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Worldwide, the residential sector is a major consumer of energy. Both the rate at which we consume energy and our use of non-renewable energy resources have come under pressure to change. These changes may occur to some extent by conservation techniques. However, due to living standard expectations, these changes will primarily rely on technology. Many technological opportunities exist to reduce the conventional energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the residential sector, such as: improving energy efficiency, introducing alternative energy conversion technologies, and increasing the use of renewable energy resources. The accurate estimate of the impact that a new technology has on residential sector energy consumption and GHG emissions requires a versatile, reliable, detailed, and high-resolution analytical model. Such models account for the wide range of climate, energy supply, and housing stock characteristics, and are useful for decision makers to evaluate and parametrically compare a wide range of energy efficiency measures and technology strategies when applied to the residential sector. This dissertation presents the development of a new energy consumption and GHG emissions model of the Canadian residential sector. This new model is detailed with regard to the housing stock, comprehensive with regard to the treatment of end-uses (including thermodynamic behaviour and occupant behaviour), and possesses the capability, resolution, and accuracy to assess the impact upon energy consumption and GHG emissions due to the application of alternative and renewable energy technologies to the residential sector. The new model is titled the Canadian Hybrid Residential End-Use Energy and GHG Emissions Model (CHREM). The CHREM advances the state-of-the-art of residential sector energy consumption and GHG emissions modeling by three principal contributions: i) a database of 16,952 unique house descriptions of thermal envelope and energy conversion system information that statistically represent the Canadian housing stock; ii) a “hybrid” modeling approach that integrates the bottom-up statistical and engineering modeling methods to account for occupant behaviour, and provide the capacity to model alternative and renewable energy technologies, such as solar energy and energy storage systems; and iii) a method for the accumulation and treatment of energy and GHG emissions results.

The main objective of diploma thesis is an analysis of the housing policy in the city of Písek, in which I endeavour to evaluate the existing method of its implementation and efficiency. The first part of thesis deals with the development of the housing policy in the territory of the Czech Republic with emphasis on the period since 1989. It includes descriptions of the most significant changes in the field of housing during the transformation period and defines the basic instruments of the state housing support. The second part of the thesis focuses on the role of municipalities in the field of housing and their possibilities in the disposal of the originally state housing stock. It concentrates on the actual situation on the housing market in the city of Písek where there has been a fundamental turn in the approach to the municipal rentable housing this year. It thoroughly examines the executed privatization of the housing stock with aspect to the prices of the sold units and it evaluates the significance of the newly adopted measures.

This thesis deals with the evolution of prices in the housing market within the Czech Republic. The model of capital stock was used for this purpose. The factors that affect the price evolution were the size of income, the size of the first time buyer population, and the anticipated VAT change on new housing. Various evolution scenarios were presented under various conditions. Housing market in the Czech Republic as a whole and the market in the capital particularly were considered. In the case of the Czech Republic both real and simulated prices reached their peak in 2009, simulated price was 7 % lower than real. Concerning Prague, the real price peak happened in 2008, while the estimated price was 19 % lower compared to real prices.

This thesis is a summary describing the current housing situation in the city of Zlin. It deals with the comparison of above normal rents in different areas of the city and consider amendments to leases in terms of location, amenities and size of the apartment. Collected data are divided into apartments for the 1 +1, 1 + kk, 2 +1, 2 + kk, 3 +1, 3 + kk. Mapping the market and its prices in the lease is done both textually and graphically.

The rural inland municipalities of northern Sweden have undergone a massive social,economic, and demographic restructuring over the past few decades which has resulted in a diverse settlement pattern. While little attention is paid to those municipalities, it is interesting to find out how these changes affected the housing stock in this rural area.Therefore, the purpose of this study has been to show what the housing stock looks like in Dorotea, Vilhelmina, Storuman and Sorsele municipalities, in the western inland of Västerbotten County and how those municipalities work with this question in their planning strategy. The study was conducted by using both univariate analysis and documentary content analysis in a mixed methods research. The housing stock in these municipalities of northern inland Sweden has a similar structure, characterised by a high degree of single-detached houses and a very low degree of tenancy and small dwellings. Nonetheless there are a few attributes which differ between the housing stock of the four municipalities. The municipalities show awareness about the problems in theirs housing stock, but the resources for dealing with those problems are limited.

