In real-word manufacturing environments, finding the right job sequences and their associated schedules when resource, precedence, and timing constraints are imposed is a difficult task. For most practical problems classical scheduling easily leads to an exponential growth in the number of possible schedules. Moreover, a decision time period of hours or even minutes is too long. Good solutions are often needed in real-time. The problem becomes even more complicated if changes, such as new orders or resource breakdowns, occur within the manufacturing system. One approach to overcome the challenges of solving classical scheduling problems is the use of distributed schemes such as agent or holonic-based control architectures. This dissertation presents an innovative control architecture that uses the holonic concept, capable of delivering good solutions when applied in dynamic environments. The general holonic control framework presented in this research has specific characteristics not found in others reported so far. Using a modular approach it takes into account all the categories of hardware and software resources of a manufacturing system. Due to its modularity, the holonic control framework can be used for assigning and scheduling different task types, separately or simultaneously. Thus, it can be used not only for assigning and scheduling transport tasks, but also for finding feasible solutions to the job assignment and scheduling of processing tasks, or to better utilize the auxiliary equipment and devices in a manufacturing system. In the holonic system, under real-time constraints, a feasible schedule for the material handling resources emerges from the combination of individual holon's schedules. Internal evaluation algorithms and coordination mechanisms between the entities in the architecture form the basis for the resultant schedules. The experimental results obtained show a percentage difference between the makespan values obtained using the holonic scheduling approach and the optimal values of under seven percent. Since current control systems in use in industry lack the ability to adapt to dynamic manufacturing environments, the holonic architecture designed and the tests performed in this research could be a part in the effort to build the foundations for the control systems of the next generation manufacturing systems. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T13:16:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFAM.pdf: 8157885 bytes, checksum: 8ac54b34fd878dc861557d4d145bc901 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:40:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFAM.pdf: 8157885 bytes, checksum: 8ac54b34fd878dc861557d4d145bc901 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:40:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFAM.pdf: 8157885 bytes, checksum: 8ac54b34fd878dc861557d4d145bc901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:40:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFAM.pdf: 8157885 bytes, checksum: 8ac54b34fd878dc861557d4d145bc901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In manufacturing, the search for new techniques to improve the production is always a challenge. These techniques must be adapted to the dynamic environment. A point very dealt in this area is the transportation system which has, as one of its sub problems, the assigning tasks to the AGVs. To solve this problem, it is common to use vehicle dispatching, and these techniques are usually multicriteria. Although they are multi-criteria, is not common contemplate criteria of different sectors of the factory, which could indicate conflicting strategies. Another point that influences the performance of the manufacturing is the control architecture. Traditionally, this architecture is centralized or decentralized, and have pros and cons. To achieve benefits from both traditional architectures, new architectures have been pursued; a widely used option is the holonic. This research presented a holonic architecture control for the dispatch of vehicles using multiple criteria rules, given optimization criteria from different sectors of the factory and providing a global optimization bias. Analyzes were performed to assess the adhesion of the proposed holonic architecture in the manufacturing environment, achieving the inclusion of new elements naturally, analyzing the behavior when an unpredicted event occurs and enabling compliance with different optimization variables belonging to different sectors of the factory. / Na manufatura, a busca por novas técnicas para melhorar a produção é sempre um desafio. Estas técnicas devem se adequar ao ambiente dinâmico da manufatura. Um ponto tratado neste âmbito é o sistema de transporte, que tem como um de seus subproblemas a atribuição de tarefas para os AGVs. Para a resolução deste problema, é comum utilizar técnicas de despacho de veículos, sendo que estas técnicas geralmente são multicritério. Apesar de serem multicritério, não é comum contemplarem critérios de diferentes setores da fábrica, o que poderia indicar estratégias conflitantes. Outro ponto que influencia no desempenho da manufatura é a arquitetura de controle. Tradicionalmente, a arquitetura é centralizada ou descentralizada, apresentando prós e contras. Existe uma busca sobre novas arquiteturas para atingir benefícios proveniente das duas tradicionais; uma opção muito usada é a holônica. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma arquitetura holônica de controle para o despacho de veículos usando regras multicritério, atendendo critérios de otimização de diferentes setores da fábrica e proporcionando um viés de otimização global. Foram realizadas análises para avaliar a aderência da arquitetura holônica proposta no ambiente de manufatura, atendendo à inclusão de novos elementos de maneira natural, analisando o comportamento diante de eventos não programados e possibilitar o atendimento de diferentes variáveis de otimização pertencentes à diferentes setores da fábrica.

