Bacterial cultivation from patient samples is the foundation of proper antibiotic treatment. A frequently used cultivation medium is agar with an additive of blood, so-called blood agar. The recommended additive of blood is horse blood while human blood is currently used as an additive at the microbiological laboratory Ryhov, Jönköping. The study aimed to evaluate horse blood in blood agar prior to a change in blood from human to horse blood according to a regulation from the European Union. The method consisted of cultivation from reference strains, clinical isolations and clinical patient samples on both blood agar with human blood and blood agar with horse blood. The comparison included a visual assessment for both blood agar based on the criteria of haemolysis, colony size and bacterial growth. In the assessment of clinical patient samples, in addition to the previously mentioned criteria, mixed flora was also assessed. The study resulted in a more distinct demonstration of haemolysis on blood agar with horse blood than on blood agar with human blood for haemolytic bacteria. An equivalence for both blood agar was presented regarding the remaining criteria. Based on these results a change can be made according to the regulation without negative impact.

<p>The comprehensive analysis of human blood plasma metabolome has been completed using derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis and a comprehensive LC-GC-MS analysis approach wherein LC fractions were collected, derivatized and analyzed using GC-MS. In all cases blood plasma samples were deproteinized using solvent precipitation prior to chromatography and MS analysis.</p> <p>In GC-MS analyses, the progress of all derivatization reactions was monitored by adding 9-anthracenemethanol and 1,3-diphenylacetone to all reaction mixtures; their conversions to 9-anthracenemethanol trimethylsilyl ether and the oxime derivative of 1,3-diphenylacetone were used as measures of the completion of these derivatization reactions. Any reactions with completions less than 99% were repeated.</p> <p>GC-MS analysis of blood plasma samples detected 100 peaks; 44 were positively identified by comparing retention indices and mass spectra with those of authentic standards. LC-MS analyses were conducted on a HILIC column (aminopropyl phase) with MS detection in both negative ion and positive ion modes and resulted in the identification of 97 peaks; 47 were observed in the positive ion mode, 58 in the negative ion mode with 8 peaks observed in both modes.</p> <p>The multi-dimensional LC-GC approach was not designed as a routine analytical method; rather the purpose of this approach was to see how many compounds could be observed in the sample and to obtain better quality mass spectra and retention index values. The LC separation afforded 16 fractions which upon derivatization GC-MS analysis gave an additional 176 peaks from a total of 276 peaks. The MS data from these additional spectra can be used to develop selected ion monitoring GC-MS or tandem mass spectrometry analytical methods. This thesis has demonstrated the power of off-line comprehensive methods to identify compounds that neither the GC nor the LC methods detected.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Student Number : 0312394F - MPH research report - School of Public Health - Faculty of Health Sciences / Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was first isolated from human blood in 1983 at the Pasteur Institute, Paris. Currently there is no cure for HIV and control efforts emphasize prevention. One of the components of the Global Strategy put forward to preventing HIV transmission is HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) (Ginwalla, Grant & Day:2002). Taxi drivers are part of the Ugandan population at special risk of acquiring this virus. It was therefore necessary to carry out a study in this group of people to assess how much they knew about HIV/VCT services. Study Objectives To establish the level of knowledge amongst the taxi drivers about the availability and accessibility of HIV VCT services in Kampala. To identify factors that influence the taxi drivers in Kampala, Uganda to access the VCT services. Methods and materials A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used to carry out the study amongst 400 taxi drivers who consented to participate and operated within and around the city of Kampala during 2004. A structured questionnaire to record variables that included, age, sex, marital status, level of education, level of knowledge of VCT, factors that enhance VCT uptake, factors that inhibit VCT uptake, history of having ever had VCT, and knowledge of spouse or sexual partner’s HIV serostatus, was used. Data was entered into EPI-INFO 6 computer program and descriptive and analytic investigation using proportion or percentages to compare the level of knowledge generated was used. Findings/Results A total of 399 taxi drivers with 52.8% of them aged between 26 – 35 years participated in the study. 68.8% lived within 6 km of the city centre. All were married and 78.8% had one spouse. 0.75% were lady drivers. 55% of the participants had attained secondary school level of education. 