This thesis describes and analyses market with rental housing in chosen city districts of Ostrava and examines factors that influence rental rates. The database of flats is breaked down by housing sizes 1+kk and 1+1, 2+kk and 2+1, 3+kk and 3+1, 4+kk and 4+1. This data is processed in tables and graphs and factors, that influence rental rates, are described. Flats are then marked in map and broken down by rental rates. The result of this thesis is evaluation of factors that influence rental rates in specific locality.

在住宅市場中，「空屋率」一直是備受注目的焦點，在高空屋率的住宅市場之下，其不但對整體社會資源造成浪費外，亦使整體住宅市場機制之扭曲，故探討高空屋率之成因是非常重要的。本文以2000年台灣359區市鄉鎮空屋率來觀察高空屋率之成因，並分析都市發展程度與住宅存量屬性對空屋率之影響。 研究發現，在區市鄉鎮空屋率之成因分析中，透過實證模型檢驗出不同都市發展程度、人口淨遷徙率及住宅存量屬性對空屋率皆有顯著之影響。都市發展處於鄉鎮階段時，住宅存量屬性的變異對於空屋率的影響程度相當高，不論是小坪數、大坪數或高樓層住宅比例的增加，皆會提高空屋率的比率。反之，對於都市發展處於快速成長階段時，住宅空屋率會比鄉鎮地區來得高，但有趣的是，住宅存量變異對空屋率的影響反而是呈現下降的情形。至於當都市發展至成熟階段時，除了小坪數住宅比例外，其餘變數都不會顯著影響到空屋率的增減，而呈現相對穩定的供需狀態。 空屋率政策應該配合都市發展的階段性，以及住宅產品變異的交互影響效果，才能因地制宜解決台灣高空屋率現象或降低投資風險。例如處於都市發展處於鄉鎮階段時，住宅產品應朝向同質與典型的產品規劃，但是當都市快速發展時，適當地放寬高樓層與大面積住宅產品反而可以降低空屋現象。