The present context and tendencies in modern production system, as mass customization, requires improvements with respect to the agility of the production organizations. In this sense, agile approaches have been proposed, such as the holonic approach. In Holonic Manufacturing System (HMS) the production entities, as resources and products, are envisaged with a type of intelligence. These smart-entities are called holons (HLs) whose intelligence is related to their autonomy and collaboration skills. The HMS also comprises a Holonic Control (HC) that must properly organize holon collaborations in order to become agile. Actually, HMS development requires engineering tools for design and testing. In this doctoral thesis, a meta-model for HC is proposed, whose instances are simulated within a particular tool called ANALYTICE II. This tool presents a clear separation between high-level control and emulated resources. Firstly, before the proposition of the HC meta-model, the resource holonification is proposed in this environment. Each Resource-HL is obtained by means of a virtual resource that provides data and services of an emulated-resource at a high level of control. Subsequently, the meta-model for HC over Resource-HLs following a process-driven production approach is proposed. The essence of the solution is based on Rule Base System (RBS) concepts being the causal relations of control dealt with by entities called Rules. The inference process in this RBS is realized through collaborations based upon notifications. The Resource-HLs notify the Rules about factual knowledge with respect to their states. Each Rule that is notified deliberates about the proper moment to execute some control action, as the coordination of a set of Resource-HLs, using causal knowledge. The inference occurs within a notification chain enabled by a group of Resource-HL agents and Rule agents. This kind of inference can be expected to provide advantages for the HC, such as high reactivity and entity decoupling. Furthermore, it allows for the creation of co-operative mechanisms for dealing with determinism and conflict issues. Moreover, this approach of rule-oriented control allows for coherent control implementation and expression. The control mechanisms emerge based on causal control knowledge expressed by experts in the Rules. Experts are exclusively concerned with the proper control knowledge needed for exploiting system flexibilities in order to increase system agility. Furthermore, some experts could even be artificial agents automatically dealing with knowledge of the Rules. Briefly, this process-driven HC solution concomitantly treats a set of control issues while also being a self-contained and open solution. Indeed, the solution openness allows its interpretation as a product-driven solution. The product-driven control is a tendency to reach agility by the decoupling of production demands and execution via entities like Smart-Product-HLs. Each Smart-Product-HL is concerned with a specific customized production order. The Smart-Product-HLs, with certain autonomy, use Resource-HLs to reach their production goals. In the meta-model interpretation, their interactions are organized by Rules for Resource-HL cooperation that avoids inappropriate system behavior. In this context, the execution of Rules depends upon the explicit Smart-Product-HL interest in their utilization. In some manner, each Smart-Product- HL deals with Rules as a kind of expert agent. The solution has been applied in a set of examples in ANALYTICE II presenting some simulation independence because each control instance is not aware that Resource-HLs and Smart-Product-HLs are simulated.

