être utilisé à l’avenir pour explorer les conditions écologiques dans lesquelles le polymorphisme génétique et la plasticité phénotypique ont été sélectionnés à travers des générations et fournir de nouvelles recommandations pour la conservation des espèces d’anguilles en voie d’extinction. / The worldwide decline of temperate eels is due to a synergistic combination of several anthropogenic pressures. However, eels display very specific life-cycles and amazing adaptation capacities that impair our ability to assess the relative effects of each pressure. Temperate eels are three catadromous species with large spatially distribution area during their continental growth stage. Their panmixia and the passive larval drifts impair the possibility of local adaptation; however life history spatial patterns are correlated with environmental gradients at both river catchment and distribution area scales. ThisPhD aims (i) to explore whether these life history spatial patterns may result from two adaptive responses: genetic polymorphism and adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and (ii) to revisit the effect of different components of global change in consideration to these adaptive responses. In this context,GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model was developed. The model postulates that genetic dependent habitat selection and phenotypic plasticity are mechanisms to address environmental heterogeneity. With such assumptions, the model was able to mimic observed spatial patterns in length-at-silvering, sex ratio and distribution of ecotypes. Moreover, different types of anthropogenic pressures (glass eel fishery, silver eel fishery, obstacles to upstream migration, and mortality due to hydropower facilities) were integrated in the model. Then, the model was used to assess their impacts on the number of escapees and their attributes: sex ratio, repartition between genotypes, mean lengthat-silvering, and overall egg production. The results showed that the pressure that induces the highest direct mortality has not necessarily the greatest influence on the spawning biomass and does not necessarily exert the strongest selective pressure on the ecotypes. This demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity can be a source of resilience for the population and mitigates the effect of some but not all the pressures. It also suggests that management should not only focus on numbers and direct mortalitybut on the preservation of diversity within populations. Finally, a demo-genetic model is described summarizing our understanding of eel populations. Such model can be used in the future to explore the ecological conditions in which genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity have been selected through generations and provide new insights for the conservation of endangered eel species.

