[pt] Esta dissertação visa apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa que considerou uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, além de dados oriundos de uma etnografia realizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre grupos de homens que se relacionam sexualmente com outros homens, todos praticantes do sexo sem preservativo – também conhecido como sexo bareback. Uma literatura especializada em gênero e sexualidade, boletins epidemiológicos e comportamentais e a observação de pequenos clubes masculinos privados dedicados ao sexo sem preservativo se constituem o campo desta investigação. No escopo deste estudo, destacam-se duas descobertas: a) a hegemonia de um corpo erógeno que ultrapassa o sexual no sentido biológico, e b) e a preponderância dos sentidos, em especial do sentido tátil, por meio de valores e significados atribuídos à pele. / [en] This study aims to present the results of a qualitative research that considered a bibliographical and documentary review, as well as data from an ethnography carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, between groups of men who engage sex to other men (MSM) without a condom - also known as bareback sex. A literature specialized in gender and sexuality, epidemiological and behavioral bulletins, and the observation of small private male clubs dedicated to bareback sex constitute the field of this research. In the scope of this study, two discoveries stand out: a) the hegemony of an erogenous body that surpasses the sexual in the biological sense, and b) and the preponderance of the senses, especially the tactile sense, through values and meanings attributed to the skin.

This dissertation examines the public construction of gay and lesbian adoption by looking at the public discourse surrounding the issue. A discourse analysis was conducted of five print news publications and twenty interviews were conducted with participants in the issue. The goals of this research project included assessing how participants in the gay and lesbian adoption issue sought to influence its public construction, what frames they employed, how they interacted publicly with other participants, and how they constructed their identities and the identities of other participants. Other goals included assessing how the print news media covered the issue and how the participants strategized to garner media attention. The results indicate that the discourse of gay and lesbian adoption includes dominant themes, including the best interests of children, the definition of family, civil rights, and social science research. Within these themes, participants sponsor opposing frames, interacting with each other through their discursive strategies. Overall, print news coverage of the issue tended to reflect the opposing discourses of proponents and opponents of gay and lesbian adoption although more recent coverage tended to favor proponents. This dissertation contributes to the research areas of British cultural studies, social constructionism, media studies, and framing. The results have implications for those who advocate for political and social change as they indicate that proponents of gay and lesbian adoption are finding success through a negotiation strategy of advocating for change while upholding existing American cultural values. / Mass Media and Communication

The author of dissertation considers that dependence of behavior of people on their attitude toward God the Creator is perhaps the first and the most important topic that comes to mind during the study of the present passage of the most fundamental Paul's epistle. We believe it is necessary to explore "false foundations" as we see as Paul opposes to them his ideology - ideology of worship to God the Creator. We affirm that Paul sees the main reason of immoral behavior in such area of man's activity as thinking that, in its tum, denies the Creator of every living thing of Earth and because of its incapability to rule over human passions is forced to look for an ideological basis for its acts. This thesis has also practical meaning because it demonstrates Paul's methodology of disproval of false theories of that time revealing their illogicality and senselessness. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M. Th (New Testament)

Thesis (MDiv (Old and New Testament))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In present day society and the context within which we find ourselves, the word “marginalised” is not altogether uncommon, therefore the marginalised is on the rise. It is precisely the marginalised that feel the need to hide their true identity. Finding refuge in this option offers them some degree of protection against discrimination/discriminatory practices. This is all too common-place for homosexuals who often find themselves existing only on the fringes of society. Homosexuality is a highly contentious and emotional issue within most denominations, because it goes against most people’s beliefs. This begs investigation into how the homosexual person is dealt with/treated within society as well as how accommodating the Church of Christ is towards them. This dissertation deals with the “hermeneutics of inclusivity” – the acceptance of the homosexual person within the faith-communities, and the ethics surrounding “hospitality”. Acts 15: 1-29, the text which is being dealt with/studied, does not deal with homosexuality, rather it deals with the inclusion of the other/others. Many Christians today long to experience the munificent power of God, this is precisely why Acts is used in this discussion as it is a book that vibrates with life – God’s new life that He bestows upon His people through the Holy Spirit. Looking at Acts 15: 1-29, which speaks about Christian leaders’ meeting in Jerusalem, will aid me in discussing inclusivity and how to incorporate lesbigays, who are seen as “different”, into the extended family within God’s church. By virtue of the text and stories that Paul, Barnabas and Peter had shared with their followers, they had convinced the church that heathens that were not circumcised could still be included within the faith-community. These apostles delivered personal testimonies about the “signs and wonders” and how they also occurred and succeeded amongst the non-believers. This is precisely the type of testimony that the church needs for, and by its lesbigay followers. It is important that we create room for each other to truly live out our Christianity, to be receptive and open to each other, to accept each other as Jesus Christ and God loves and accepts each and every one of us – basically a space where we include everyone in the covenant with God, and the Word of God that asks us to love our neighbour as we love ourselves, as Christ loves us. This love is witnessed in the crucifiction of Christ. We all have a stake in this be it Jew or non-Jew, slave or free man, man or woman, heterosexual or homosexual. If God can include everybody in His love, then that should be the role of the Church, and of each Christian. We should be able to live as one big, happy family whilst serving our God. God’s love and grace excludes no-one.