Aujourd’hui, les industriels cherchent de nouvelles approches qui permettent aux concepteurs d’adapter efficacement les systèmes de fabrication face à un environnement incertain et perturbant. Le concept de la reconfiguration des systèmes de fabrication est proposé afin de trouver des solutions face à l’occurrence d’aléas au sein d’un système manufacturier complexe. Dans la littérature, l’intégration de la reconfiguration dès la phase de conception dans le cadre de l’ingénierie système en suivant une approche basée sur des normes et paradigmes commence à faire appel à plusieurs nouveaux travaux de recherche. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche basée sur l’ingénierie système pour concevoir les systèmes de production manufacturiers pour qu’ils soient reconfigurables du point de vue partie opérative et commande, en assurant la cohérence entre les modèles et en respectant les exigences de l’industrie nouvelle. Cette approche vise à guider le concepteur pour modéliser les systèmes manufacturiers en intégrant le concept de la reconfiguration dans le cadre de l’ingénierie système.Ensuite, les modèles développés des différents points de vue sont transformés suivant des règles prédéfinies vers des modèles d’architectures holoniques qui permettent de combler l’écart entre le processus de modélisation conceptuelle et le processus de simulation. Ces modèles holoniques sont exécutables par la technologie des systèmes multi-agents afin de faciliter leurs implémentations. Après, le concepteur sera capable de vérifier et valider par simulation les critères et les caractéristiques clés de la reconfiguration dans le but d’atteindre les indicateurs demandés. Les résultats obtenus montrent une réactivité efficace aux aléas internes et externes avec la configuration la plus adéquate. Nous avons choisi un système manufacturier reconfigurable qui est le système de conversion d’acier afin d’illustrer l’utilité et la fiabilité de l’approche proposée dans différents scénarios. / Today, manufacturers are seeking new approaches that allow designers to effectively adapt manufacturing systems to an uncertain and disruptive environment. The concept of the reconfiguration of manufacturing systems is proposed in order to find solutions to the occurrence of disturbances within a complex manufacturing system. In the literature, integrating reconfiguration early in the design phase into system engineering by following an approach based on standards and paradigms is beginning to call for several new research studies. We propose a new approach based on system engineering to design manufacturing production systems so that they are reconfigurable from the point of view of operative and control part, ensuring coherence between models and meeting the requirements of the new industry. This approach is intended to guide the designer in modeling the manufacturing systems by integrating the concept of reconfiguration into system engineering.Then, developed models of different viewpoint are transformed according to predefined rules into holonic architecture models that bridge the gap between the conceptual modeling process and the simulation process. These holonic models are executable by the technology of multi-agent systems to facilitate their implementations. Afterwards, the designer will be able to verify and validate by simulation the criteria and key features of the reconfiguration in order to achieve the requested indicators. The obtained results show an effective reactivity to the internal and external disturbances with the most adequate configuration. We chose a reconfigurable manufacturing system which is the steel converter system to illustrate the utility and reliability of the proposed approach in different scenarios.

Le monde des entreprises est profondément soumis à un ensemble de contraintes toujours plus exigeantes provenant d’une part des clients, exigeant des produits plus personnalisables, de qualité supérieure et à faible coût, et d’autre part des aléas internes auxentreprises, comprenant les pannes machines, les défaillances humaines, la fluctuation de la demande, les fréquentes variations de production. Cette thèse propose une architecture de contrôle de systèmes de production, basée sur les principes holoniques développées dans l’architecture ADACOR (ADAptive holonic COntrol aRchitecture), et l’étendant en s’inspirant des théories de l’évolution et en utilisant des mécanismes d’auto-organisation. L’utilisation des théories de l’évolution enrichit l’architecture de contrôle en permettant l’évolution de deux manières distinctes, en réponse au type et au degré de la perturbation apparue. Le premier mode d’adaptation, appelé auto-organisation comportementale, permet à chaque entité qui compose le système d’adapter dynamiquement leur comportement interne, gérant de cette façon de petites perturbations. Le