69% of the taxi drivers knew that HIV/AIDS was the commonest health problem in the country and 57.4% of the participants mentioned HIV testing as the only way one would ascertain their serostatus. 94.2% had heard about HIV/VCT mainly from the media and as much as 98.7% of the taxi drivers knew a place where such services could be got. 82.2% confirmed that these places were accessible and 85.9% said that the services were not expensive. However, 57.3% of the participants preferred getting these services where they were known in order to get genuine results and subsequent support. The 26% who opposed this idea sighted confidentiality as the main obstacle. Despite the knowledge level about HIV/VCT amongst the participants, 68.3% of the communal taxi drivers were willing to go for the service and only 16.1% had actually taken the test. Out of the 399 participants 59.6% felt that they could share their serostatus with their spouses. Conclusion The taxi drivers are knowledgeable about HIV/VCT services and these findings lie within the overall range of knowledge of the population in urban Uganda. The HIV/VCT services are accessible and affordable to the taxi drivers but the fear to receive the unexpected results and the consequences of having positive results hinder the taxi drivers from seeking the VCT services. The majority of taxi drivers preferred to go to HIV/VCT service points where they were known. This factor could have contributed to the small number of taxi drivers that had taken the test. Probably few suitable service points to go to had been identified by these taxi drivers. Recommendations The government and other organizations that provide care in the field of HIV should organize sensitization seminars for taxi drivers to address issues aimed at allaying their anxiety or fear to receive positive results. Also, there is a need to intensify counselling services for the taxi drivers by establishing counselling centres close to the two taxi parks in the City. HIV/VCT service centres should be integrated with other health services so that people who seek either of the services can gain from both. This will encourage more taxi drivers to come to these centres.

This project focuses on two important topics which may pose hazards to human health. Firstly, drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are generated by the chemical disinfection of water have been investigated. What has not been shown is the effect of DBPs in human germ cells as well as somatic cells and whether oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of genotoxic action. Three different DBPs (halo acetic acids: HAAs), together with the antioxidants – catalase and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), were investigated in peripheral blood cells and sperm from healthy individuals using the Comet assay and lymphocytes only using the micronucleus assay. Secondly, nanoparticles of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin and ibuprofen, have been investigated in patients with respiratory diseases, in the micronucleus assay and the Comet repair assay. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity, which plays part in tumour progression. In the Comet assay, BHA and catalase were able to reduce DNA damage in both cell types compared to HAAs alone. Similarly, in the micronucleus assay, micronuclei were reduced with the antioxidants, suggesting oxygen radical involvement in both assays. With the NSAIDs, reductions were seen for DNA damage in the micronucleus assay with aspirin and ibuprofen nanoparticles compared to their bulk forms. Using the Comet repair assay, aspirin and ibuprofen nanoparticles aided repair of DNA to a greater extent than their bulk counterparts, which in turn showed better repair compared to samples repaired without NSAIDs. These observations show the importance of DBPs and NSAIDs in genotoxic public health issues.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 15, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Serological discrepancies in matching blood group antigens between donors and patients for blood transfusion may lead to alloimmunisation, especially in multiply transfused patients. Blood group genotyping (BGG) has contributed in reducing this issue. ABO, Fy and Jk antigens are among those to be causative for alloimmunisation through transfusion or pregnancy. The number of alleles of these clinically significant blood groups is ever increasing. Currently, all commercially available high-throughput BGG platforms are only based on pre-defined polymorphisms. Consequently, novel or rare alleles that might have clinical significance are not identified. Next generation sequencing (NGS) circumvents this issue by providing high-throughput comprehensive genotyping of blood group genes in discovery mode to find all existing and novel mutations. Accordingly, a large number of individuals can be genotyped in a single run. Here, we describe an NGS-based method coupled with long-range polymerase chain reaction (LR-PCR) for high-throughput, rapid and extensive genotyping of FY, JK and ABO blood group genes. The Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGMTM) was used for sequencing the entire FY, JK and ABO blood group genes including flanking regions. Accordingly, high resolution genotyping was obtained. 