The aggravating investment environment in Taiwan has lead to migration of industries to oversea nations. China, with its geographical advantage, lower labor cost, and enormous market potential, has become Taiwan investors¡¦ preferred choice of investment region. Nevertheless, that has affected Taiwan¡¦s economy in many perspectives when a large amount of Taiwanese investors shifted their operations to China, along with their enormous amount of capital. Hence, the main focus of this thesis is to focus and evaluate this impact on Taiwan¡¦s economic growth, import and export structure, industrial adjustment, market competitiveness, employment issues and industrial hollowing-out effect. This thesis analyzes and evaluates several issues from Taiwanese investor¡¦s point of perspective, including: 1.Evaluate whether or not there is industrial hollowing-out effect in Taiwan. 2. The cause of industrial hollowing-out effect in Taiwan. 3. The correlation between investor¡¦s migration to China and industrial hollowing-out effect in Taiwan. 4.The influence of the industrial hollowing-out effect. This thesis adopts historical process research, statistics analysis method, and documentary research as the basis of evaluation. By the 5 criteria indicator (negative net value of foreign direct investment, the growing trend of unemployment rate, and the declining trend of the manufacturing-based industries over the GDP ratio, manufacturing labor productivity, and manufacturing investment) to examine if there is any data or evidence indicating that Taiwan at present is going through industrial hollowing-out. This Thesis has discovered the following facts: 1.The 5 criteria indicating an industrial hollowing-out is in effect. Over the 16 years from 1991 to 2006, the net value of Taiwan¡¦s foreign direct investment is ¡V35.213 billion dollars, and the unemployment rate has been rising since 1995. Manufacturing industries over the GDP ratio has declined from 33.34% to 21.39%. Manufacturing production index growth rate varied from 7.42% to 5.04%. Labor productivity index growth rate declined from 1.29% to -2.37%. And except 2004, manufacturing gross domestic capital formation growth rate (nominal or real) has been decreased since 2001. From these findings stated above, Taiwan has faced all of the 5 trends and hence, Taiwan has begun to face the industrial hollowing-out effects. 2.The causes of Taiwan¡¦s industrial hollowing-out are as follows: (1) the over-extended migration of investment to China. (2) the problem of industries¡¦ structural adjustment. (3) the similarity of exporting products, which leads to the trade competition. (4) insufficient local investment. 3.Industrial hollowing-out effects can be discussed under the perspectives of the employment market, the industries structural and the international market. From the market employment perspective, the industrial hollowing-out results in high unemployment, stagnant wage growth and imbalance on spread of wealth. From industries structural point of view, the hollowing-out effect causes struggling in industries technological advancement, difficulties in research and development for manufacturing industries, limitations of cooperation between global enterprises and the restriction of the economy growth. On international market level, the hollowing out effect would create the negative impacts such as difficulties in industrial restructuring, the tremendous international competition, the replacement of products manufactured in Taiwan with those made by other nations, and the inability to attract more foreign investment.