second mode, nommé auto-organisation structurelle, traite de plus grandes perturbations, en permettant aux entités du système de ré-organiser leurs relations, et par conséquent modifier structurellement le système. L’architecture holonique auto-organisée de contrôle de systèmes de production proposée dans cette thèse a été validée sur une cellule de production flexible AIP-PRIMECA. Les résultats ont montré une amélioration des indicateurs clés de performance par rapport aux architectures de contrôle hiérarchiques et hétérarchiques. / The manufacturing world is being deeply challenged with a set of ever demanding constraints where from one side, the costumers are requiring products to be more customizable, with higher quality at lower prices, and on other side, companies have to deal on a daily basis with internal disturbances that range from machine breakdown to worker absence and from demand fluctuation to frequent production changes. This dissertation proposes a manufacturing control architecture, following the holonic principles developed in the ADAptive holonic COntrol aRchitecture (ADACOR) and extending it taking inspiration in evolutionary theories and making use of self- organization mechanisms. The use of evolutionary theories enrich the proposed control architecture by allowing evolution in two distinct ways, responding accordingly to the type and degree of the disturbance that appears. The first component, named behavioural self- organization, allows each system’s entity to dynamically adapt its internal behaviour, addressing small disturbances. The second component, named structural self-organization, addresses bigger disturbances by allowing the system entities to re-arrange their rela- tionships, and consequently changing the system in a structural manner. The proposed self-organized holonic manufacturing control architecture was validated at a AIP-PRIMECA flexible manufacturing cell. The achieved experimental results have also shown an improvement of the key performance indicators over the hierarchical and heterarchical control architecture.

Ces deux dernières décennies, les systèmes embarqués ont été introduits dans de nombreux domaines d’application (transport, industrie, habitat, médical...). Ces systèmes se sont vu confier des tâches plus importantes pour délivrer de nouveaux services aux utilisateurs avec des délais de mise sur le marché toujours plus courts et à moindre coût. L’intégration rapide de ces systèmes au sein de produits manufacturés est un avantage concurrentiel pour les industriels. Cependant, les pannes associées à ces systèmes et le niveau de complexité croissant des équipements ont rendu les interventions de maintenance bien plus délicates. L’identification des causes de certaines pannes représente actuellement un véritable challenge dans les activités de la maintenance. Elles entrainent une indisponibilité excessive des équipements.Cette thèse propose une architecture générique de surveillance “active” pour l’aide à la maintenance de systèmes mobiles. Cette architecture repose sur des entités de surveillance “intelligentes” capables d’évaluer l’état de santé des équipements surveillés. Notre contribution se situe à la rencontre de différentes communautés de Recherche et s’appuie notamment sur des concepts développés par lacommunauté PHM (Pronostics and Health Management).L’architecture proposée est mise en œuvre et appliquée a la surveillance d’un système réel de transport ferroviaire dans le cadre du projet SURFER (SURveillance active FERroviaire) conduit par Bombardier-Transport. / Over the last two decades, embedded systems have been introduced in several application areas (transportation, industry, housing, medical...). These systems have achieved more important tasks for delivering new services to users with ever shorter time-to-market deadlines at lower cost. The rapid integration of these systems within manufactured products is a competitive edge for companies. However, breakdowns related to these systems, along with the increasing level of equipment complexity, have made maintenance interventions much more difficult. Identifying root causes of some breakdowns currently represent a real challenge in the maintenance activities. They lead to an excessive downtime of equipment.This thesis proposes a versatile “active” monitoring architecture for the maintenance assistance of mobile systems. This architecture relies on “smart” monitoring entities that can assess the health state of monitored equipment. Our contribution gathers different Research communities and relies particularly on concepts developed by the PHM (Pronostics and Health Management) community.The proposed architecture is implemented and applied for monitoring a real railway transportation system within the SURFER project (SURveillance active FERroviaire) led by Bombardier-Transport.