Purpose: This thesis investigates the accessibility in the existing housing stock in Jönköping. The inventory was carried out with the help of the handbook Accessibility in Existing Housing abbreviated as TIBB.  The aim is to investigate the extent of accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping city with TIBB, and to calculate costs for eliminating these problems. This provides a basis that contributes to improving social sustainability. To achieve the goal, the following questions were asked: (1) How many multi-family houses from the selection of 40, 50 and 60s in Jönköping, have problems with accessibility according to TIBB? (2) What is the occurrence of different types of accessibility problems in the surveyed apartment buildings? (3) What might the cost estimate be to meet the requirements of TIBB, with and without subsidization for an elevator? Method: The main method that was used for this thesis where a case-study with observation. A total of 15 real estate’s where investigated and gave data that was analyzed and gave results through data processing. A document analysis was made for cost estimate to use the same calculations to obtain generalizable figures, as well as compare costs. To give background to the problem a literature study has been accomplished which confirms that there are accessibility problems in the existing housing stock. Findings: The findings that shows that all investigated multifamily housing in the city of Jönköping have accessibility problems. Since they only reach the lowest level in TIBB. The most common accessibility problems for the investigated housing are that the lowest and highest step of stairs aren’t marked, no place for a walker outside and inside the entry, no elevator and the thresholds are higher than 15 mm. To address accessibility problems with the highest possible accessibility level for each property, the cost was estimated to amount to approximately SEK 20.0 million without subsidization when installing an elevator. The cost amounts to approximately SEK 10.4 million with subsidization when installing a elevator. Implications: The conclusions drawn are that the identified the accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping's city must be addressed to accommodate housing for the increasing proportion of elderly people in the future. Real estate companies may raise the rent by a maximum of SEK 450 per month if an elevator is installed. For real estate companies to be able to adapt their properties, which contributes to improved social sustainability, the proposal for subsidization when installing an elevator needs to go through, otherwise property companies will lose at a loss if they address accessibility problems. Limitations: Limitations in the thesis is for the year’s forties, fifties and sixties and only five multifamily houses from each decade has been inventoried. Costs relate to many different factors from a socio-economic perspective and will be limited to reasonable rent increases according to the property managers. / Syfte: Detta arbete undersöker tillgängligheten av det befintliga bostadsbeståndet i Jönköping stad. Inventeringen utfördes med hjälp av handboken Tillgänglighet i befintligt bostadsbestånd, TIBB.  Målet är att undersöka omfattningen av tillgänglighetsproblem utifrån urvalet i Jönköping stad med TIBB, samt att beräkna kostnader för att eliminera dessa problem. Detta ger ett underlag som bidrar till en förbättring av den sociala hållbarheten. För att uppnå målet ställdes följande frågeställningar: (1) Hur många flerbostadshus utifrån urvalet från 40-, 50- och 60-tal i Jönköping stad, har problem med tillgängligheten enligt TIBB? (2) Vad är förekomsten av olika typer av tillgänglighetsproblem i de undersökta flerbostadshusen? (3) Vad kan kostnadsuppskattningen vara för att uppfylla kraven i TIBB, med och utan subventionering för en hiss?  Metod: Antalet fastigheter som undersökts var 15 stycken. En fallstudie med observation gav rådata som analyserats och gett resultat genom databearbetning. En dokumentanalys gjordes inför kostnadsuppskattningen för att använda sig av samma beräkningar för att kunna få fram generaliserbara siffror, samt jämföra kostnader. För att ge bakgrund till problemet har en litteraturstudie utförts vilket bekräftar att det finns tillgänglighetsproblem i det befintliga bostadsbeståndet.  Resultat: Resultatet utifrån arbetet visade att samtliga undersökta flerbostadshusen i Jönköping har problem med tillgängligheten då de endast uppnådde den lägsta nivån enligt TIBB. De vanligaste tillgänglighetsproblemen för de undersökta flerbostadshusen är att trappans nedersta och övertas steg är ej markerade, avsaknad av uppställningsplats för rollator utanför och innanför entrén, hiss saknas samt är trösklarna över 15 mm. För att åtgärda tillgänglighetsproblemen med högsta möjliga tillgänglighetsnivå för respektive fastighet beräknades kostnaden fram till cirka 20,0 miljoner kronor utan subventionering vid installation av hiss. Kostnaden uppgår till cirka 10,4 miljoner kronor med subventionering vid installation av hiss.  Konsekvenser: Slutsatserna som dras är att de identifierade tillgänglighetsproblemen utifrån urvalet i Jönköpings stad måste åtgärdas för att tillgodose bostäder för den ökande andelen äldre människor i framtiden. Fastighetsföretagen får höja hyran med max 450 kronor i månaden om hiss installeras. För att fastighetsbolagen ska kunna tillgänglighetsanpassa sina fastigheter, vilket bidrar till en förbättrad social hållbarhet, behöver förslaget till subventionering vid installering av hiss gå igenom, annars kommer fastighetsbolagen gå med förlust om de åtgärdar tillgänglighetsproblemen.  Begränsningar: Avgränsningar i arbetet är utifrån årtal, 40-, 50- och 60-talet samt att enbart fem objekt från varje tidsepok inventeras. Kostnader berör många olika faktorer inom ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv och kommer i arbetet begränsas till rimliga hyreshöjningar enligt fastighetsförvaltarna.

Diploma thesis describes current situation on the real estate market in the Statutory City of Opava. It deals with the progress of rental housing and with comparing the amount of current usual rent and also with factors that influence the amount of rent. Market research was conducted in four categories: in category 1 + 1 and 1 + kk, in category 1 + 2 and 2 + kk, in category 3 + 1 and 3 + kk and in category 4 + 1, 4 + kk and larger. Price maps are based on data obtained by research. In these price maps are particular flats graphically divided into groups according to the amount of rent.