À partir d’une étude descriptive et comparative des pièces dramatiques Les Feluettes (1987) et Les Muses orphelines (1988) de Michel Marc Bouchard (Québec) ainsi que Feliz cumpleaños, señor ministro (1992) et Madre amantísima (2003) de Rafael Mendizábal (Espagne), le présent mémoire traite de la représentation des homosexualités à travers les relations amoureuses et familiales, les subversions du genre, l’homophobie, ainsi que la pandémie de sida et son impact au niveau théâtral et littéraire. L’approche méthodologique employée est la perspective des études du genre et des études queer. Comme conclusions, on constate que les relations amoureuses sont marquées par la valorisation paradoxale du cadre de l’amour romantique classique, entre libération et homonormativité, en plus d’une représentation de la sexualité articulée par des rôles polarisés. Les relations familiales, pour leur part, s’organisent autour de la figure paternelle associée avec d’importantes nuances au discours dominant hétérosexiste, et se décline parallèlement en la figure du père absent et désintéressé. De même, les figures maternelles sont majoritairement absentes ou effacées, bien que ce constat soit renversé par une figure maternelle traditionnelle particulièrement forte. Dans tous les cas, la figure maternelle reste idéalisée. Les identités de genres sont étudiées sous l’angle des identités dichotomiques lesbiennes et de l’effémination entant que subversions des normes dominantes du genre et l’articulation sexiste du phénomène de l’homophobie, motivé par le tabou de l’homoérotisme et son poids en scène. / Based on a descriptive and comparative study of Michel Marc Bouchard’s Les Feluettes (1987) and Les Muses orphelines (1988) from Quebec, along with Rafael Mendizábal’s Feliz cumpleaños, señor ministro (1922) and Madre amantísima (2003) from Spain, this study deals with the representation of homosexualities in theatre through love and family relationships, gender subversions, homophobia, as well as the AIDS pandemic and its literary and theatrical impact. The methodological framework borrows from queer and gender studies. This study concludes that homoerotic love relationships are defined by the paradoxical valorisation of the frames of classical romantic love, between liberation and homonormativity, and a representation of sexuality articulated on polarized roles. For their part, family relationships are organized around the father-figure linked in different shades to the dominant, heterosexist discourse, alongside the figure of the absent and uncompromised father. Likewise, the maternal figures are mainly absent or self-effacing, even though this statement is reversed by an especially strong maternal figure. In all cases, mother-figures remain idealized. Gender identities are studied from the angle of lesbian dichotomous identities and effemination as subversions of dominant norms of gender, and also considering the sexist articulation of homophobia, strengthened by the taboo of homoerotism and its weight in the theatrical discourse. / A partir de un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de las obras Les Feluettes (1987) y Les Muses orphelines (1988) del quebequense Michel Marc Bouchard y de Feliz cumpleaños, señor ministro (1992) y Madre amantísima (2003) del español Rafael Mendizábal, esta memoria trata de la representación de las homosexualidades a través las relaciones amorosas y familiares, las subversiones del género, la homofobia así como la pandemia de sida y su impacto a nivel teatral y literario. El marco teórico en el que se inscribe este estudio son los estudios de género y los estudios queer. Como conclusiones de este estudio, se constata que las relaciones amorosas son marcadas por la paradójica valorización del marco del amor romántico clásico, entre liberación y homonormatividad, además de una representación de la sexualidad articulada en roles polarizados. Por su parte, las relaciones familiares se enredan alrededor de la figura del padre asociada a diferentes grados al discurso dominante heterosexista, y que también se declina en la figura del padre ausente. Del mismo modo, las figuras maternas son mayoritariamente ausentes o borrosas, aunque una figura