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<p>Aim</p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity recorded with electromyography (EMG) fine-wire electrodes, in transversus abdominis (TrA) and rectus abdominis (RA) while performing various stabilization exercises, and to investigate how the level of activation was affected by specific instructions</p><p>Method</p><p>Ten physically active women (27.1 ± 5.5year, 1.74 ± 0.05 m, 67.1 ± 8.6 kg) performed six different stabilization exercises (four lying supine with bent knees and hips and two in four point kneeling). They performed two sets of exercises, the first without and the second with specific instructions. The specific instruction was “abdominal hollowing to activate” TrA. The fine-wire electrodes were inserted bilateral into TrA and RA with an injection needle with guidance from an ultrasound. EMG was recorded during the middle second (while the subjects were asked to withhold the final position) and data was normalized to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and value at rest.</p><p>Results</p><p>The effects from instructions were significant while looking upon muscle and exercise (p<0,05). All exercises but exercise number 4 (unilateral bridgening) were significant effected by instructions in TrA, but none of the exercises were effected in RA (p>0,05). The mean of the activity in TrA varied without instructions between 2,9% (± 4,4) to 39,5 % (± 20,0) and with instructions 15,2 % (± 14,7) to 45,6 % (± 23,5). In RA the mean of the activity varied without instructions between 0,3% (± 0,8) to 9,8 % (± 27,4) and with instructions between 2.4 % (± 2,9) to 11,3% (± 28,5).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>It is possible to selectively increase the activity in TrA in the majority of selected stabilization exercises with supine position with bent knees and hips, and in four point kneeling.</p> / <p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att med intramuskulär elektromyografi utvärdera aktiveringsgraden i transversus abdominis (TrA) och rectus abdominis (RA) vid utförandet av olika stabiliseringsövningar samt att undersöka hur graden av aktivering påverkas av specifika instruktioner.</p><p>Metod: Tio kvinnliga, fysiskt aktiva personer (27.1 ± 5.5 år, 1.74 ± 0.05 m, 67.1 ± 8.6 kg) fick utföra sex olika stabiliseringsövningar (fyra i ryggliggande och två i knäfyrfota) med tre repetitioner på varje övning. Försökspersonen (fp) fick utföra övningarna i två omgångar. Omgång ett utan och omgång två med specifik instruktion, den specifika instruktionen var; ”dra in den nedre delen av magen, den under naveln” (abdominal hollowing) för att aktivera Tr A. Intramuskulära trådelektroder fördes in bilateralt i TrA och RA med hjälp av en injektionsnål under guidning av ultraljud. Elektromyografi (EMG) mättes under den mittersta sekunden av övningen (i kvarhållen slutposition) och normaliserades mot maximal viljemässig kontraktion (MVC) och vilovärde.</p><p>Resultat: Effekten av instruktion var signifikant i betraktandet av muskel och övning (p<0,05). I samtliga övningar utom övning 4 (unilateralt bäckenlyft) påverkade instruktioner signifikant muskelaktiviteten i TrA (p<0,05), men inte i någon av övningarna i RA (p>0,05).</p><p>Medelvärdet av den normaliserade EMG-aktiviteten i TrA varierade i övning 1 till 6 utan instruktioner mellan 2,9 % (± 4,4) och 39,5 % (± 20,0). Med instruktion varierade den procentuella aktiviteten i TrA mellan 15,2 % (± 14,7) och 45,6 % (± 23,5). I RA varierade medelvärdet utan instruktioner mellan 0,3% (± 0,8) till 9.8 % (± 27,4) och med instruktioner 2.4 % (± 2,9) till 11,3% (± 28.5).</p><p>Slutsats; Det går att med hjälp av instruktioner selektivt öka aktiveringsgraden i TrA i majoriteten av valda stabiliseringsövningar i krokligg och knäfyrfota.</p>

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity recorded with electromyography (EMG) fine-wire electrodes, in transversus abdominis (TrA) and rectus abdominis (RA) while performing various stabilization exercises, and to investigate how the level of activation was affected by specific instructions Method Ten physically active women (27.1 ± 5.5year, 1.74 ± 0.05 m, 67.1 ± 8.6 kg) performed six different stabilization exercises (four lying supine with bent knees and hips and two in four point kneeling). They performed two sets of exercises, the first without and the second with specific instructions. The specific instruction was “abdominal hollowing to activate” TrA. The fine-wire electrodes were inserted bilateral