53 genomic DNA samples were sequenced and genotyped for FY, 67 for JK and 47 for ABO. Sequencing data were aligned to the gene reference sequence derived from the human genome (hg19) to analyse variants. Analysis was accomplished by software packages, such as Ion Torrent SuiteTM plugins. Sanger sequencing of cDNA and cDNA clones was used to confirm findings in the JK gene. The sequencing data had a coverage depth of more than 5000x for FY, 700x for JK and 600x for ABO. NGS data matched with the serological phenotypes of FY alleles FY*A, FY*B and FY*02 Null main polymorphisms, such as FY*A/FY*B (125G > A) in exon 2 and (-67 T > C) in the promotor region. JK variant analysis revealed that the JK*01W.01 allele (130G > A) is common (10/67 samples) with normal antigenicity. The previously described silencing polymorphism (810G > A), leading to a purported JK*B null allele, restores a splice site and does not correlate with loss of Jkb antigenicity (10/67 samples). JK intron analysis revealed several new JK alleles described in this thesis. All 7 exons, introns and the flanking regions of the ABO gene were covered by only four amplicons. Several rare O alleles were found, such as O73 and O75, while one suggested novel O allele was characterised by a missense SNP 482G > A (Arg161His) in exon 7. The ABO reference sequence from hg19 appeared to resemble (O01 and O02) alleles. The intronic SNPs might be used to distinguish between alleles more accurately as a correlation of the intronic SNPs with the alleles was noted for the homozygous O alleles. It is predicted that NGS-based genotyping will replace not only microarray-based genotyping but also serology in the blood group typing of individuals, with great advancements in technology and molecular knowledge being expected in the near future.

The abundant cellular protein Cyclophilin A (CypA) was found to bind to HIV-1 capsid (CA) in 1993. Since that time, several complementary methods, including disruption of the binding interface by cyclosporine A, CA mutants, and CypA mutants, have been used to demonstrate that CypA acts within human target cells to promote HIV-1 infection. In contrast, in cells from non-human primates, CypA in target cells decreases HIV-1 infectivity, and it does so by promoting TRIM5α-mediated restriction. Using human cancer cell lines and the genetic methods available at the time, attempts to obtain evidence that CypA inhibits HIV-1 restriction by the human TRIM5α ortholog, let alone that human TRIM5α restricts HIV-1, were unsuccessful. Here we revisit the question of the mechanism by which CypA increases HIV-1 infectivity by exploiting lentiviral vectors optimized for primary human blood cells that serve as HIV-1 targets. Disruption of CA−CypA interaction is demonstrated to render HIV-1 vulnerable to endogenous human TRIM5α-mediated recognition and restriction, which occur prior to completion of reverse transcription. Identical findings were acquired with single-cycle vectors or with replication-competent viruses. Consistently, a previously identified, cyclosporine-resistant CA mutation A92E is also shown to confer resistance against restriction by human TRIM5α. Therefore, the results presented in this thesis reveal that HIV-1 exploits a host protein CypA bound to its CA to evade potent restriction by human TRIM5α. This finding not only answers a long-standing question regarding the role of CypA in HIV-1 infection, but also may reinvigorate the development of CypA inhibitors for treatment of HIV-1.

This project focuses on two important topics which may pose hazards to human health. Firstly, drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are generated by the chemical disinfection of water have been investigated. What has not been shown is the effect of DBPs in human germ cells as well as somatic cells and whether oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of genotoxic action. Three different DBPs (halo acetic acids: HAAs), together with the antioxidants – catalase and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), were investigated in peripheral blood cells and sperm from healthy individuals using the Comet assay and lymphocytes only using the micronucleus assay. Secondly, nanoparticles of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin and ibuprofen, have been investigated in patients with respiratory diseases, in the micronucleus assay and the Comet repair assay. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity, which plays part in tumour progression. In the Comet assay, BHA and catalase were able to reduce DNA damage in both cell types compared to HAAs alone. Similarly, in the micronucleus assay, micronuclei were reduced with the antioxidants, suggesting oxygen radical involvement in both assays. With the NSAIDs, reductions were seen for DNA damage in the micronucleus assay with aspirin and ibuprofen nanoparticles compared to their bulk forms. Using the Comet repair assay, aspirin and ibuprofen nanoparticles aided repair of DNA to a greater extent than their bulk counterparts, which in turn showed better repair compared to samples repaired without NSAIDs. These observations show the importance of DBPs and NSAIDs in genotoxic public health issues. / United Kingdom India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).