materna particularmente fuerte sea la excepción de la regla. En todos los casos, la figura materna permanece idealizada. Las identidades de género son estudiadas a partir de las identidades lesbianas dicotómicas y de la afeminación como subversio-nes de las normas dominantes del género y la articulación sexista del fenómeno de la homofobia, motivado por el tabú del homoerotismo y su peso en el escenario. / A partir de um estudo descritivo e comparativo das peças teatrais Les Feluettes (1987) e Les Muses orphelines (1988) do quebequense Michel Marc Bouchard e de Feliz cumpleaños, señor ministro (1992) e Madre amantísima (2003) do espanhol Rafael Mendizábal, esta tese discurre sobre a representação das homossexualidades no teatro a través das relações amorosas e familiares, das subversões do gênero, da homofóbia assim como da pandemia de sida e do seu impacto à altura do teatro e da literatura. O quadro teórico no que este estudo se encaixa são os estudos de gênero e os estudos queer. Nas conclusões, parece que as relações amorosas são marcadas pela valorização paradoxal do marco do amor romántico clássico, entre liberação e homonormatividade, além de uma representação da sexualidade articulada em funções polarizadas. Pela sua parte, as relações familiares enmaranham-se em torno à figura do pai-de-família, associada com maior o menor força ao discurso dominante heterossexista, que também fica presente sob a figura do pai ausente. Da mesma maneira, as figuras maternáis são ausentes u apagadas en maioria, mesmo se uma figura maternal notadamente forte seja a excepção da regla. Em todo caso, a figura da mãe fica sendo idealizada. As identidades de gênero são estudadas a partir das identidades lésbicas dicotómicas e da afeminação como subversões das normas dominantes do gênero e a articulação sexista do fenómeno da homofobia, motivada pelo tabu do homoerotismo e o seu peso no cenário. / Основываясь на описательно-сравнительном анализе пьес Мишеля Марка Бушара (Квебек) Les Feluettes 1987 году и Les Muses orphelines 1988 году, а также Рафаэля Мендисабаля (Испания) Feliz cumpleaños, señor ministro 1992 году и Madre amantísima 2003 году, данное эссе затрагивает тему гомосексуализма через любовь и семейные отношения, искажение половых ролей, гомофобию, распространение СПИДа, и его влияние в литературе и театре. Любовные отношения определены главным образом рамками классической романтической любви между освобождением и гомонормативностью, наряду с представлением о сексуальности, выраженном в противоположных ролях. Семейные отношения строятся вокруг фигуры отца, олицетворяющей доминирующие общественные нормы и табу гомосексуализма, или фигуры рассеянного и отвлеченного отца. Таким же образом, фигуры матери в основном незначительны или незаметны, однако это утверждение может быть опровержено присутствием особенно сильной материнской фигуры в других пьесах. В любом случае, фигуры матери остаются идеализированы. Гендерная пренадлежность изучаются с точки зрения двоякого понимания личности лесбиянок как искажения доминирующих половых ролей, а также учитывая сексистское выражение гомофобии, укрепленное табу гомоэротизма и его значения в рамках театра. / انطلاقا من دراسة وصفية و مقارنة لأعمال الزنابق والمصادر الروحية اليتيمة لميشال مارك بوشارد (كيبيك ) وكذلك عيد ميلاد سعيد والسيد الوزير و الأم المحبة لرفايل مونديزبال (إسبانيا ) ، تعالج هذه الأطروحة موضوع المثلية الجنسية عبر علاقات الحب و العلاقات العائلية، فتن الجنس، فوبيا المثلية، و كذلك وباء السيدا و تأثيرها على المستوى المسرحي و الأدبي . تتميز علاقات الحب بتعزيز متناقض لإطار الحب الرومانسي الكلاسيكي، بين حرية و رؤيا منفتحة و عادية للمثلية الجنسية، بالإضافة إلى تمثيل النشاط الجنسي بناء على أدوار الإستقطاب . فيما يخص العلاقات العائلية، فإنها تنظم حول شخص الأب المرتبط بفوارق دقيقة و هامة ضمن الخطاب المهيمن للمغايرة الجنسية، و يتمحور بشكل موازي في هيئة الأب الغائب و غير المهتم . من خلال الرؤيا ذاتها تبقى شخوص الأمهات غائبة أو محذوفة على الرغم من أن هذه النتيجة تم الإطاحة بها من طرف شخصية الأم التقليدية القوية . في جميع الأحوال تبقى شخصية الأم نموذجية . تمت دراسة الهويات الجنسية من . زاوية الهويات المثلية الإنقسامية و التخنث كتخريب للمعايير المهيمنة للجنس و التعبير الجنسي للمثلية بدافع تحريم الشهوة المثلية والتأثير الناجم عنه في المشهد المجتمعي