into TrA and RA with an injection needle with guidance from an ultrasound. EMG was recorded during the middle second (while the subjects were asked to withhold the final position) and data was normalized to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and value at rest. Results The effects from instructions were significant while looking upon muscle and exercise (p&lt;0,05). All exercises but exercise number 4 (unilateral bridgening) were significant effected by instructions in TrA, but none of the exercises were effected in RA (p&gt;0,05). The mean of the activity in TrA varied without instructions between 2,9% (± 4,4) to 39,5 % (± 20,0) and with instructions 15,2 % (± 14,7) to 45,6 % (± 23,5). In RA the mean of the activity varied without instructions between 0,3% (± 0,8) to 9,8 % (± 27,4) and with instructions between 2.4 % (± 2,9) to 11,3% (± 28,5). Conclusion It is possible to selectively increase the activity in TrA in the majority of selected stabilization exercises with supine position with bent knees and hips, and in four point kneeling. / Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att med intramuskulär elektromyografi utvärdera aktiveringsgraden i transversus abdominis (TrA) och rectus abdominis (RA) vid utförandet av olika stabiliseringsövningar samt att undersöka hur graden av aktivering påverkas av specifika instruktioner. Metod: Tio kvinnliga, fysiskt aktiva personer (27.1 ± 5.5 år, 1.74 ± 0.05 m, 67.1 ± 8.6 kg) fick utföra sex olika stabiliseringsövningar (fyra i ryggliggande och två i knäfyrfota) med tre repetitioner på varje övning. Försökspersonen (fp) fick utföra övningarna i två omgångar. Omgång ett utan och omgång två med specifik instruktion, den specifika instruktionen var; ”dra in den nedre delen av magen, den under naveln” (abdominal hollowing) för att aktivera Tr A. Intramuskulära trådelektroder fördes in bilateralt i TrA och RA med hjälp av en injektionsnål under guidning av ultraljud. Elektromyografi (EMG) mättes under den mittersta sekunden av övningen (i kvarhållen slutposition) och normaliserades mot maximal viljemässig kontraktion (MVC) och vilovärde. Resultat: Effekten av instruktion var signifikant i betraktandet av muskel och övning (p&lt;0,05). I samtliga övningar utom övning 4 (unilateralt bäckenlyft) påverkade instruktioner signifikant muskelaktiviteten i TrA (p&lt;0,05), men inte i någon av övningarna i RA (p&gt;0,05). Medelvärdet av den normaliserade EMG-aktiviteten i TrA varierade i övning 1 till 6 utan instruktioner mellan 2,9 % (± 4,4) och 39,5 % (± 20,0). Med instruktion varierade den procentuella aktiviteten i TrA mellan 15,2 % (± 14,7) och 45,6 % (± 23,5). I RA varierade medelvärdet utan instruktioner mellan 0,3% (± 0,8) till 9.8 % (± 27,4) och med instruktioner 2.4 % (± 2,9) till 11,3% (± 28.5). Slutsats; Det går att med hjälp av instruktioner selektivt öka aktiveringsgraden i TrA i majoriteten av valda stabiliseringsövningar i krokligg och knäfyrfota.

Kaohsiung is located at the pivot of Asia-Pacific airlines and seaways traffic. It has been the second largest metro city of Taiwan. Since 1979 as Kaohsiung was switched to be a municipality directly under the Central Government after its population was increased over 1 million, now there are 1.5 million (April 2009) living in the city. Within the city, besides the Kaohsiung harbor, a natural deep-water port well-known as a container transshipment, there is also Hsiao-Kang international airport that makes Kaohsiung one of the rare cities with both seaport and airport. In addition, it contains abundantly solid industrial foundations such as the export processing zones, steel industry, petrochemical industry, cement plants, and various kinds of large-scale heavy industry regions. It has been the important strategic city for heavy industry and manufacturing industry, the locomotive engine of economic development of Taiwan, and has driven the first wave of Taiwan¡¦s economic development miracle since 1960s . However, as the industrial policy adjusted, the Central Government establishes Hsinchu Science Park in which not only attracts excellent professionals to join, but also continues to expand the business niche as well as asset size. The developmental gap between the Northern and the Southern Taiwan has thus been widened. In terms of industry activities and living functionalities, the difference deepens even more. Over the past decade, the traditional basic industries have been impacted by factors of going west (to mainland China) or south (to ASEAN markets), and Kaohsiung --- a