A transnational network of more than 50 million people, the Chinese diaspora stretches its reach across the globe. As part of their immigrant journeys, many Chinese immigrants have achieved political leadership in their adopted home countries despite monumental barriers. This thesis examines the political attainment of Chinese immigrants by uncovering how institutional factors such as political power sharing between ethnic groups, citizenship acquisition law, and discrimination law affect their pursuit of public office. I first establish a database of 265 politicians I define as Chinese immigrants, whose various levels of political attainment I then use as the dependent variable. Through empirical analysis, this thesis finds that politicians of Chinese descent attain lower levels of political office when institutional discrimination has targeted Chinese immigrants. In contrast, this thesis reveals that politicians of Chinese descent attain higher levels of political office when political power is shared amongst ethnic groups and when citizenship acquisition laws are exclusionary. While the last result is seemingly counterintuitive, the negative relationship between the inclusiveness of citizenship and political attainment can be explained by the intrinsic role exclusionary citizenship acquisition laws play in naturalizing citizens who are deemed to be integrated and electable.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Anna Beatriz Carnielli Howat Rodrigues.pdf: 617372 bytes, checksum: e427988ae1c37beaa0f608a4312d61ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Propõe-se que a percepção da imprevisibilidade de recursos durante a infância promove o desenvolvimento de um modelo mental de imprevisibilidade, precursor da preferência pela obtenção imediata do recurso (desconto do futuro) e propensão ao risco, como forma de maximizar as chances de obtenção destes recursos percebidos como imprevisíveis. A aparente irracionalidade destes comportamentos (desconto do futuro e propensão ao risco) podem ser interpretadas como respostas adaptativas a ambientes imprevisíveis produzidas por mecanismos cognitivos de processamento de informações sobre o ambiente, selecionados ao longo da evolução humana. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar relações existentes entre dimensões de imprevisibilidade familiar na infância, propensão ao risco e desconto de futuro. Participaram 394 pessoas, sendo 158 adultos em conflito com a lei que já haviam passado pela prisão (média de idade=34.23 anos; dp=10.17), 122 jovens universitários (M=19.26; dp=2.06) e 114 mulheres com idade superior a 40 anos e escolaridade a partir de ensino médio (M=51.19; dp=8.64). Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que percepções de imprevisibilidade familiar na infância favoreceriam escolhas de curto prazo e maior propensão ao risco. Utilizamos o procedimento de escolhas monetárias de desconto do futuro e as Escalas de Imprevisibilidade Familiar na Infância (EIFI) e de Propensão ao Risco (EPRE), validadas para a população brasileira nos dois primeiros artigos desta dissertação. Ambas as escalas apresentaram solução fatorial de quatro fatores com índices de confiabilidade satisfatórios para fins de pesquisa. Os resultados do terceiro artigo apontaram relação parcial entre os construtos de risco e imprevisibilidade, todavia, baixa relação com o valor de desconto do futuro. Os grupos diferiram em relação ao desconto do futuro (ANOVA), à propensão ao risco (retirados os efeitos da renda MANCOVA) e à imprevisibilidade familiar na infância (retirados os efeitos da idade e da renda MANCOVA). O grupo que exibiu maiores médias de imprevisibilidade, também foi aquele com maiores taxas de desconto do futuro (adultos em conflito com a lei), indicando alguma relação entre estas variáveis, principalmente no domínio de recursos financeiros. Variáveis de risco, todavia, comportaram-se de maneira não esperada com a imprevisibilidade e o desconto 12 do futuro. Concluímos, a partir da abordagem multidimensional utilizada, que as relações entre os construtos não ocorrem de forma linear como proposto inicialmente. Apontamos para a possibilidade de ampliação do estudo destas relações considerando modelos não lineares e refinamento das hipóteses evolucionistas / It is proposed that the perception of resource unpredictability during childhood promotes the development of a mental model of unpredictability, precursor of the preference for the immediate attainment of the resource (future discount) and for risk-taking, as a way of maximizing the chances of obtaining those resources perceived as unpredictable. The apparent irrationality of those behaviors (future discount and risk-taking) could be interpreted as adaptive responses to unpredictable environments produced by cognitive mechanisms of information processing on the environment, selected over human evolution. This study aimed to investigate relations between childh od family unpredictability dimensions, risk-taking and future discount. It included 394 people: 158 adults in conflict with the law that had already been in prison (mean age = 34.23 years; sd=10.17), 122 college students (M=19.26; sd=2.06) and 114 women above 40 years old and at least high school concluded (M=51.19; sd=8.64). We hypothesized that perceptions of childhood family unpredictability would favor short term choices and greater risk-taking. We used the procedure of monetary choice to evaluate future discount, the Childhood Family Unpredictability Scale (EIFI) and Specifc Risk-Taking Scale (EPRE), validated for the Brazilian population in the first two papers of this work. Both scales showed factor structure of four factors with satisfactory reliability indexes for research purposes. The results of the third paper indicated partial relation between the constructs of risk-taking and unpredictability, however, low relation of those and future discounting. The groups differed in relation to future discount (ANOVA), risk-taking (removed the effects of income MANCOVA) and family unpredictability (removed the effects of age and income MANCOVA). The group that exhibited the highest means of unpredictability also exhibited higher rates of future discount (adults in conflict with the law), indicating some relationship among these variables, especially in the area of financial resources. Risk-taking variables, however, behaved in an unexpected way with unpredictability and future discount. We concluded, considering the multidimensional approach, that relations among the constructs may not be linear as originally proposed. We indicate the possibility of expanding the study of these relations considering nonlinear models and refinement of evolutionary hypotheses. 14 Key-words: unpredictability, risk attitudes, Evolutionary Psychology, psychological measure, Life History Theory