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work entails a study of the control software of transportation systems for use in recon gurable manufacturing systems (RMSs). Various control approaches are considered, with the focus on enhancing recon gurability. The work is unique in the sense that the RMS is designed to manufacture small parts/products and is meant to be used in developing countries. Manufacturing systems that can ensure product quality and delivery, are a critical need in countries where the bulk of manufacturing systems function with manual labour. RMSs and holonic manufacturing systems (HMSs) are identi ed as concepts that can potentially compete with manual manufacturing systems. The competing system must thus have a low initial adoption risk, be able to adapt to changing product functionality and demands, and have a comparable throughput rate. IEC61311-3, IEC64199 function block and agent-based control architectures are evaluated. The control software is tested on an experimental conveyor system. The thesis shows that IEC61131-3 and IEC64199 architectures are advantageous in lower levels of control. IEC64199 function blocks provide human interface and development tools and simpli es the distribution of control. The human interface and development tools of IEC64199 function blocks may prove bene cial in providing system monitoring and rapid low skilled adaptation of the control system, increasing recon gurability of systems in under-developed countries. Unfortunately, the low maturity of the development environments for IEC64199 function blocks is a limitation. It is shown that an IEC64199 function block controller becomes complex as the actuator/sensor count exceed 10. Agent-based systems o er reliable control and powerful communication tools but requires a higher level of expertise than IEC64199 function blocks. Agent-based systems are proposed for the core high level control. Complex systems can be controlled with agents and intelligence can be added to control systems in a recon gurable way. For the recon gurable control of large manufacturing systems, agent-based control was found to be superior to IEC64199 function blocks. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werk behels 'n studie in die beheersagteware van vervoerstelsels vir die gebruik in herkon gureerbare vervaardigingstelsels. Verskeie benaderings word oorweeg, met die fokus op die verbetering van herkon gureerbaarheid. Die werk is uniek in die sin dat die herkon gureerbare vervaardigingstelsel ontwerp is vir die vervaardiging van klein onderdele/produkte en is bedoel vir die gebruik in die ontwikkelende lande. Vervaardigingstelsels wat die kwaliteit van die produk en a ewering kan verseker, is 'n kritieke behoefte in die lande waar die grootste deel van die vervaardiging met handearbeid gedoen word. Herkon gureerbare vervaardigingstelsels en holoniese vervaardigingstelsels is geïdenti seer as konsepte wat moontlik kan meeding met die handmatige produksie-stelsels. Die mededingende stelsel moet dus 'n lae aanvanklike aannemingsrisiko hê, in staat wees om te kan aanpas by die veranderende produk funksionaliteit en aanvraag, en 'n vergelykbare deurvloeikoers kan lewer. IEC61311-3, IEC61499 funksie-blok en agent-gebaseerde beheer argitekture word geëvalueer. Die beheer sagteware is getoets op 'n eksperimentele vervoerband stelsel. Die tesis toon dat IEC61131-3 en IEC61499 argitekture voordelig is in die laër vlakke van beheer. IEC61499 funksie-blokke voorsien menslike koppelvlak en ontwikkelings-gereedskap, en vereenvoudig die verspreiding van beheer. Die menslike koppelvlak en ontwikkelings-gereedskap van die IEC61499 funksieblokke is moontlik voordelig in die voorsiening van stelselmonitering en vinnige laag-geskoolde aanpassing van die beheer stelsel. Dit mag dus moontlik die herkon gureerbaarheid van stelsels, in onder-ontwikkelde lande, verhoog. Die lae vlak van volwassenheid van die ontwikkelingsomgewings vir IEC61499 funksie-blokke verlaag hul bruikbaarheid. Daar word aangetoon dat IEC61499 funksie-blok beheerders baie kompleks raak as die hoeveelheid van aktueerders en sensors meer as 10 raak. Agent-gebaseerde stelsels bied betroubare beheer, en kragtige kommunikasie-gereedskap, maar vereis 'n hoër vlak van kundigheid as IEC61499 funksie-blokke. Agent-gebaseerde stelsels word voorgestel vir die hoëvlak beheer. Komplekse stelsels kan beheer word met agente en intelligensie kan bygevoeg word om stelsels te beheer in 'n herkon gureerbare manier. Dit was gevind dat agent-gebaseerde beheer beter is as IEC61499 funksie-blok beheer vir die herkon gureerbare beheer van groot vervaardigings stelsels.