city with function of both seaport and airport as well as heavy industries --- is lacking motive power of deep plowing and moment of essential growth during the process of industrial development. It is a challenge for Kaohsiung to transfer from a highly-polluted heavy industrial city to develop brand new industries or enhance added values of the current industries through the transformation of traditional industry. Kaohsiung has competitive advantages, including "international gateway with both harbor & airport" and "industry diversification", still it is situated at the pivotal location of south Taiwan, which is not replaceable. Although the traditional industries still influence and benefit Kaohsiung¡¦s economy, they begin to face operational difficulties while facing global economic change or shifting. Therefore it is an imperative topic of how to embark on upgrading or renewing Kaohsiung¡¦s industries so as to enhance professional techniques and increase economic benefits greatly. Moreover, since the new government inaugurated in May 2008, the Cross-Straits relations are getting smooth gradually which makes direct aircraft transportation II possible. Besides, the global financial tsunami happened in the second half of 2008 has impacted the traditional industries seriously. How to assist the industries to get through the crisis is the very issue worth thinking and discussion. Therefore it is necessary to investigate and analyze the developmental status quo as well as the direction of future transformation of Kaohsung¡¦s industries, furthermore, to work out plans, and practical strategies for encouraging industries. In cooperation with the governing requirements of Kaohsiung City Government, the purposes of this research are as follows: 1 to collect and manage transformative cases of domestic and oversea industries, and to investigate in terms of local viewpoint, the role of Kaohsiung industries, and the future development trends. 2. through ¡§Kaohsiung-Pingtung Development Strategy¡¨ to analyze the status quo of Kaohsiung industries, and to discuss feasible directions of industry transformation. 3. to investigate the difficulties and impediment of Kaohsiung industry transformations and industry upgrades, and to understand the role of Kaohsiung¡¦s industry in cooperation with developmental needs of the Central Government and the regional areas, 4. to work out and propose the supplementary measures and implementation strategies for Kaohsiung¡¦s industry transitions.

El concepto de estabilización del core es una noción esencial dentro de los ámbitos del entrenamiento deportivo y la rehabilitación clínica. Un core bien entrenado es fundamental, tanto para un rendimiento deportivo óptimo como para la prevención de lesiones. La estabilidad del core requiere tanto de una rigidez pasiva, alcanzada a través de las estructuras osteo-articulares, como de una rigidez activa, la cual puede lograrse a partir de la cocontracción de la musculatura central. Por ello, la promoción de ese rol estabilizador de la musculatura del tronco debe ser una consideración principal a la hora de diseñar programas de ejercicios para la estabilidad del core orientados a la rehabilitación terapéutica y a la mejora de la salud y calidad de vida o el rendimiento deportivo. Estos programas tienen por objeto favorecer el aprendizaje y el perfeccionamiento de los patrones de coactivación muscular para la mejora del control motor y la estabilidad de las estructuras raquídeas. Partiendo de los criterios de eficacia y seguridad, los puentes o planchas y las maniobras de estabilización lumbar forman parte de los ejercicios esenciales para el reentrenamiento y el fortalecimiento del core, y son de los más utilizados en la actualidad. La plancha o puente prono es un ejercicio diseñado para incrementar la fuerza y la resistencia muscular, así́ como para mejorar la estabilidad del tronco y ha sido propuesto por los investigadores como ejercicio beneficioso tanto para el ámbito de la rehabilitación clínica como para los programas de acondicionamiento físico y entrenamiento deportivo. La técnica correcta de este ejercicio requiere el control de las curvaturas fisiológicas del raquis, pero no obstante no llega a considerar la influencia que, determinadas disposiciones de segmentos corporales concretos, como la posición de la pelvis, de las escápulas o de la cabeza, pueden llegar a tener en la modulación de la actividad de la musculatura del core. Por otra parte, existen estudios que evidencian variaciones de la activación muscular abdominal