Afro-Puerto Rican Mayra Santos-Febres's novel Sirena Selena vestida de pena (2000) demonstrates the intrinsic social relationship that exists between generations in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. The historical similarity between these regions permits a comparison in life stories of marginalized peoples. Puerto Rican godmothers and transvestites Martha Divine and Valentina Frenesâi prepare goddaughter, quinceänera and bolerista Sirena Selena in her performance in order to launch a career and conquer the strategies of survival. Meanwhile, Dominican millionaire Hugo Graubel manages his life publicly as a heterosexual husband and privately as a gay man and strongly attempts to capture enigmatic Sirena Selena. Whereas the Dominican, pre-adolescent, poor, and mulatto Leocadio discovers the veiled world of tourism that offers alternate possibilities of economic survival. The previous generations' transgression of society's binary definitions created alternate spaces that continue to pave the way for future generations that will refuse and resist conforming to static patriarchal and heterosexual mainstream classifications. / by Ariana Heydi Magdaleno. / Abstract in English. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

每當提及中國古代男色關係時，閱史不深者 ，或未能打破「異性戀常規」的刻板印象，以為男色關係不曾存在於強調傳宗接代、褒揚孝道文化的中國傳統社會中；或習慣援引現代西方病理化同性戀的論述，將男色污名化，視之為少數人的反常嗜好。稍識其事者，能不致於偏聽權力知識所傳播的一種論述，知悉歷史上男色關係曾流行成風，卻僅憑表象，而無太多實證的情況下，論斷中國社會曾寬容對待男色關係，未察這種歸納委實過度簡單化，未能理解環繞男色所建立的關係複雜性。以本文所述的陳維崧及徐紫雲二人關係為例，即使能微觀男色關係的研究者亦多以陳維崧的文字為憑，復以情感層面的框架定位出男色關係，使其對男色關係的解讀不免流於主觀，亦欠卻對徐紫雲的主體性的關懷。 / 本文對應上述三種對男色關係的理解，回饋三種層次的知識：知從前所未知；對往昔一知半解者，豐富其所知；對已知者，復稽其所知。前緣部份，吐露筆者建基於在地性及人文關懷的研究動機。第一章解釋以男色命名關係的原由，及在前現代──現代─後現代、西方──東方的脈絡中，略陳前人研究的語境，並綜述其研究內容。第二章則透過彙整史料，呈示明末清初的男色生態，並探討造就該現象的時代因素。第三章講述陳維崧的生平故事。第四章除整理陳、徐二人的生平和交往，更討論「異性戀常規」如何令男色關係陷於失語的狀態。並關懷二人各自的主體性，更具深度地考量這段男色關係的性質及其操作。針對今日學界的論述如「冒襄笑遣雲郎乃完成了佔有權轉移」及「好男色者皆為雙性戀者」提出質疑。第五章聚焦於《九青圖詠》，以陳維崧與題詠者的交誼為觀察窗口，對題詠內容再作解讀，透析一種鮮有學者提及的客套之情，以豐富學界對箇中題詠立意的解釋，從而對時人對男色大都抱有欣賞之意的看法作出反思。第六章總結並歸納全文要點。 / When it comes to the nanse relationship in ancient Chinese society, people who hardly comprehend the context of history may well judge that there was no breeding ground for such relationship since Chinese culture places much emphasis on the continuation of one’s ancestral line and attaches much importance to filial piety. Meanwhile some people may tend to perceive such homosexual relationship as an abnormal behavior for the minority on the basis of modern western discourse of pathologized homosexuality, thus turning a blind eye to this stigmatized aspect. To those who somewhat understand the past, they might be able to extend their vision beyond what has been produced by the power knowledge, and thus would realize that there were various kinds of nanse relationships among different classes. They however might merely emphasize the popularity of the phenomena and conclude that such relationship was commonly tolerated. Such oversimplified argumentation would contribute to a kind of biased comprehension in which the nature of nanse relationship can by no means be concretely captured. Even to those who conduct micro study of nanse relationship, take my case of Chen Weisong and Xu Ziyun as an example, they usually capitalize on Chen’s literary works in discussing nanse relationship in terms of emotion regardless of the limitation of such subjective interpretation. And Less attention has been paid to the issue of Xu Ziyun’s subjectivity. / To remedy the above problem, this thesis is to produce three kinds of knowledge according to the aforementioned different levels of comprehension of nanse relationship, using the Chen-Xu relationship as a case to tell those without the knowledge of the history the neglected story, to inform those having half-baked knowledge, and to enrich the existing scholarship by reviewing the issue. To begin the thesis with a foreword, I declear my research motive which is related to a kind of local and humanistic concern. The first chapter explains the reasons for using nanse to name the male-male relationship in ancient Chinese society and reviews the previous studies in the Pre-Modern─Modern─Post-Modern and the West－East context. The second chapter shows the