Ένας από τους πιο σημαντικούς στόχους της φαρμακευτικής θεραπείας είναι η ανάπτυξη φορέων φαρμάκου που θα μεταφέρουν και θα παραδίδουν εκλεκτικά το φάρμακο στις θέσεις φαρμακολογικής δράσης του αλλά και με έναν ελεγχόμενο ρυθμό χορήγησης κατάλληλα προσαρμοσμένο για την κάθε ασθένεια. Για την ελεγχόμενη χορήγηση και στόχευση βιοδραστικών ουσιών έχουν αναπτυχθεί πολλοί φορείς, όπως πολυμερικά νανοσωματίδια και λιποσώματα. Μεταξύ των πολυμερών που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για την παρασκευή νανοσωματιδιακών φορέων φαρμάκων ιδιαίτερη προσοχή συγκεντρώνουν τα βιοδιασπώμενα και βιοσυμβατά πολυμερή του πολυ(γαλακτικού-γλυκολικού) οξέος (PLGA). Τα νανοσωματίδια που παρασκευάζονται από τα συμπολυμερή αυτά απομακρύνονται ταχύτατα από τη συστηματική κυκλοφορία μετά από ενδοφλέβια χορήγηση, κυρίως μέσω της πρόσληψης τους από το δικτυοενδοθηλιακό σύστημα. Όταν όμως επικαλυφθούν με υδρόφιλα, μη ιονικά πολυμερή, όπως η πολυ(αιθυλενογλυκόλη), έχουμε στερεοχημική σταθεροποίηση των νανοσωματιδίων και παράταση του χρόνου παραμονής τους στην συστηματική κυκλοφορία. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της διαλυτότητας του φαρμάκου στην φόρτωση και αποδέσμευση του από PLGAmPEG νανοσωματίδια διαφορετικής πολυμερικής σύστασης (αναλογία PLGA/PEG). Ως πρότυπα φάρμακα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα μέλη της τάξης των μεθυλοξανθινών καφεΐνη, θεοφυλλίνη και θεοβρωμίνη. Οι μεθυλοξανθίνες αποτελούν ικανοποιητικά πρότυπα ώστε να μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στην μελέτη της επίδρασης της διαλυτότητας στις ιδιότητες φόρτωσης και απελευθέρωσης φαρμάκων από τα PLGAmPEG νανοσωματίδια, καθώς είναι μικρά μόρια με παραπλήσιο μοριακό βάρος και χημικές ιδιότητες ενώ η διαλυτότητα τους στο νερό είναι σημαντικά διαφορετική: καφεΐνη (1g/46 ml), θεοφυλλίνη (1 g/120 ml) και θεοβρωμίνη (1 g/2000 ml). Παρασκευάστηκαν έτσι τρεις διαφορετικές συνθέσεις νανοσωματιδίων με την μέθοδο του διπλού γαλακτώματος και χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως προς το μέγεθος και το ζ δυναμικό. Στην συνέχεια μελετήθηκαν οι ιδιότητες φόρτωσης των μεθυλοξανθινών καθώς και οι ιδιότητες απελευθέρωσής τους από τα νανοσωματίδια μέσα σε φυσιολογικό ορό ρυθμισμένο με φωσφορικά (PBS) και ανθρώπινο πλάσμα in vitro. Το μέσο μέγεθος των νανοσωματιδίων κυμαίνονταν από 130 έως 200 nm και το ζ δυναμικό από -7 έως -20 mV. Τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτά καθιστούν τα νανοσωματίδια κατάλληλα για εφαρμογές ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης. Η φόρτωση και η ενκαψακίωση των PLGAmPEG νανοσωματιδίων βρέθηκε να εξαρτάται από την σχετική διαλυτότητα του φαρμάκου στην εξωτερική υδατική φάση και στην οργανική φάση που χρησιμοποιούνται κατά την παρασκευή των νανοσωματιδίων και όχι απλά από την υδατοδιαλυτότητά τους. Έτσι η φόρτωση των νανοσωματιδίων ήταν μεγαλύτερη στην περίπτωση της καφεΐνης απ’ ότι στην θεοβρωμίνη, και αυτής από την φόρτωση στην περίπτωση της θεοφυλλίνης. Η φόρτωση και η ενκαψακίωση των μεθυλοξανθινών σε PLGAmPEG νανοσωματίδια επηρεάζεται από την αρχική φόρτωση των νανοσωματιδίων σε φάρμακο (drug input). Για όλα τα φάρμακα που δοκιμάστηκαν, αύξηση της αρχικής ποσότητας του φαρμάκου είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση της φόρτωσης των νανοσωματιδίων με φάρμακο. Αντίθετα η επίδραση της αρχικής φόρτωσης στην ενκαψακίωση βρέθηκε να εξαρτάται από την υδατοδιαλυτότητα του φαρμάκου. Έτσι η αύξηση της αρχικής φόρτωσης είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα την ελάττωση της ενκαψακίωσης στην περίπτωση της καφεΐνης, δεν είχε κανένα αποτέλεσμα στην ενκαψακίωση της θεοφυλλίνης ενώ οδήγησε σε μικρή αύξηση της ενκαψακίωσης της θεοβρωμίνης. Η φόρτωση και η ενκαψακίωση των φαρμάκων που δοκιμάστηκαν δεν επηρεάστηκε σημαντικά από τη σύνθεση του PLGAmPEG συμπολυμερούς από το οποίο παρασκευάστηκαν τα νανοσωματίδια. Ανεξάρτητα από την πολυμερική σύνθεση των νανοσωματιδίων, ο ρυθμός