Orientador: Alcides Hector Rodriguez Benoit / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T04:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_Jair_D.pdf: 1691468 bytes, checksum: 2cdcda700f4f8c98a1ba9853dd308a4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A história para Marx aparece como a história da separação entre homem e natureza. Esta história teria como princípio fundante as formas de apropriação privada das condições objetivas de existência surgidas de forma imanente na sociedade ocidental. Ela se manifestaria como um processo de desenvolvimento da contradição da luta de classes. No Oriente esta história somente teria se assentado quando da conquista européia, quando os europeus teriam destruído o milenar modo de produção asiático e assentado ali as formas da apropriação burguesa. Na América, este princípio ocidental teria se manifestado quando da formação das colônias. Marx diz que teriam sido três as formas principais de colônias estabelecidas na América: as colônias do tipo do México, as colônias de Plantação e as colônias de Povoamento. Estas colônias, segundo Marx, cada uma a seu modo, estariam conformes às necessidades burguesas de acumulação originária de capital. As colônias de Plantação (Pflanzungskolonien), para Marx, seriam colônias produtoras de formas excepcionais de mais-valia. Nestas colônias, as formas de trabalho compulsório, aparentemente pré-capitalistas, encobririam, no fundo, segundo Marx, o caráter essencialmente burguês das relações de produção coloniais. Marx faz também a aproximação entre colônias de Plantação e colônias de Povoamento, afirmando que, quanto ao conteúdo, elas seriam essencialmente idênticas. Esta afirmação de Marx, porém, coloca em xeque a tradicional classificação da história colonial americana dividida entre 'colônias de povoamento¿ versus 'colônias de exploração¿, pois, a 'tradição¿ historiográfica latino-americana tenderia a aproximar as colônias de Plantação às colônias do tipo do México. Marx, enfim, deixa claro que na América as forças produtivas estariam fadadas a atingir seus mais elevados níveis de desenvolvimento, e as relações de produção atingiriam graus de pureza muito além daquelas postas na própria Europa. Seria na América, segundo Marx, que o capitalismo se ajustaria plenamente ao seu próprio conceito. É esta teoria do caráter capitalista da colonização americana de Marx e as desventuras de tal tese ao longo do último século que estão no centro de nosso trabalho / Abstract: History to Marx arises as the history of the separation between man and nature. This history has as its main principle the private appropriation of the objective conditions of existence that appeared in an immanent form in the Western society. It manifests itself as a development process of the contradiction in the class struggle. In the East, this history would have been settled down by the time the European conquest took place,when the Europeans destroyed the ancient Asian production system and implanted there the bourgeois ideology. In America, this Western principle manifested itself when the colonies were formed. To Marx, three main kinds of colonies were established in America: the Mexico-type, the Plantation and the Colonizer. These colonies were suitable to the bourgeois necessity of primitive capital accumulation. Still according to him, the Plantation colonies (Pflanzungskolonien) produced the more-value products. In these colonies the compulsory labor form, which was apparently pre-capitalist, covered the essential bourgeois character of the colonial production relations. Marx also draws a parallel between the Colonizer and Plantation colonies, affirming that they were essentially identical. This statement, however, questions the traditional classification of the American Colonial History, usually divided into ¿Colonizer¿ versus ¿Exploration¿, because the traditional Latin-American written history tends to compare the Plantation colonies to the Mexico-type ones. Finally Marx points out that the productive forces were meant to reach their higher levels of development, and that the production relations would reach much purer degrees than those used in Europe. This is Marx¿s American Colonization Capitalism Character theory, and the problems of such thesis along the last century are the focus of the present research / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.

Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.

Book Summary: Offering a unique resource for students, scholars, and citizens, this work fully explains all of the 21 enumerated powers of the U.S. Congress, from the "power of the purse" to the power to declare war. • Presents comprehensive coverage of all congressional powers through authoritative essays by recognized experts • Enables readers to connect the long-ago goals and perspectives of the Founding Fathers to current issues and controversies • Facilitates a fully contextualized understanding of the legislative power of Congress―and the extent and limitations of leverage that it can wield on domestic and foreign policy • Provides an accessible gateway to further, more detailed research of each of the individual congressional powers • Includes appendices containing the full texts of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union and the Constitution of the United States

Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.