Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal behöver kunskap och förståelse för vårdtagarens livsvärld för att kunna ge ett gott bemötande. En aspekt av en människas livsvärld är dennes sexuella läggning. Idag är diskriminering på grund sexuell läggning olagligt i Sverige. Upprätthållandet av detta försvåras dock av att heterosexualitet är den rådande normen vilket leder till att homosexualitet utgör ett normbrott. Dessa normer föreligger även inom hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva homosexuella vårdtagares upplevelse av bemötande från vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes baserad på tio kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Resultatet visade på att vårdpersonal brister i sitt bemötande av homosexuella vårdtagare. Bemötandet av de homosexuella vårdtagarna var heteronormativt. Vårdtagarna kände sig inte sedda som de personer de är samt upplevde att vårdpersonalen saknade kunskap om homosexuellas hälsosituation och livsvärld. Det upplevdes som ett risktagande att delge vårdpersonalen sin sexuella läggning. Slutsats: Heteronormen påverkade vårdgivarens syn på homosexuella vårdtagare. Vårdtagare antogs vara heterosexuella och kände sig därför osynliggjorda och marginaliserade. För att kunna skapa förutsättningar för ett fullgott bemötande behövs ökad kunskap och medvetenhet inom vården. / Background: In encountering patients, an understanding of the patients world view is necessary for the health care professional to provide good care. A basic aspect of a person‟s view of the world is sexual orientation. Discrimination based on sexuality is illegal in Sweden. The maintenance of this law is obstructed by the fact that heterosexuality is the current norm leading to homosexuality being in violation of this norm. These norms are also present in the health care system. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe homosexual patients‟ experience of encounters with health care professionals. Method: This literature study was based on ten qualitative studies. Results: Findings showed that patients experienced that the health care professionals were inadequate in their treatment of homosexual patients. Patients felt that they weren‟t seen and treated as their true self, the treatment was heteronormative and health care professionals lacked specific knowledge of their situation. It was expressed that to disclose their sexual orientation was perceived as a risk. Conclusion: Homosexual patients felt that heteronormativity influenced health professionals and how they perceived the patients. Patients were assumed to be heterosexual and therefore felt invisible and marginalized.

The Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) is designed to measure a distinct modern form of prejudice against gay people. Based on the conceptual framework of old-fashioned and modern antigay prejudice advanced by Morrison and Morrison, the present study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the MHS as a measure of modern antigay prejudice in the southern United States a region where antigay prejudice appears to be particularly pervasive and damaging. This purpose was achieved by analyzing survey responses from 691 adult residents of 14 southern states. As hypothesized, MHS scores were correlated with political conservatism, contact with gay people, nonabusive antigay behavior, and scores on a traditional measure of antigay prejudice. Contrary to hypotheses, MHS scores were not related to sexual orientation, educational level, income level, or religious self-schema. Results concerning the relationships between MHS scores and other known correlates of antigay prejudice were mixed. In factor analyses, items on the MHS and a traditional measure of antigay prejudice did not load on different factors. The results of this study suggest that the MHS is a highly reliable measure of modern antigay prejudice in the South, but that its validity as such is limited. This study promotes positive social change by providing evidence that should aid in the selection of appropriate measures to use in future studies of prejudice against gay people in the South. Such studies promise to result in the development of more effective interventions to reduce antigay prejudice in the southern United States but such studies will produce useful findings only to the extent that the instruments used are reliable and valid measures of the constructs they purport to measure in this region.

The PhD thesis deals with the topic of male homosexuality in the works of Japanese modernist authors; its aim is to discern in what ways homosexuality is portrayed in these works. In the theoretical part, the thesis first provides a wider definition of modernist literature, which encompasses not just the so-called pure literature but also popular literature works from the same period. It then offers an overview of male homosexuality in Japanese history from the Heian period to the 1930s with an emphasis on artistic representation of male homosexuality. Starting from the Tokugawa period, the focus is on individual discourses on male homosexuality - legal, medical and popular. The theoretical part also contains the methodology used for achieving the aim of this thesis, which is based mostly on post-structuralism and queer theory. This methodology is used in form of concrete tools - discourse analysis and deconstruction of binary oppositions underlying the social constructs of gender and sexuality. These approaches are complemented by strategies created by Martin C. Putna and Gregory M. Pflugdelder, who use a combination of topic and textual strategy analysis together with biographical and autobiographical information about the author to find different types of homosexuality representation in literary...

This study examined the influence of interpersonal and mass communication on heterosexual people's attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In addition, the study examined the relationship between heterosexual people's tolerance for ambiguity, a personality factor, and their attitude toward homosexuality. Survey questionnaires were distributed to 149 heterosexual respondents at a small private university in the western United States. Three pre-existing instruments were used in the study: the Attitude Toward Homosexuality Scale (ATHS), the Index of Homophobia (IHP ), and the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-1). Two original instruments were also used: a set of four questions on contemporary gay issues and a survey assessing individuals' perceived sources of information on homosexuality. Frequency of both interpersonal and mass communication was found to be negatively correlated with support for gay issues. In addition, frequency of interpersonal communication was found to negatively correlate with homophobia (IHP). Tolerance of ambiguity negatively correlated with heterosexism on all measures. No statistically significant differences were found between the perceived credibility of interpersonal and mass communication sources. The results of a stepwise regression suggest that attitudes toward homosexuals can be most parsimoniously predicted by the number of acquaintances an individual has who are openly gay or lesbian and gender. Men were found to be considerably more heterosexist than women, except in the case of attitudes toward lesbians for which men's heterosexism was substantially reduced. Although a weak relationship exists between tolerance for ambiguity and attitudes toward homosexuality, tolerance of ambiguity does not appear to be a strong predictor of heterosexism. Interpersonal and mass communication sources exhibited no statistically significant residual effect on attitudes toward homosexuality after stronger predictors (number of gay acquaintances, gender, and tolerance of ambiguity) were entered into the stepwise regression. These results suggest that "coming out" may be the best means of reducing heterosexism in society.

