In the fiber-optic modules packaging, the passive alignment can provide mass production, but it also results in low Electro-Optic performance. After using active alignment in packaging, the laser welding is often applied to assemble the module. However, the welding process cause a post-weld-shift (PWS) of fiber. And the laser welding machine is expensive, this will make the module packaging price hard to cost down. A major cost-reduction soldering fixing technique is developed to replace the laser welding. To determine the fabrication tolerances associated with the coupling of a laser diode and a single-mode fiber(SMF), the sensitivity of the coupling efficiency in both linear and angular offsets was measured. In this research, a fiber holder and a gripper have been developed for assembly. And active alignment is used to align the laser diode and SMF under computer control, whereupon a soldering fixing operation joins the fiber holder on the module. During the soldering process, the condition control was provided to keep the deflection steady. After the displacement compensating before soldering, the final displacement is less than 1 ㎛ which keeps the coupling loss within 3dB.

El equipo planteado y desarrollado en este trabajo de tesis trabaja con un almacenamiento de tipo digital, el cual se encuentra constituido por cuatro etapas básicas, lo cual facilitó que su diseño y prueba sea más especializada, y asimismo la detección de fallas sea más rápida. Las etapas son las siguientes: Sistema de multiplexación, Sistema de adquisición de señal, Sistema V.C.O (Oscilador controlado por voltaje) y el Sistema USB.

No description available.

No / Over the past two decades, protecting contractual parties’ reasonable expectations has incrementally gained judicial recognition in English contract law. In contrast, however, the similar ‘doctrine’ of ‘policyholder’s reasonable expectations’ has been largely rejected in English insurance law. This is injurious, firstly, to both the consumer and business policyholder’s reasonable expectations of coverage of particular risks, and, secondly, to consumer policyholder’s reasonable expectations of bonuses in with-profits life insurance. To remedy these problems, this book argues for an incremental but definite acceptance of the conception of policyholder’s reasonable expectations in English insurance law. It firstly discusses the homogeneity between insurance law and contract law, as well as the role of (reasonable) expectations and their relevance to the emerging duty of good faith in contract law. Secondly, following a review and re-characterisation of the American insurance law ‘doctrine’ of reasonable expectations, the book addresses the conventional English objections to the reasonable expectations approach in insurance law. In passing, it also rethinks the approach to the protection of policyholder’s reasonable expectations of bonuses in with-profits life insurance through a revisit to the (in)famous case Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman [2000] UKHL 39, particularly to its relevant business and regulatory background.

Lorsque l'allaitement est impossible, du lait maternel pasteurisé (LMP) est préférentiellement administré, en particulier aux nouveau-nés hospitalisés. La pasteurisation de Holder (62,5°, 30 min) est appliquée pour des raisons sanitaires mais pourrait réduire l'absorption des lipides via l'inactivation des lipases endogènes du lait. L’homogénéisation du LMP pourrait contrer cet effet négatif en augmentant la surface disponible pour l’adsorption des enzymes. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’impact de la pasteurisation de Holder et de l’homogénéisation par ultrasons sur la digestion du LM chez le nouveau-né. Un modèle de digestion in vitro a été mis en place pour évaluer la digestion gastro-intestinale de LM cru (LMC) vs. LMP aux stades « nouveau-né à terme » ou « prématuré ». Une étude clinique a été menée chez des nouveau-nés prématurés pour comparer la digestion gastrique de (A) LMC vs. LMP et (B) LMP vs. LM pasteurisé et homogénéisé (LMPH).La pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation ont modifié la structure initiale du LM, ses cinétiques digestives et sa désintégration structurale. In vitro, la pasteurisation a réduit la lipolyse gastrique au stade à terme, alors qu’aucun impact n'a été observé au stade prématuré. La lipolyse intestinale, in vitro, a été réduite. In vivo, la pasteurisation a accélérée la protéolyse gastrique de la lactoferrine et a réduit celle de l’a-lactalbumine. L'homogénéisation a accéléré la lipolyse et la protéolyse de l'albumine sérique. Concernant les conditions physiologiques, l’activité lipolytique postprandiale était augmentée après adm / When breastfeeding is not possible, pasteurized human milk (PHM) from milk banks is preferentially administered, especially for vulnerable hospitalized newborns. Holder pasteurization (62.5°, 30 min) is applied for sanitary reasons but may reduce fat absorption through inactivation of milk endogenous lipases. This could be counteracted by homogenization of PHM through an increase of the specific surface available for enzyme adsorption. The objective of this thesis was to study the impact of Holder pasteurization and ultrasonic homogenization on the digestion of HM in the newborn. An in vitro dynamic model was used to evaluate the gastrointestinal digestion of raw HM (RHM) vs. PHM at preterm and term stages. A clinical trial was conducted on hospitalized preterm newborns for comparing the gastric digestion of (A) RHM vs. PHM and (B) PHM vs. pasteurized-homogenized HM (PHHM). Pasteurization and homogenization affected the HM initial structure and its digestive kinetics and structural disWhile gastric lipolysis was reduced after pasteurization in term in vitro study, no impact was observed at the preterm stage. Intestinal lipolysis, in vitro, was reduced by pasteurization. Gastric proteolysis was selectively affected by pasteurization, being, in vivo, faster for lactoferrin and slower for a-lactalbumin. Homogenization increased lipolysis and proteolysis of serum albumin. Some physiological gastric conditions were affected by treatments: RHM had enhanced postprandial lipolytic activity and PHHM had a reduced gastric emptying time. The in vivo data described here may help to i