phenomenon of nanse relationship during late Ming and early Qing period and explicates its popularity. The third chapter introduces Chen Weisong’s life. The fourth chapter not only describes how Chen and Xu interacted, but also analyses how nanse relationship was misplaced owing to the operation of heteronormativity. In so doing, I provide the scholarship with an insight into Chen-Xu’s nanse relationship with emphasis on their subjectivities. In the midst of my argumentation, existing scholarly observations such as "Mao Xiang sent Ziyun to Chen to indicate the completion of shifting possession", "those immersing in Nanse are all bisexual," and so forth are challenged. The fifth chapter focuses on the picture Jiuqing tuyong and interprets the pomes on it by explicating the relationship between the poets and Chen, thus detecting a kind of civilities that existed among them. This discovery can enrich the existing scholarship concerning the poests’ objectives of writing the poems so as to respond to the question about their appreciation of nanse relationship. The sixth chapter concludes the thesis by highlighting the vital points mentioned in the previous chapters. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李俊威. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-273). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Li Junwei.

Leung Yat Wai Carol. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2000-01, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 88). / Preface --- p.1 / Chapter A. --- Concept / Chapter 1 --- Genesis / Chapter 1.1 --- Synopsis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gender --- p.3-4 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Gender, Architecture Relationship" --- p.5-8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Crossing Gender - Queer Concept --- p.9-13 / Chapter 1.5 --- "Queer, Architecture Relationship" --- p.14-16 / Chapter 2 --- Concept / Chapter 2.1 --- Architectural Intention --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Of Boundaries --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Architectural Strategies --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3a --- Tangible - of Form --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3b --- Intangible - of Psychology --- p.21 / Chapter B. --- Program / Chapter 1 --- From Concept to Program --- p.22-23 / Chapter 2 --- Program Studies --- p.24-31 / Chapter 3 --- Program --- p.32-35 / Chapter 4 --- Precedent Studies --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1 --- Youth Detention Centre --- p.37-39 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discotheque --- p.40-41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Stanley Prison Visit --- p.42 / Chapter C. --- Site / Chapter 1 --- Site Studies --- p.43-50 / Chapter 2 --- Site Strategies --- p.51 / Chapter D. --- Design Development / Chapter 1 --- Phase One - the Linear and the Object --- p.52-55 / Chapter 2 --- Phase Two - the Wrapping --- p.56-58 / Chapter 3 --- Phase Three - the Following of Site Boundary --- p.59-61 / Chapter 4 --- Phase Four - the oval --- p.62-64 / Chapter 5 --- Final Design --- p.65-69 / Evaluation --- p.70 / Epilogue --- p.71 / Appendix --- p.72-87 / Bibliography --- p.88

The diploma thesis The Role of Travesty Show in Media Culture is concerned with a question if we can find some similarities between the way how media presents travesty show and the way how people think and talk about this kind of entertainment. As a research method I chose qualitative content analysis and questionnaire. Theoretical part focuses on explanation of technical terms, history of homosexuality, queer culture, queer theory, travesty show and history. In practical part I will create concrete codes from qualitative content analysis and from these codes I will make categories. Part of practical part is also a questionnaire. In the end of this thesis I will compare the codes from qualitative content analysis with the answers from the questionnaire. And based on this comparison I will find out if there exist any similarities between the way how media presents travesty show and the way how people think and talk about this kind of entertainment.