απελευθέρωσης των εγκλωβισμένων στα νανοσωματίδια μεθυλοξανθινών ήταν, τόσο στο PBS όσο και στο ανθρώπινο πλάσμα in vitro, ανάλογος της υδατοδιαλυτότητας του φαρμάκου. Έτσι ο ρυθμός αποδέσμευσης ήταν μεγαλύτερος στην περίπτωση της καφεΐνης απ’ ότι στην θεοφυλλίνη, και αυτής από την θεοβρωμίνη. Με όλες τις πολυμερικές συνθέσεις που δοκιμάστηκαν, ο εγκλωβισμός των μεθυλοξανθινών στα νανοσωματίδια είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την ελάττωση του ρυθμού αποδέσμευσης των φαρμάκων in vitro, τόσο σε PBS όσο και σε ανθρώπινο πλάσμα. Η ελάττωση του ρυθμού αποδέσμευσης αυξάνονταν με ελάττωση της υδατοδιαλυτότητας του φαρμάκου. Ο ρυθμός απελευθέρωσης και των τριών μεθυλοξανθινών ήταν μεγαλύτερος στο PBS σε σύγκριση με το ανθρώπινο πλάσμα. Η απόδειξη της ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης των φαρμάκων από τα νανοσωματίδια στο ανθρώπινο πλάσμα είναι σημαντική καθώς καταδεικνύει την καταλληλότητα των PLGAmPEG σωματιδίων για εφαρμογές ελεγχόμενης χορήγησης φαρμάκων. Πάντως η χρησιμότητα των PLGAmPEG νανοσωματιδίων σε ελεγχόμενη χορήγηση φαρμάκων φαίνεται να περιορίζεται στις περιπτώσεις των φαρμάκων με μικρή σχετικά υδατοδιαλυτότητα. / The rapid removal of conventional polymeric nanoparticles from the bloodstream limits their potentional in controlled drug delivery and targeting. Surface engineering, however, may lead to nanoparticles capable of evading their uptake from the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which exhibit prolonged residence in blood. Thus, coating the nanoparticle surface with a hydrophilic polymer such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been shown to confer long circulation properties to PLGA (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles. Although the basic physicochemical and biological properties of these nanoparticles have been studied, there is currently a luck of studies dealing in a systematic way with their drug incorporation and release properties. In this work the effect of three different PLGAmPEG copolymer composition on drug loading and release properties, was studied using the members of the methyl-xanthine class of drugs, i.e. caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, as model drugs. This way, the effect of drug solubility on drug loading and release from the nanoparticles can be evaluated in a more scientifically sound way than applying more common practices, such as the study of a drug and its salt. PLGAmPEG copolymers were synthesized from dl-lactide (LE), glycolide (GE) and mPEG(5000) by a melt polymerization process. The synthesized copolymers were identified by the moral ratio of (LE +GE)/mPEG determined by 1H-NMR. PLGAmPEG nanoparticles loaded with caffeine, theophylline and theobromine were prepared by a double emulsion (w1/o/w2) method, where w1: aqueous solution of drug, o: a dichloromethane (dcm) solution of the polymer and w2: an aqueous solution of sodium cholate (12mM). The size and æ potential of the nanoparticles, were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and microelectrophoresis respectively. The size of the nanoparticles ranged approximately from 130 to 200nm depending on the type of PLGAmPEG copolymer used and the formulation. All nanoparticle formulations exhibited low negative æ potential in the range -7 to -20. Drug loading was determined using direct method in which the samples were dissolved in NaOH and the drug in the solution was assayed by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography method (HPLC). The release experiments were performed in phosphate buffered saline and in human plasma in vitro. The nanoparticles were enclosed in a dialysis bag and incubated in PBS (pH=7.4, 37oC) and in human plasma under mild agitation. At predetermined time intervals, samples were withdrawn and assayed for the drug by HPLC. The drug loading and encapsulation values increased and decreased respectively when the