al incorporar la maniobra abdominal hollowing en determinados ejercicios de estabilización raquídea. Sin embargo, hasta donde alcanza nuestro conocimiento, no existen actualmente estudios específicos donde se hayan evaluado sus efectos en la activación de la musculatura abdominal local y global al integrarse en la ejecución del ejercicio tradicional de la plancha prono. Por todo ello, resulta esencial definir más claramente cómo todos esos factores pueden influir en la activación muscular de la zona lumbar y abdominal durante la ejecución de este ejercicio. De esta necesidad surgen los tres estudios que conforman la presente tesis doctoral. El primero de ellos tiene por objeto evaluar la posible influencia que las diferentes posiciones escapulares y pélvicas tienen en la activación de la musculatura lumbar y abdominal, mientras se realizan diferentes variaciones del ejercicio de plancha prono. El segundo de los estudios tiene por objeto analizar la posible influencia que la maniobra de estabilización raquídea conocida como abdominal hollowing tiene en la activación de la musculatura lumbar y abdominal mientras se ejecuta el ejercicio de la plancha prono. El tercero de los estudios pretende analizar la posible influencia que las distintas posiciones del segmento raquídeo craneocervical tienen en la activación de la musculatura lumbar y abdominal, mientras se realizan diferentes variaciones del ejercicio de plancha prono. Cada uno de estos tres estudios consiste en un estudio transversal de medidas repetidas, y está diseñado con el objeto de analizar la influencia que cada uno de estos factores tiene sobre la activación de la musculatura del core analizada -recto anterior del abdomen, oblicuo externo, oblicuo interno y erector espinal- y el esfuerzo percibido en el ejercicio de la plancha prono. Para ello, se desarrollaron tanto estudios electromiográficos de tales grupos musculares como análisis cinemáticos para asegurar que no se producían cambios posturales durante la toma de datos. Adicionalmente, se recolectaron datos de esfuerzo percibido de los participantes al finalizar cada una de las pruebas. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron que la particular disposición de la pelvis y de las escápulas influyó de forma diferente a la modulación de la respuesta muscular del core, siendo las posiciones en retroversión de la pelvis las que provocaron la mayor respuesta electromiográfica de la musculatura analizada, particularmente cuando las escápulas se situaron en aducción. Los resultados del segundo estudio mostraron un mayor reclutamiento tanto de la musculatura oblicua interna como de la externa al incorporar esta maniobra, así como una actividad moderada del resto de los músculos analizados. Por tanto, estos hallazgos indican que la integración conjunta de ambas tareas muestra óptimas ratios de activación entre el sistema local y el sistema global muscular del core para lograr satisfacer las demandas estabilizadoras durante la realización de la plancha prono. Los resultados del tercer estudio mostraron que la posición craneocervical en extensión no aumentó la respuesta mioeléctrica abdominal con respecto a la posición craneocervical neutra, mientras que la posición en flexión resultó ser la variación más desafiante al provocar las mayores respuestas en la musculatura abdominal. Asimismo, los resultados evidenciaron la nula influencia de la región craneocervical en la actividad muscular de la porción lumbar del erector espinal. La realización de ambas posturas en flexión y extensión causó un mayor esfuerzo percibido en los participantes, en comparación con la ejecución neutra tradicional, con independencia de los valores de actividad abdominal. Los resultados de estos estudios apoyan las diferentes hipótesis de investigación y muestran que determinados cambios en la disposición en cada uno de los segmentos corporales, así como la integración de maniobras de estabilización raquídea, son factores que pueden influir en las demandas de estabilización de la musculatura del tronco y, por tanto, pueden modular la intensidad y la eficacia de este ejercicio. Estos hallazgos ofrecen una visión más actualizada y profunda sobre la función y el comportamiento de la musculatura del core en el ejercicio de la plancha prono, ofreciendo novedosas y útiles evidencias empíricas para los educadores, profesionales y especialistas cuando usen este tradicional ejercicio dentro de un entrenamiento de estabilización del core, dentro de programas de enseñanza, rehabilitación o entrenamiento deportivo.