介紹.與確診多年的HIV陽性男男性接觸者（MSM）相比，新確診的HIV陽性男男性接觸者（N-MSM）傳播HIV的危險性更高，承受更多的心理健康問題，但愛滋病相關知識相對缺乏。目前的研究已經描述了N-MSM的心理健康和危險行為情況，但關於二者影響因素的調查卻甚少，且暫無關於N-MSM獨特相關因素，如疾病認知，安全套使用認知，安全使用的社會道德等的研究报告。目前，中國只有少量關於HIV陽性MSM的研究，無關於N-MSM的研究。 / 目的.本研究的目的包括： 1）描述中國N-MSM的心理健康和危險行為情況；2）驗證疾病認知量表在N-MSM人群的適應性；3）探討N-MSM疾病認知與心理健康（自殺意念，抑鬱，自我歧視和創傷後成長）的關係，並進一步研究在認知表徵與心理健康結果關係中，情感表徵的仲介作用與交互作用； 4）探索疾病認知與心理因素（抑鬱、自我歧視和創傷後成長）對自殺意念的獨立作用與交互作用；和5）研究愛滋病傳播相關危險行為的多方面因素。 / 對象與方法：本研究採用橫斷面研究設計，對中國成都共225名N-MSM進行了面對面訪談和電腦輔助移動電話訪談。根據Moss-Morris的方法，驗證疾病認知問卷的信度及效度； 使用單變量、多變量及分層的logistic和線性回歸等方法進行資料分析。 / 結果.在225名研究對象中，48%有自殺意念和抑鬱表現，35%自我歧視得分較高，17%有積極的創傷後成長。N-MSM的危險行為普遍存在：31%在確診感染後發生過非保護肛交性行為，40%認為在未來6個月意願與HIV陰性男性發生非保護肛交性行為，20%在感染後想過故意將HIV傳染給別人。經驗證，疾病認知問卷在N-MSM中具有良好的心理測量特徵。疾病認知的多個維度，如情感反應和治療控制等，與心理健康結果顯著相關。在認知表徵與心理健康結果的關係中，情感表徵表現出強烈的仲介作用。兩個疾病認知維度（情感反應與治療控制）和兩個心理因素（抑鬱和創傷後成長）對自殺意念有獨立作用，但無交互作用。影響N-MSM危險行為的多方面因素包括安全套相關認知，情感因素，心理健康和社會道德。 / 結論.本研究結果顯示中國N-MSM心理健康問題和危險行為是普遍存在的。疾病認知與心理健康結果的顯著聯繫，提示了可以通過改善N-MSM的疾病認知從而減少該人群的心理健康問題；在HIV領域中，這是一個新的研究方向。在對N-MSM危險行為的幹預研究中，需考慮影響N-MSM的獨特因素，如安全套相關認知，情感反應和社會責任等。 / Introduction.Newly diagnosed HIV positive men who have sex with men (N-MSM) comprise a special subgroup of HIV positive MSM, as they have higher risks of transmission via anal sex, suffer from more mental health problems, and possess less knowledge of HIV/AIDS than those who have been diagnosed for many years. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence of mental health and risk behaviours among N-MSMs, while few studies have explored the risk factors associated with these health-related outcomes, particularly the factors unique to N-MSMs, like illness perception, cognitions regarding condom use, social morality of condom use, etc. China provides only limited data about HIV positive MSM, and no such data is about N-MSMs. / Objectives.The aims of the study were to 1) investigate the characteristics of mental health and risk behaviours among N-MSMs in China; 2) validate the revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R) modified for N-MSMs; 3) examine the effects of patients’ illness perception on their mental health outcomes and determine the mediating or moderating effects of emotional representation on the associations between cognitive representation and mental health outcomes; 4) examine the main effects and interaction effects of illness perception and psychological variables on suicidal ideation; and 5) investigate the multidimensional factors associated with risk behaviours related to HIV transmission. / Subjects and Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chengdu, China. A total of 225 N-MSMs participated in this study. Both face-to-face and computer-assisted mobile phone interviews were applied. The methodology by Moss-Morris was used to validate IPQ-R among N-MSMs. Univariate, multivariate, hierarchical logistic, and linear regression methods were used for data analysis. / Results.Of all participants, 48% had suicidal ideation and depression, and 36% reported self-stigma, but only 17% experienced posttraumatic growth (PTG). Risk behaviours were prevalent: 32% had had unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) since HIV diagnosis, 40% had the intention to have UAI with HIV negative men in the coming 6 months, and 20% had had thoughts of transmitting HIV to others purposely since HIV diagnosis. The modified IPQ-R for N-MSMs was validated and found to have acceptable psychometric properties. Most dimensions of illness perception (such as emotional response, treatment control and consequences) were significantly associated with mental health outcomes. Emotional representation had strong mediation effects rather than moderator effects on the associations between cognitive representation and mental health outcomes. Two illness perception dimensions (emotional response and treatment control) and two psychological variables (depression and PTG) showed independent effects on suicidal ideation, but not interaction effects on suicidal ideation. Multidimensional factors, such as variables related to cognitions of condom use, emotional affect (feelings of guilt regarding HIV transmission to others), mental health, and social morality (perceptions regarding responsibility for condom use), were associated with risk behaviours among N-MSMs. / Conclusions.The results show that mental health problems and risk behaviours are prevalent among Chinese N-MSM. Illness perception has a strong influence on mental health outcomes, indicating a new direction for the reduction of mental health problems via the modification of patients’ illness perception. Multidimensional factors are associated with risk behaviours related to HIV transmission, such as cognitions of condom use, emotional affection and social morality, which are unique to HIV infectors and should be considered in the development of intervention programs among N-MSMs. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wu, Xiaobing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-276). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xv / Abbreviations --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The importance of HIV positive men who have sex with men as a source of HIV transmission --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The importance of newly diagnosed HIV positive MSM (N-MSM) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Knowledge gaps about N-MSM --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Illness perception as a relative new perceptive in HIV research --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Aims --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Structure of the thesis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Summary --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- HIV epidemic --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Global HIV/AIDS epidemic --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- HIV/AIDS in China --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- MSM and HIV --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- HIV epidemic among MSM worldwide --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM in China --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Risk sexual behavior among HIV positive MSM and its determinants --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Mental health problems faced by HIV positive MSM --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Studies of PLWH in China --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Newly diagnosed HIV positive MSM (N-MSM) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- HIV transmission risk varies at different stages of HIV infection --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- More risky sexual behavior among N-MSM --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- More stress and lack of knowledge among N-MSM --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Definition of N-MSM --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Studies about N-MSM --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- Self-regulation model and illness representation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Self-regulation model --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Illness representation --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Application of illness representation in HIV research --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5 --- Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Types of questionnaire deliver modes --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Comparisons of sexual behavior reporting between ACASI and other delivery modes --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Limitations of ACASI --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- The study site --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study population --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Recruitment of study participants --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data collection procedure --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Face-to-face interview --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Computer-assisted mobile phone interview --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Service provision and incentives --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Sample size and the representativeness --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5 --- Quality control --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6 --- Establishment of the CAMP system --- p.72 / Chapter 3.7 --- Collaborator --- p.73 / Chapter 3.8 --- Measurements --- p.74 / Chapter 3.9 --- Statistical analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 3.10 --- Ethical approval --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Participant profiles --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objectives --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Background information --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Mental health outcomes --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- HIV secondary transmission related behaviours --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Service utilization and quality of life --- p.94 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Validation of the revised illness perception questionnaire among newly diagnosed HIV positive MSMs --- p.111 / Chapter 5.1 --- Background --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objectives --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- Modification and translation --- p.113 / Chapter 5.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.114 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Items of the main cognitive representation subscales --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Items of the emotional response subscale --- p.117 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Items of the causal attribution subscale --- p.118 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Examination of the identity subscale --- p.118 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- Descriptions of the derived subscales --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5.6 --- Inter-correlations among subscales --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5.7 --- External validity --- p.120 / Chapter 5.5.8 --- Associations between background variables and illness perception --- p.120 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Relationships