drug/polymer ratio increased, by increasing drug input (initially present drug) while keeping polymer input constant. Due to the relatively high aqueous solubility of the three methylxanthines low nanoparticle loadings were generally obtained. Caffeine, despite its higher aqueous solubility, exhibited a little higher encapsulation and loading than theophylline and theobromine. This may be attributed to the much higher partition coefficient K (dcm/water) of caffeine compared to theophylline and theobromine, which would decrease to a higher extend in the case of caffeine the tendency of the drug to pass from the dcm droplets, formed during the second emulsification step of nanoparticle preparation, to the surrounding aqueous phase. As a result, higher drug retention in the nanoparticles was observed in the case of caffeine. Drug release from the nanoparticles was sustained and depended on the aqueous solubility of the drugs. For instance, the more water-soluble caffeine was released relatively faster than the less water-soluble theophylline and the even less water-soluble theobromine, from all PLGAmPEG compositions both in PBS and in human plasma. Drug release from the nanoparticles did not appear to depend on the composition of the PLGAmPEG copolymer used to prepare the nanopaparticles. Drug release rate in plasma was lower than that in PBS, probably due to the binding of the drug molecules to plasma proteins. Drug encapsulation of methylxanthines in the PLGAmPEG nanoparticles depended on the solubility properties of the drugs. The organic/aqueous phase partition coefficient of the drug may be crucial with regard to the incorporation efficiency of the drug in these nanoparticles. Drug release from the nanoparticles was sustained in both PBS and human plasma, but only for the relatively hydrophobic theobromine in a satisfactory extent. The rate of drug release was affected by the aqueous solubility of the drug and the release medium. It appears that PLGAmPEG nanoparticles can be applied for controlled drug delivery applications only in the case of relatively water-insoluble drugs.

Bioanalytical chemistry is a challenging field, often involving complex samples, such as blood, plasma, serum or urine. In many applications, sample cleanup is the most demanding and time-consuming step. In the work underlying this thesis a novel dynamic miniature extractor, known as a hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextractor (HF-LPME), was designed, evaluated and studied closely when used to clean plasma samples. Aqueous-organic-aqueous liquid extraction, in which the organic liquid is immobilised in a porous polypropylene membrane, was the principle upon which the extractor was based, and this is discussed in all the papers associated with this thesis. This type of extraction is known as supported-liquid membrane extraction (SLM). The aim of this work was the development of a dynamic system for SLM. It was essential that the system could handle small sample volumes and had the potential for hyphenations and on-line connections to, for instance, LC/electrospray-MS. The design of a miniaturised HF-LPME device is presented in Paper I. The extraction method was developed for some weakly acidic pesticides and these were also used for evaluation. In the work described in Paper II, the method was optimised on the basis of an experimental design using spiked human plasma samples. Paper III presents a detailed study of the mass-transfer over the liquid membrane. The diffusion through the membrane pores was illustrated by a computer-simulation. Not surprisingly, the more lipophilic, the greater the retention of the compounds, as a result of dispersive forces. The main focus of the work described in Paper IV was to make the HF/LPME system more versatile and user-friendly; therefore, the extractor was automated by hyphenation to a SIA system. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.