Aujourd'hui, dans un monde globalisé, la conception des produits est en train de basculer vers la conceptiondistribuée multi-sites. En effet, la complexité des produits avec des contraintes économiques et d'ingénierie ontaccéléré la transformation et l'organisation des activités de conception en service-orientés dans un réseau distribué.Alors, la conception pour la configuration des produits émerge comme un outil efficace pour résoudre les nouveauxdéfis de la conception des produits. Beaucoup de recherches sur la conception pour la configuration considèrent leproblème de la conception pour la configuration uniquement comme un problème d'arrangement des composants.En effet, le processus de conception implique de multiple-métiers, la distribution des métiers et des acteurs, etl'interaction dans un environnement dynamique et incertain. De plus, nous pensons que la structure interne duprocessus de conception est une image homomorphe des discontinuités du produit perçu. En considérant l'espacede la conception pour la configuration comme multi vues, multi dimensionnels et incertain, cette thèse porte surl'étude de la conception pour la configuration comme un problème holistique.Nous avons proposé à étudier : (1) appréhender et modéliser la conception pour la configuration comme unproblème de recherche de consensus entre différents métiers ; (2) appréhender et modéliser les relations intra etinter domaines considérant la conception pour la configuration comme un problème holistique ; (3) formaliser lesgrammaires génératives pour la modélisation de produit dans les deux principaux espaces : fonctionnel et structurelet (4) modéliser les liens entre ces deux espaces à l'aide du concept d'holon de conception. A partir de cesconsidérations, nous établissons les hypothèses les plus importantes de notre recherche : (a) Hypothèse de multivues; (b) Hypothèse de flou ; (c) Hypothèse de dérivation ; (d) Hypothèse holistique et (e) Hypothèse d'attracteur.Nous avons décrit un modèle de conception pour la configuration dans lequel les aspects d'optimisation desconfigurations et la recherche des noyaux des configurations sont intégrés. D'ailleurs, nous avons proposé desgrammaires fonctionnelles floues graphes et des grammaires fonctionnelles floues formelles pour représentergraphiquement et formellement les structures fonctionnelles de produit. Nous avons aussi proposé une approche demodélisation holonique des configurations. Les concepts d'Holon Conception Floue et de l'Attracteur Flou sontproposés pour comprendre la coévolution dans la conception pour la configuration. Nous avons étudié un casindustriel de la conception pour la configuration à l'aide des modules pour un groupe motopropulseur / Product design is switching to the multi-site distributed design. Indeed, the complexity of products with engineeringand economic constraints have accelerated the transformation and organization of design activities into serviceorientedin a distributed network. So, design for product configuration emerges as an effective tool to address thenew challenges of product design. Many researches on design for configuration consider the design problem only asa problem of arrangement of components. Indeed, the design process involves multi-trades, distribution of tradesand actors, and interaction in a dynamic and uncertain environment. Moreover, we believe that the internal structureof the design process is a homomorphic image of the product perceived discontinuities. Considering the space ofthe design for the configuration as multi-views, multi-dimensional and uncertain, this thesis focuses on the study ofdesign for the configuration as a holistic problem.We proposed to study: (1) understand and model design for configuration as a consensus-building problem betweendifferent trades; (2) understand and model the relationships within and between domains considering the design forconfiguration as a holistic problem; (3) formalize the generative grammars for product modeling in two main spaces:functional and structural and (4) model the links between these two spaces with the concept of design holon. Fromthese considerations, we establish the most important assumptions of our research: (a) Assumption of multi-view;(b) Assumption of fuzzy; (c) Assumption of derivation; (d) Holistic assumption and (e) Assumption of attractor.We have described a design model for configuration wherein the optimization aspects of configurations andsearching of configurations cores are integrated. Moreover, we proposed fuzzy graphs functional grammars andformal fuzzy functional grammars to represent formally and graphically the functional structures of product. We alsoproposed an approach of holonic modeling for configurations. The concepts of Fuzzy Design Holon and FuzzyAttractor are proposed to understand the co-evolution in design for configuration. We studied an industrial case ofdesign for configuration using modules of a power train.

Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur le contrôle intelligent, isoarchique et multicritère de flux de personnes dans une zone fermée. Nous proposons un système de contrôle basé sur la biométrie multimodale et le RFID qui sont deux techniques complémentaires pour une sécurisation robuste et flexible du flux de personnes. La biométrie multimodale est utilisée pour une reconnaissance plus fiable des individus, et le RFID pour la sécurisation et le stockage des informations identitaires des personnes à surveiller. Ce système est complètement décentralisé et la décision concernant une demande d'accès est prise de manière autonome au niveau de chaque porte de chaque zone sous contrôle. Les entités internes participantes au processus de prise de décision répondent à des concepts exprimés via le paradigme holonique. L'ouverture automatique d'une porte est conditionnée à la conjonction de plusieurs critères. Une méthode d'aide multicritère à la décision est ainsi déployée au sein de chaque porte d'accès pour fusionner les réponses des identifications biométriques et pour traiter en temps réel les demandes d'autorisation d'accès. Tout d'abord, un état de l'art a été réalisé sur la biométrie, la multimodalité biométrique, la technologie RFID et les systèmes de contrôle d'accès physique. Ensuite, un système de contrôle intelligent, isoarchique et multicritère a été proposé, intégrant l'utilisation simultanée de la multimodalité biométrique et du RFID. Enfin, un démonstrateur du système a été implémenté dans le cadre du contrôle de flux de détenus dans une prison. / The proposed work deals with the intelligent control, isoarchic and multicriteria of people flow in a restricted area. Our proposal is a control system based on a multimodal biometrics and RFID which are considered as two secured complementary techniques for robust and flexible people flow control. Multimodal biometrics is used for more reliable individual recognitions and the RFID for securing and storing supervised individuals identity information. This system is completely decentralized and the decision related to a control access request is made autonomously at each gate of each controlled area. The internal entities which participate to the decision making process respond to the holonic paradigm concepts and principles. The automatic gate opening is conditioned with several criteria conjunction (biometrics identifications, RFID identification, access permissions, authorized paths, status of the zone at time t, etc.). A multicriteria decision aid method is thus deployed in each access gate to merge biometrics identifications responses and to automatically treat the real-time access authorization requests. First, a state of art related to the biometric recognition, the contribution of multimodal biometric, the RFID technology and the physical access control based on biometric, was done. Then, an intelligent, isoarchic and multicriteria control of people flow system was proposed, including the use of multimodal biometric and RFID. At the end, a system simulation test bed was implemented to control prisoners flow in a jail. It supports the integration of various biometrics and RFID technologies.