People who cannot manage their daily life have the right to be granted assistance, according to SoL §4. The purpose of this study was to investigate how older people, who have been granted assistance with an open framework, feel that they are involved and able to influence the decisions that are being made. The advantages with a framework decision are that older people receive a greater influence and involvement, which provides greater security and a more flexible way of working. To fulfil the purpose, a qualitative interview with six care holders was conducted. The theoretical framework refers to Habermas’s Communications theory and Antonovsky’s theory of KASAM. The results o suggest that older people have difficulties in accepting their needs and try to fend for themselves for as long as possible. Furthermore, the study shows that good communication between the care holders and the organisation is vital, as the elderly do not know who to turn to when wanting to appeal or apply for more help. Moreover, our informants feel that they are involved in their care as they are able to interact with their home care staff and able to make decisions regarding what to wear for example. The informants also inform us that they do not change their relief efforts very often and that it is their relatives who are responsible for bringing forward complaints, when needed. However, it is mostly the care holders themselves that decide when or if their needs are changed, but for some of our informants this responsibility lies on their relatives. f our study

<p>People who cannot manage their daily life have the right to be granted assistance, according</p><p>to SoL §4. The purpose of this study was to investigate how older people, who have been</p><p>granted assistance with an open framework, feel that they are involved and able to</p><p>influence the decisions that are being made. The advantages with a framework decision are</p><p>that older people receive a greater influence and involvement, which provides greater</p><p>security and a more flexible way of working. To fulfil the purpose, a qualitative interview</p><p>with six care holders was conducted. The theoretical framework refers to Habermas’s</p><p>Communications theory and Antonovsky’s theory of KASAM. The results o</p><p>suggest that older people have difficulties in accepting their needs and try to fend for</p><p>themselves for as long as possible. Furthermore, the study shows that good communication</p><p>between the care holders and the organisation is vital, as the elderly do not know who to</p><p>turn to when wanting to appeal or apply for more help. Moreover, our informants feel that</p><p>they are involved in their care as they are able to interact with their home care staff and able</p><p>to make decisions regarding what to wear for example. The informants also inform us that</p><p>they do not change their relief efforts very often and that it is their relatives who are</p><p>responsible for bringing forward complaints, when needed. However, it is mostly the care</p><p>holders themselves that decide when or if their needs are changed, but for some of our</p><p>informants this responsibility lies on their relatives.</p><p>f our study</p>

The square shank tool holder is one of Sandvik Coromants most common products. The tool holder has been manufactured the same way for 25 years without changing tolerances. However, it is predicted that tighter tolerances will be required in the future to maintain competitiveness.   The purpose of the thesis was to study how today's square shank tool holders can be made straighter and to what price it can be done. The tolerances allow too much convexity and concavity which might lead to unstable products. To find where in the current production flow the greatest impact occurs, the production flow was studied and then a common square shank tool holder with high production volume was followed through the production flow.   The tool holders were measured with a CMM after each station and analysis showed that the hardening station has the largest impact on the tolerances. This lead to six experiments using different manufacturing methods and the results were compared to see what production flow that allowed the best tolerances and lowest cost.   The results lead to two optional ways of manufacturing since they showed better results with a production economic perspective. Option 1 includes manufacturing in hardened material and Option 2 includes a grinding process.   The production flow for Option 1 is to first harden the blank followed by the manufacturing processes. By moving the hardening processes to the beginning of the production flow, the shape changing is prevented and the final product becomes straighter and obtains a smooth and aesthetic surface since the hardening process creates a rough surface. The production time is increased by CON% and the production cost is increased by CON%. The bottom side flatness tolerance of the final product is reduced by CON%.   The production flow for Option 2 is to first manufacture the shank followed by hardening. After the hardening process the tools get surface grounded on the bottom side and the outside. By grinding the tool holder, it becomes straight and the surface flatness obtains a tolerance of CON mm. The production time is increased by CON% and the production cost is increased by CON%. The bottom surface flatness tolerance of the final product is reduced by CON%.   The advantages of Option 1 are that the final product becomes better and it is easy to apply in the current production flow. The advantages of Option 2 the surface becomes very flat and the tool holder is more competitive.   By choosing any of these two options, Sandvik Coromant will achieve a straighter and more competitive final product.