between illness perception and mental health outcomes among N-MSM --- p.132 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background --- p.132 / Chapter 6.2 --- Objectives --- p.134 / Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Analysis of the associations between illness perception and mental health outcomes --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Analysis of the mediation effects of emotional response on the associations between cognitive representation and health related outcomes --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Analysis of moderating effects of emotional response on the associations between cognitive representation and mental health outcomes --- p.139 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Suicidal ideation --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Depression --- p.142 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Self-stigma --- p.145 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Posttraumatic growth --- p.147 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.149 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Associations between illness perception and health related outcomes --- p.149 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Summary of the mediation effects of emotional response on the association between cognitive representation and health related outcomes --- p.150 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Summary of the moderating effects of emotional response on the association between cognitive representation and health related outcomes --- p.150 / Chapter 6.6 --- Discussion --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- The main and interaction effects of illness perception and other psychological variables on suicidal ideation among N-MSM --- p.177 / Chapter 7.1 --- Background --- p.177 / Chapter 7.2 --- Objectives and hypothesis --- p.179 / Chapter 7.3 --- Data analysis and results --- p.180 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Associated factors of suicidal ideation in univariate analysis --- p.180 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The associations between illness perception / psychological variables and suicidal ideation --- p.180 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- The independent effects of emotional response/treatment control and psychological variables on suicidal ideation --- p.182 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Analysis of the interaction effects between illness perception and psychological variables onto suicidal ideation --- p.184 / Chapter 7.4 --- Discussion --- p.184 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Risk behaviours related to HIV transmission and associated factors --- p.197 / Chapter 8.1 --- Background --- p.197 / Chapter 8.2 --- Objectives --- p.199 / Chapter 8.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.202 / Chapter 8.4 --- Results --- p.203 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Factors associated with having had UAI with men since HIV diagnosis --- p.203 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Factors associated with intention to have UAI with HIV negative men in the coming 6 months --- p.205 / Chapter 8.4.3 --- Factors associated with having the thoughts of transmitting HIV to others purposively since HIV diagnosis --- p.206 / Chapter 8.5 --- Discussion --- p.207 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Conclusions --- p.225 / Chapter 9.1 --- Summaries and interpretations of findings related to mental health --- p.225 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- Poor mental health status --- p.225 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- A validated revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R) among N-MSM --- p.226 / Chapter 9.1.3 --- Strong associations between illness perception and mental health outcomes --- p.226 / Chapter 9.1.4 --- Significant associations between illness perception / other psychological variables and suicidal ideation --- p.227 / Chapter 9.2 --- Summaries and interpretations of findings related to risk behaviours --- p.228 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Prevalent risk behaviours --- p.228 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- Factors affecting the risk behaviours related to HIV transmission and implications --- p.229 / Chapter 9.3 --- Service implications --- p.231 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- Intervention programs for reducing mental health problems --- p.231 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- Intervention programs for reducing risk behaviours related to HIV transmission --- p.233 / Chapter 9.3.3 --- Policy support in HIV prevention --- p.236 / Chapter 9.4 --- Study limitations --- p.238 / Chapter 9.5 --- Recommendations for future research --- p.239 / Chapter 9.5.1 --- Longitudinal studies --- p.239 / Chapter 9.5.2 --- Behavioural studies --- p.240 / Chapter 9.5.3 --- Intervention studies --- p.240 / Chapter 9.6 --- Conclusions --- p.241 / Chapter Appendix I --- Questionnaire for face-to-face interview --- p.243 / Chapter Appendix II --- Questionnaire for computer-assisted mobile phone interview --- p.254 / Reference --- p.257