This case study examined the San Francisco Mayoral Office's public relations management of the issuance of same-sex marriage licenses. The research was conductedas a case-study, integrating a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the results suggested that the Mayoral Office's campaign was successful in meeting its goal of marrying same-sex couples; the Office was somewhat effective in getting its primary messages reported by the print media, and the Office utilized innovative strategies to reach its key publics through the use of diverse spokespersons and a humanizing focus. Five major implications emerged from the study. First, crisis planning is essential to the effective management of crisis situations. Second, humanizing controversial messages to target audiences can be very effective. Third, providing media training to spokespersons can improve the organization's overall message. Fourth, segmenting key messages within the target audience is fundamental. Fifth, spokespersons' roles can have a significant impact on the public's perception of an organization's management of a crisis situation.

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[pt] A presente tese, circunscrita às tendências indisciplinares da pesquisa em Linguística Aplicada, interessa-se pela construção situada de discursos sobre homossexualidades e suas relações com a ideia de estigma. Para tanto, são analisadas sequências de entrevistas gravadas com três homens que semantizam a homossexualidade em narrativas de história de vida. Entendidas como organizações discursivas que produzem sentido sobre suas experiências de vida, essas narrativas possibilitam a observação atenta das negociações que se estabelecem com o dispositivo do armário, isto é, o agrupamento de discursos que falam sobre regimes de (in)visibilidade das performances de homossexualidade. Performance, nesta tese, é o construto teórico movido para entender as práticas identitárias que produzem as homossexualidades. Distanciando-se de perspectivas que essencializam e/ou naturalizam as identidades de sexualidade, o trabalho estabelece relações com os estudos de orientação queer para criar entendimentos sobre a significação da homossexualidade. A pesquisa afilia-se às tendências qualitativas e interpretativistas em Ciências Sociais para a geração e análise dos dados. A tarefa analítica recorre à área da Sociolinguística Interacional e aos estudos em Análise da Narrativa para debruçar-se sobre as entrevistas gravadas. Os construtos teórico-analíticos de narrativa, face e pistas de contextualização dão conta de uma observação que aponta para três diferentes camadas: a interação estabelecida entre pesquisador e participantes em situação de entrevista, a construção localizada de episódios narrativos que compõem a história de vida dos participantes e as estratégias de estabelecimento de coerência com discursos macrossociais. Perpassa o caminho analítico a ideia de que a homossexualidade é um estigma social a ser negociado no encontro. Diferentemente dos estudos clássicos sobre estigma que se debruçam sobre encontros mistos – aqueles travados entre normais e estigmatizados – no presente estudo, analisa-se a materialidade discursiva de encontros entre iguais, uma vez que pesquisador e participantes constroem-se como indivíduos homossexuais. Assumidamente um empreendimento de caráter político, a tese pretende oferecer contribuições à área dos estudos sociais sobre homossexualidades, apresentando, sob um olhar atento à interação e à construção conjunta de narrativas, a heterogeneidade das performances. Soma-se a isso, a intenção de potencializar vozes dissidentes no âmbito acadêmico. Nesse sentido, as negociações com o armário extrapolam os encontros para a geração dos dados e mantêm-se contínuas ao longo das páginas da tese. / [en] The present thesis, restricted to the indisciplinary tendencies of the research in Applied Linguistics, takes an interest in the situated construction of discourses about homosexualities and its relations with the idea of stigma. For this purpose, sequences of interviews with three men who create senses of homosexuality in narratives of life stories are analyzed. Regarded as discursive organizations that develop senses of their life experiences, such narratives enable the careful observation of the negotiations that are held with the dispositif of the closet; in other words, the compilation of discourses that deal with regimes of (in)visibility of the performances of homosexuality. Performance, in this thesis, is the theoretical construct employed in order to understand the identity practices that produce the homosexualities. By distancing itself from perspectives that essentialize the identities of sexuality, this thesis establishes relations with the studies of queer orientation in order to gain some understanding of the significance of homosexuality. This research is affiliated with qualitative and interpretivist tendencies in Social Sciences as far as data generation and analysis are concerned. The analytical task invests in the field of Interactional Sociolinguistics as well as studies in Narrative Analysis so as to address the recorded interviews. The theoretical-analytical constructs of narrative, face and contextualization cues allow for an observation that points to three different layers: the interaction established between researcher and participants in the situation of interview, the localized construction of narrative episodes that comprise the life story of the participants and the strategies of coherence setting with macro social discourses. The idea of homosexuality as a social stigma to negotiate with in the interviews covers the analytical task. Unlike classic studies about stigma that aim at mixed contexts – between non-deviant and deviant subjects – in the present thesis, the discursive materiality of encounters between equals is analyzed, since both researcher and participants construct themselves as homosexual individuals. An outspoken enterprise of a political nature, this thesis intends to offer contributions to the field of social studies about homosexualities, presenting the heterogeneity of the performances considered when a closer look into the interaction and the co-construction of narratives is taken. In addition to this is the intention of strengthening dissenting voices in the academic sphere. For this reason, the negotiations with the closet extrapolate the encounters for data generation and flow as an ongoing process throughout the pages of the thesis.