This work was carried out with the objective of improving dairy farms in Cameroon using an integrated method. Research done in the area on milk production in the country was reviewed. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in dairy farms of the North West Region of Cameroon. An economic opportunity survey was carried out on 61 dairy farms in the same region. Interventions aimed at solving main constraints were planned. An on-farm study on the effect of feed supplementation before calving on milk production, ovarian activity and calf growth of Holstein, indigenous Red Fulani cows and their crosses was conducted. Corresponding blood samples were analyzed using ELISA Progesterone kits. Animal health studies involved screening for Brucella abortus antibodies in 21 villages by ELISA. Partial budgeting was used to evaluate the financial impact of interventions. Results show that five small scale dairy production systems are found in the region: transhumance, improved extensive, semi intensive, zero grazing and peri-urban. Main constraints to dairy production include in order of importance: poor marketing opportunities and long distances to market, limited grazing land and poor supplementation of cattle, limited health control, inadequate knowledge in processing, conservation and storage of milk, poor 19 reproductive management and prolonged calving interval, lack of water in the dry season, poor housing, poor organization of group, limited number of dairy cows and poor record keeping. Milk production per cow on-one-day and average calf production interval account for the greater part of economic opportunity. A human progesterone ELISA kit was validated for use in cattle. Brucella screening showed a general seroprevalence of 8.4%. It is recommended that infected cattle should be slaughtered. A specific control programme should be organized and an effort should be made to determine the causes of the spread of brucellosis. A regular Brucella testing should be instituted. Farmers adopting interventions had returns of 193 and 232% without and with opportunity costs proving the positive impact of interventions using the integrated method. These interventions need to be spread to more farms in the country. The integrated method was proven to be effective in ensuring improvement of dairy systems in Cameroon. This method needs to be adopted for further dairy production improvement by the creation of multidisciplinary intervention teams and the training of integrated intervention specialists in the dairy sector. Copyright 2009, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bayemi Pougue, HD 2009, Improving the management of dairy production systems in Cameroon, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-etd-05252009-225140/ > D629/ag / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Nearly 350 years of politically sanctioned domination over Blacks ended with the passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1965. The federal regulation of voter and election law sought to end retrogressions in representation by intentional or effectual laws. In the VRA's wake, race based politics and policy rooted in White supremacy were curtailed with the gradual representation of communities of color in all levels of government. Shelby County v Holder (2013) obstructed progress by effectively terminating preclearance of legal changes by the federal government. Since Shelby, retrogression of voter registration is once again on the rise. Remedies for retrogression require litigation and matriculation through the courts. This process is time consuming and allows states to conduct election law with minimal interruption until decisions are rendered. Research predating the passage of the Voting Rights Act by Matthews and Prothro indicated that there was a significant correlation between growing minority populations and the severity of election and voter laws. This paper seeks to determine if growing minority populations, in part due to disproportionately large in-migration, correlates with declining voter registration rates. These voter registration rates are due to substantive legal changes and procedural enforcement changes. Retrogression in Black, White, and Latinx is shown in analyzing state voter registration data. Using a time-series multivariate analysis to compare impact on Black, Latinx, and White communities across counties in North Carolina and Alabama, this paper determines that growing minority populations and in-migration do not have consistent statistical significance in explaining declining voter registration rates for Blacks and Latinx communities based on data from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey and the Alabama and North Carolina Board of Elections. Periodic retrogression in voter registration for the Black community show statistically significant positive associations with increasing population sizes. The Black community experiences retrogression via statistically significant negative associations in national election years, and Black voter registration rates recover in off-year elections. Data indicates that there may be a decrease in representation of larger minority communities that Black communities are able to overcome. There is a strong association between decreasing voter registration rates and larger Latinx communities while the opposite is true of Black communities. The Latinx community voter registration have statistically significant negative associations with increasing population sizes and during national election years, with recovering registration rates in off-year elections. / Master of Arts / Nearly 350 years of politically sanctioned domination over Blacks ended with the passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1965. The federal regulation of voter and election law sought to end retrogressions in representation by intentional or effectual laws. In the VRA's wake, race based politics and policy rooted in White supremacy were curtailed with the gradual representation of communities of color in all levels of government. Shelby County v Holder (2013) obstructed progress by effectively terminating preclearance of legal changes by the federal government. Since Shelby, retrogression of voter registration is once again on the rise. Remedies for retrogression require litigation and matriculation through the courts. This process is time consuming and allows states to conduct election law with minimal interruption until decisions are rendered. Research predating the passage of the Voting Rights Act by Matthews and Prothro indicated that there was a significant correlation between growing minority populations and the severity of election and voter laws. This paper seeks to determine if growing minority populations, in part due to disproportionately large in-migration, correlates with declining voter registration rates. These voter registration rates are due to substantive legal changes and procedural enforcement changes. Retrogression in Black, White, and Latinx is shown in analyzing state voter registration data. Findings determine that for Black, Latinx, and White communities across counties in North Carolina and Alabama, growing minority populations and in-migration do not have significance in explaining declining voter registration rates for Blacks based on data from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey and the Alabama and North Carolina Board of Elections. However, voter registration rates decrease as Latinx communities increase in size while the opposite is true of Black communities. Retrogression in Black and Latinx voter registration during national election years and rebound in off-year elections.