Estimant qu'il est nécessaire de fonder la valeur intrinsèque de la nature et constatant l'insuffisance des pistes tracées par Baird Callicott pour ajuster son axiologie subjective moderne à un cadre de pensée postmoderne, j'entreprends de repenser ses notions de sujet et de valeur intrinsèque afin d'y intégrer non seulement l'invalidation écologique-quantique d'une séparation tranchée entre sujet et objet, mais également des éléments prégnants de la pensée postmoderne :la contextualisation, le constructivisme, et l'aperspectivisme découlant de ces deux traits (la pensée ne peut plus indûment privilégier une perspective particulière). <p>J'utilise pour cela comme outil heuristique la théorie intégrale de Ken Wilber, et mets à profit une série d'analyses et de concepts novateurs inscrits dans une post-métaphysique intégrale, afin de proposer une voie de dépassement au dualisme inhérent à l'axiologie de Callicott et d'équilibrer son approche foncièrement matérielle de l'ontologie morale et du soi relationnel par et au sein d'un holisme intégral (extérieur et intérieur). Celui-ci repose sur la ré-introduction des intériorités du monde :le holisme n'est en effet pas simplement un multiplexe de relations internes entre surfaces matérielles mais également, et nécessairement, le multiplexe des relations intérieures qui co-constituent toute entité, tout holon. <p>Un holon désigne un tout-partie – à la fois entièreté persistante en relation avec d'autres entièretés et partie constituante d'une entièreté plus profonde – qui possède donc intrinsèquement une dimension individuelle et une dimension collective. Celles-ci se doublent de dimensions extérieures (aspects du holon accessibles à l'observation par les sens physiques ou leurs extensions) et intérieures (aspects du holon qui échappent à l'observation matérielle et requièrent, pour leur appréhension, dialogue et interprétation). <p>Je préconise d'intégrer aux notions de sujet et de valeur intrinsèque ces quatre dimensions co-constitutives de tout holon, irréductibles les unes aux autres, et nécessairement impliquées pour tout référent. L'intersubjectivité, littéralement intrinsèque à tout rapport au monde comme à tout référent, en elle-même irréductible à des composantes matérielles, représente le dépassement des dualismes modernes en même temps que la ré-introduction en propre de l'intériorité inhérente du monde. Atomisme et holisme sont transcendés en une approche intégrale qui réinscrit, en regard des relations internes entre surfaces matérielles, les relations intérieures qui les agencent. Par le biais de la théorie intégrale de Wilber, je propose donc de réconcilier l'axiologie de Callicott et sa théorie de la valeur intrinsèque de la nature avec un cadre de pensée postmoderne réhabilitant les intériorités du vivant. <p>--------------- <p>Considering it necessary to articulate and to ground an understanding of the intrinsic value of nature, and finding that Callicott's proposals for adjusting his modern subjective axiology to a postmodern framework fall short on several accounts, I set about to rethink and reexamine his notions of subject and intrinsic value so as to have them integrate not only the ecological-quantic invalidation of the modern subject-object dichotomy but also some prominent features of postmodern thought :contextualism, constructivism, and, following those, aperspectivism (intenability of unduly privileging a single perspective). <p>To this end, I make use of Ken Wilber's Integral Theory as a heuristic tool and take advantage of several innovative analysis and concepts, set in the context of an integral post-metaphysics, in order to suggest a way of transcending the dualism inherent to Callicott's axiology whilst allowing for the fundamentally material conception of his moral ontology and relational self to be balanced by and within an integral holism (exterior and interior). This means re-introducing the world's interiorities :holism isn't simply about a multiplex of internal relations between material surfaces but also, and necessarily, about the multiplex of interior relations that are co-constitutive of any entity, of any holon. <p>A holon designates a whole-part – both a persisting entirety or whole involved in relations with other entities and a constitutive part of deeper wholes – that intrinsically possesses an individual and a collective dimension. These are both further comprised of exterior (aspects of the holon that are accessible to observation by the physical senses or their extensions) and interior (aspects of the holon that evade material observation and require, for their apprehension, a dialogue and interpretation) dimensions. <p>Intersubjectivity, which is literally intrinsic both to any relation with the world and to the co-creation of any referent, and is in itself irreducible to whatever material component, appears as the fundamental overcoming of modernity's dualisms. Concurrently, a holonic understanding of the notions of subject and of intrinsic value is recommended, such that the main constitutive and irreducible dimensions of any holon become foundational to both these notions. Atomism and holism are transcended into an integral approach that acknowledges the interior relations prominent in giving agency and meaning to the various internal relations between material surfaces focused on by Callicott. Through Wilber's Integral Theory, I thus suggest the means of reconciling Callicott's axiology and theory of the intrinsic value of nature with a postmodern framework that rehabilitates life's interiorities. <p> / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished