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Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AlessandroAugustoLopesSantana_M.pdf: 653522 bytes, checksum: 9a99e4961a8329a83c86ae3d7f00d115 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A qualidade de um prontuário odontológico tem relação direta com sua capacidade em suprir determinadas necessidades dentro da prática profissional. O prontuário odontológico é um documento de grande importância na odontologia e, quando bem elaborado torna-se um grande aliado do Cirurgião-Dentista, satisfazendo as funções clínicas, administrativas e legais do mesmo. Sabe-se que são peça fundamental em casos de identificação humana, principalmente em casos onde há grande destruição dos corpos encontrados (carbonização, putrefeitos, entre outros). O presente estudo em vista a estes fatos buscou determinar por meio de questionários junto a 400 Cirurgiões-Dentistas de Cuiabá-MT, o grau de conhecimento dos mesmos sobre a importância do prontuário nos processos de identificação humana. Verificou-se que o Cirurgião-Dentista de Cuiabá-MT apresenta conhecimento satisfatório sobre elaboração, manutenção e importância dos dados (prontuário) obtidos antes da morte no processo de identificação para o estabelecimento da identidade. Porém nem sempre o preenche adequadamente, reduzindo assim o seu valor clínico, administrativo e legal. Fazem parte do prontuário do Cirurgião-Dentista de Cuiabá-MT, os exames anamnéticos, os exames radiográficos e um odontograma. Porém para uma parcela significativa dos participantes os modelos de gesso e as condições prévias (registro das condições bucais antes do atendimento) da cavidade bucal do paciente não o fazem. Concluiu-se que não há até a presente data uma punição formal (ética e legal) para os Cirurgiões-Dentistas cujos prontuários não venham a se prestar ao estabelecimento da identidade de um indivíduo. A única punição é a contra propaganda para o Cirurgião-Dentista frente aos pacientes e a sociedade como um todo. / Abstract: The quality of a odonthologic programming have direct relation with its capability in supply determination need inside of the profession pratice. The odontologist programminig is a document of the big importance in the Odontologic and were well elaborated became a big document of the Cirurgion Dentrist, satisfy the function clinic, administration and legal of the same. Its know that these pieces was fundamental in the cases of the human identification, principaly in the cases were exist a big destrution of the meeting body, (charred, putrefact, between others). The present studied knowledge these facts to search determine for means of the question together the 400 Dentist of the Cuiabá- MT the degree of the knowledge of the same about the importance of the programming in the human identification process. Verify that the Dentist the Cuiabá-MT, to show satisfy of knowledge about elaboration, maintenance and importance of the data (odontologist programming) obtain anterior of the death in the identification process to a settling. However these isn't always fulfil adequate, reducing then the its clinic, administration, and legal value. These is part the programming odontologist of the Surgeon of the Cuiabá-MT, the anammese examine, the radiographic and a odontogram. However to a significate parcel of the participant the plaster model and the previous conditions (register of the oral condictions anterior of the attended) of the bucal cavity in the pacient the Surgeon its not the made. Conclued that its not exist untill the present time a formal punishment (ethic and legal) to the Surgeon were the programming odontologist it's not began the if assistence the settling of the identification of a individual. The unique punishment is a against to advertise to the Surgeon to be ahead the pacient and the society how a totality. The quality of a odonthologic programming have direct relation with its capability in supply determination need inside of the profession pratice. The odontologist programminig is a document of the big importance in the Odontologic and were well elaborated became a big document of the Cirurgion Dentrist, satisfy the function clinic, administration and legal of the same. Its know that these pieces was fundamental in the cases of the human identification, principaly in the cases were exist a big destrution of the meeting body, (charred, putrefact, between others). The present studied knowledge these facts to search determine for means of the question together the 400 Dentist of the Cuiabá-MT the degree of the knowledge of the same about the importance of the programming in the human identification process. Verify that the Dentist the Cuiabá-MT, to show satisfy of knowledge about elaboration, maintenance and importance of the data (odontologist programming) obtain anterior of the death in the identification process to a settling. However these isn't always fulfil adequate, reducing then the its clinic, administration, and legal value. These is part the programming odontologist of the Surgeon of the Cuiabá-MT, the anammese examine, the radiographic and a odontogram. However to a significate parcel of the participant the plaster model and the previous conditions (register of the oral condictions anterior of the attended) of the bucal cavity in the pacient the Surgeon its not the made. Conclued that its not exist untill the present time a formal punishment (ethic and legal) to the Surgeon were the programming odontologist it's not began the if assistence the settling of the identification of a individual. The unique punishment is a against to advertise to the Surgeon to be ahead the pacient and the society how a totality. / Mestrado / Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

This thesis is divided into four Phases. The aim of each phase is to identify facial creases useful in human identification.In Phase 1, creases were analysed on peri- and post-embalmed cadavers in CAHID to establish whether or not there is any change to crease with facial bloating. Embalming was chosen to simulate effects seen on a bloated face during decomposition. The results suggested that creases are quite resilient and changes were only detected relating to creases located on the periphery of the face, particularly at areas where the skin is thick, such as at the cheek region. Two new creases not classified in literature were identified on the face; these creases were called vertical superciliary arch lines and the lateral nose crease. Manifestations of these creases were also seen on faces in Phase 2 and 3 of the research. Phase 2 focused on the application of facial creases for the identification of living individuals. Volunteers were obtained from the University of Aberdeen and University of Dundee. Phase 2 was divided further into Phase 2a and Phase 2b. Phase 2a focused on matching creases from video and photograph sources while Phase 2b focused on matching creases from 3D surface scans to face photographs. A higher match rate was obtained for Phase 2a, where the shadows of the creases on two different sources were similar, as compared to the 3D to 2D analysis in Phase 2b. A Bayesian conclusion scale was utilised to categorise the conclusion.Research in Phase 3 focused on establishing facial crease correlation with skull morphology. Material for the research was obtained from William Bass skeletal collection at the University of Tennessee which provided ante-mortem face photographs with related 3D skull surface scans. Superimposition of the creases on the face photographs with the skulls was conducted to enable the visual analysis of the crease location. The qualitative analysis indicated that the infraorbital crease follows the outline of the orbits in 52% of the total subjects. No correlation was obtained between the nasolabial fold (NLF) and the bony surface inferior to the location of the crease. However, the depth of the selected skeletal region indicated the NLF was detected in 95% of the subjects. Quantitative analysis was carried out with the aid of geometric morphometrics (GMM) to analyse the maxilla morphology to establish whether the morphology indicated crease morphology. Geometric morphometric analysis indicated that people with a strong NLF had a long and narrow maxillary region.The conclusions obtained in Phase 3 were tested through a blind study in Phase 4. Analyses of the NLF and infraorbital crease were conducted on the Helmer skull collection available in CAHID. Ten skulls were provided to the researcher for analysis without related ante-mortem photographs. Once analyses were completed, the ante-mortem photographs were supplied and conclusions were obtained by comparing the crease reconstruction to the face photograph. Correct reconstruction was obtained in six of the ten specimens (60%). One case was inconclusive due to poor photograph quality though the location of the crease region appeared to be correct. The three inaccurate results showed an overestimation of the NLF strength, though the location of the crease manifestation was correct.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / In Sudan there are currently no programmes targeting dentists to improve their own knowledge about how they can be part of human identification by keeping good dental records. In addition, no guidelines are stated by the health authorities about making, keeping and retention of dental records. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of dental records drawn up by the general dentists in Sudan with regard to forensic dental identification and compare these records to an ideal dental record. Dental records of 180 patients obtained from six sites (major dental sectors) were reviewed and compared with an ideal dental record. The data was captured in Excel and statistically analyzed. The results showed that two third of the dentists do not undertake full tooth charting prior to treatment and sometimes this is not shown in their dental records; The dentist name who examined and treated the patient was clearly mentioned in 55.6% of the dental records examined. Dentists in Sudan do not request many radiographs but they depend mainly on intra oral periapical views (PV) and Orthopantomographs (OPG) with a fair to good quality. The medical history was recorded in 44% of the total number of records examined. The quality of dental records in this study was poor in general dental practices but was fair in governmental hospitals. An integrated education programmes to increase the awareness of the dentists in Sudan about accurate record keeping is recommended. Clear guide lines from the health authorities for dental recording system should be developed.

Um dos maiores desafios na área forense é, sem dúvida, a identificação humana. O DNA tem sido o responsável por uma verdadeira revolução das técnicas de identificação nas últimas décadas a partir do estudo e da identificação de polimorfismos entre determinados marcadores moleculares existentes nos indivíduos. Os marcadores recomendados para a obtenção de perfis genéticos são loci de regiões microssatélite do DNA, também designados de Short Tandem Repeats (STR). O número de repetições dos marcadores STR é variável entre os indivíduos, criando polimorfismo e tornando-os, desta forma, ótimos marcadores para identificação humana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estabelecer a distribuição da frequência alélica de 16 STRs preconizados no sistema CODIS, na capital e no Departamento Central de Paraguai. Foram estudadas 300 amostras de saliva coletadas com NUCLEIC-CARD(TM) Collection Device System, de indivíduos paraguaios dentre 20 e 70 anos de idade, morando em uma das 20 cidades estudadas. Para o processamento foi utilizado o kit AmpFLSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification® seguindo as fases de genotipagem, amplificação e eletroforese capilar. Foi possível estabelecer o perfil genético de 259 amostras bem como os parâmetros forenses e, assim, calcular os loci mais polimórficos os quais foram FGA e D18S51 utilizando os softwares GenAlEx 6.5, Arlequin 3.5 e R 2.5. A distribuição das frequências alélicas de cada loci analisado permitiu estabelecer a caracterização genética da população estudada. Foi possível confirmar que a população do Paraguai se encontra em equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg, com uma diversidade genética intrapopulacional de 0.794915 +/- 0.398307 e interpopulacional determinada pelo índice de fixação (FST) de 0.01112. A partir desse estudo, foi possível determinar as frequências alélicas de 15 STRs utilizados no sistema CODIS nacapital e no Departamento Central do Paraguai bem como a caracterização genética e os parâmetros forenses da população estudada. Todos os loci estudados na população paraguaia foram considerados muito informativos e úteis para a solução de problemas relacionados com identificação humana na amostra analisada / One of the biggest challenges in Forensic Sciences is undoubtedly human identification. DNA has been responsible for a true revolution in identification techniques in the last decades from the study and identification of polymorphisms between certain molecular markers in individuals. The recommended markers for obtaining genetic profiles are loci of DNA microsatellite regions, also called Short Tandem Repeats (STR). The number of repetitions of STR markers is variable among individuals, creating polymorphism and thus making them excellent markers for human identification. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution of the allelic frequency of 16 STRs recommended in the CODIS system, in the capital and in the Central Department of Paraguay. We studied 300 saliva samples collected from NUCLEIC-CARD (TM) Collection Device System of Paraguayan individuals between 20 and 70 years-old, living in one of the 20 cities studied. For the processing, the AmpFLSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification® kit was used following the phases of genotyping, amplification and capillary electrophoresis. It was possible to establish the genetic profile of 259 samples as well as the forensic parameters and thus to calculate the most polymorphic loci which were FGA and D18S51 using the software GenAlEx 6.5, Arlequin 3.5 and R 2.5. The distribution of the allelic frequencies of each analyzed loci allowed establishing the genetic characterization of the studied population. It was possible to confirm that the population of Paraguay is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an intrapopulational genetic diversity of 0.8046 +/- 0.0120 and interpopulational determined by the fixation index (FST) of 0.01112. From this study, it was possible to determine the allelic frequencies of 15 STRs used in the CODIS system in the capital and in the Central Department of Paraguay, as well as the genetic characterization and forensic parameters of the studied population. All the loci studied in the Paraguayan population were considered veryinformative and useful for the solution of problems related to human identification in the analyzed sample

A qualidade de um prontuário odontológico tem relação direta com sua capacidade em suprir determinadas necessidades dentro da prática profissional. Entre as características desta documentação encontramos a sua capacidade de funcionar como evidência de grande valor em casos de identificação humana, principalmente em casos onde há destruição dos corpos encontrados (carbonização, putrefação avançada, afogamentos e mutilações), onde fica dificultada a realização da identificação através da dactiloscopia ou o reconhecimento pelos familiares. Com a queda no número de tomadas radiográficas realizadas durante o tratamento odontológico e a diminuição da incidência de cárie na população em geral, o detalhamento da documentação escrita elaborada pelo cirurgião-dentista torna-se imprescindível para possibilitar a sua comparação com dados postmortem por ocasião de uma perícia de identificação humana. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como proposta realizar uma avaliação da qualidade dos prontuários elaborados por cirurgiões-dentistas. Além disso, foi também realizada uma comparação entre a qualidade da documentação elaborada por profissionais recém-formados e profissionais formados há mais de 5 anos, como uma tentativa de estabelecer o tempo de formação do profissional como um fator relevante na elaboração do prontuário. Para tanto, foi realizado um questionário com perguntas referentes à rotina de elaboração da documentação odontológica a uma amostra não probabilística de 132 profissionais, tendo sido utilizada para sua análise a observação quantitativa das tendências das respostas. Observou-se que há grande deficiência no conhecimento dos profissionais quanto ao preenchimento desta documentação, além do desconhecimento da relevância que esta pode apresentar em casos de identificação humana. Quando da comparação levando em consideração o tempo de formado, de modo geral, o desempenho dos dois grupos apresentou-se bastante semelhante, não se refletindo assim, na qualidade final da documentação elaborada, o tempo de formação do indivíduo. / The quality of a dental chart has direct relation with its capacity in supplying definitive necessities of the professional practice. Among the characteristics of this documentation we find its capacity to function as evidence of great value in cases of human identification, especially in cases presenting massive destruction of the bodies (carbonization, advanced decomposition, drowning and mutilation), making it difficult to accomplish the identification through dactyloscopy or even the recognition by the family members. With the decrease in the number of radiographic takes carried out through the dental treatment and the reduction of the incidence of caries in the population in general, the detailing of written documentation elaborated by the dentist becomes essential to make possible its comparison with postmortem data in a forensic identification. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the quality of the dental charts made by graduated dentists. Moreover, we made also a comparison between the quality of the documentation elaborated by newly graduated professionals and professionals graduated for more than 5 years, as an attempt to establish the time of graduation as a relevant factor in the elaboration of the written documentation. For that, a non probabilistic sample of 132 professionals was submitted to a questionnaire with questions referring to the routine elaboration of the dental documentation, having been used for its analysis the quantitative observation of the trends of the answers. It was noticed that there is a great deficiency in the professionals´ knowledge in producing this documentation, and also of its importance in cases of human identification. Regarding the time of graduation, generally, the performance of the two groups presented very similarly, what led us to the conclusion that it does not reflect in the final quality of the documentation.

Um dos maiores desafios na área forense é, sem dúvida, a identificação humana. O DNA tem sido o responsável por uma verdadeira revolução das técnicas de identificação nas últimas décadas a partir do estudo e da identificação de polimorfismos entre determinados marcadores moleculares existentes nos indivíduos. Os marcadores recomendados para a obtenção de perfis genéticos são loci de regiões microssatélite do DNA, também designados de Short Tandem Repeats (STR). O número de repetições dos marcadores STR é variável entre os indivíduos, criando polimorfismo e tornando-os, desta forma, ótimos marcadores para identificação humana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estabelecer a distribuição da frequência alélica de 16 STRs preconizados no sistema CODIS, na capital e no Departamento Central de Paraguai. Foram estudadas 300 amostras de saliva coletadas com NUCLEIC-CARD(TM) Collection Device System, de indivíduos paraguaios dentre 20 e 70 anos de idade, morando em uma das 20 cidades estudadas. Para o processamento foi utilizado o kit AmpFLSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification® seguindo as fases de genotipagem, amplificação e eletroforese capilar. Foi possível estabelecer o perfil genético de 259 amostras bem como os parâmetros forenses e, assim, calcular os loci mais polimórficos os quais foram FGA e D18S51 utilizando os softwares GenAlEx 6.5, Arlequin 3.5 e R 2.5. A distribuição das frequências alélicas de cada loci analisado permitiu estabelecer a caracterização genética da população estudada. Foi possível confirmar que a população do Paraguai se encontra em equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg, com uma diversidade genética intrapopulacional de 0.794915 +/- 0.398307 e interpopulacional determinada pelo índice de fixação (FST) de 0.01112. A partir desse estudo, foi possível determinar as frequências alélicas de 15 STRs utilizados no sistema CODIS nacapital e no Departamento Central do Paraguai bem como a caracterização genética e os parâmetros forenses da população estudada. Todos os loci estudados na população paraguaia foram considerados muito informativos e úteis para a solução de problemas relacionados com identificação humana na amostra analisada / One of the biggest challenges in Forensic Sciences is undoubtedly human identification. DNA has been responsible for a true revolution in identification techniques in the last decades from the study and identification of polymorphisms between certain molecular markers in individuals. The recommended markers for obtaining genetic profiles are loci of DNA microsatellite regions, also called Short Tandem Repeats (STR). The number of repetitions of STR markers is variable among individuals, creating polymorphism and thus making them excellent markers for human identification. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution of the allelic frequency of 16 STRs recommended in the CODIS system, in the capital and in the Central Department of Paraguay. We studied 300 saliva samples collected from NUCLEIC-CARD (TM) Collection Device System of Paraguayan individuals between 20 and 70 years-old, living in one of the 20 cities studied. For the processing, the AmpFLSTR Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification® kit was used following the phases of genotyping, amplification and capillary electrophoresis. It was possible to establish the genetic profile of 259 samples as well as the forensic parameters and thus to calculate the most polymorphic loci which were FGA and D18S51 using the software GenAlEx 6.5, Arlequin 3.5 and R 2.5. The distribution of the allelic frequencies of each analyzed loci allowed establishing the genetic characterization of the studied population. It was possible to confirm that the population of Paraguay is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an intrapopulational genetic diversity of 0.8046 +/- 0.0120 and interpopulational determined by the fixation index (FST) of 0.01112. From this study, it was possible to determine the allelic frequencies of 15 STRs used in the CODIS system in the capital and in the Central Department of Paraguay, as well as the genetic characterization and forensic parameters of the studied population. All the loci studied in the Paraguayan population were considered veryinformative and useful for the solution of problems related to human identification in the analyzed sample

The positive identification of a decedent is paramount to a forensic investigation in which human remains have been recovered and must be identified. Due to increasing global mobility in the world's populations, it is not inconceivable that an individual might die far away from his or her home. Pinpointing an individual's geographic origin may contribute to definitive forensic identification of contemporary human skeletal remains in cases where dental records and other means of identification are either unavailable to law enforcement personnel or do not yield immediate results. Stable isotope analysis of biogenic tissues such as tooth enamel and bone mineral has become a well‐recognized and increasingly important method for determining the provenance of human remains, and it has been used successfully in bioarchaeological studies as well as forensic investigations. Both 18O and 2H stable isotope signatures are well established proxies as environmental indicators of climate (temperature) and source water and are therefore considered reliable indicators of geographic life trajectories of animals and humans. Similarly, 13C and 15N abundance data have distinguished dietary preferences in ancient human populations, and have been used to qualify 2H and 18O geolocational data that may be consistent with more than one location. Few if any studies have systematically investigated the multi-isotopic signatures in human tooth enamel and dentin from living individuals. Since 18O abundance values obtained from tooth enamel of late-erupting molars are a source of information on geographic origin of an individual during adolescence when crown formation takes place, it was hypothesized that: 1) the stable isotope abundance of 2H, 18O, and 13C in human tooth enamel and dentin is consistent with self-reported residential history and dietary preferences data, and 2) the isotopic variability evident between individuals with shared residential history and nutrient intake is quantifiable, and indicative of intra-individual variability. Two pilot studies were conducted to: 1) evaluate the feasibility of extracting and measuring the 2H composition of human tooth enamel and its suitability as a proxy for human geographic provenance, and 2) compare the isotopic abundance of isotopic abundance of 2H and 13C in human crown dentin collagen obtained from archaeological and modern teeth with the 18O and 13C isotopic composition of the corresponding tooth enamel carbonate. A protocol for preparing tooth enamel for 2H analysis was successfully devised and implemented; however, no correlation was observed between tooth enamel 2H abundance values as measured plotted against source water 2H abundance values. While unexpectedly low rates of hydrogen exchange within mineral hydroxyl groups were documented, and it was possible to analyze tooth enamel for its 2H isotopic composition, the seemingly fixed nature of 2H abundance in tooth enamel means that the 2H isotopic signature of tooth enamel cannot be used as an indicator of geographic provenance. Conversely, positive correlations between collagen 2H abundance values of primary dentin with 2H abundance values for source water and also with enamel 18O abundance values suggests that primary dentin collagen 2H values are linked to the isotopic composition of source water. Third molar tooth enamel was sampled from 10 living volunteers undergoing routine tooth extractions at University of Toronto affiliated dental clinics in Ontario, Canada. The mixed-sex group of patients was given questionnaires in which they provided detailed residential history and answered questions pertaining to dietary preferences (e.g., vegetarian) prior to donating all four third molars. Enamel was drilled from the crown of two third molars from each subject, chemically cleaned, and subjected to an acid digest before being analyzed for its 18O and 13C composition using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Herewith, isotope abundance values are presented using the delta notation as delta values in per mil (‰). Mean d13CVPDB values for all samples ranged from -9.47 ‰ to -11.31 ‰ (pooled mean = -10.37 ‰), which suggested a persistent C4 plant dietary influence at the time the sampled tooth enamel was forming and is consistent with the typical North American diet. While inter-subject variation contributed the largest proportion of total d13C variability, differences were not significant. The pooled mean d18OVSMOW value for enamel samples was 24.39 ‰, while individual subject mean d18OVSMOW values ranged from 23.76 ‰ to 25.18 ‰. Marked offsets (0.01 ‰ - 0.51 ‰) in mean d18OVSMOW values for each pair of third molars were observed. While subject variation was significant (p=0.0034), neither diet nor sex significantly influenced the oxygen (or carbon) isotope data. Following conversion of d18OVSMOW values to d18OPhosphate values, drinking water values were calculated using the Daux et al. (2008) equation, and compared to their corresponding regional estimated annual average d18O values in precipitation retrieved from the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC) (Bowen 2014). Despite observed correlations between the drinking water d18OWater values and d18OOIPC values of four subjects, no statistically significant correlations were evident between the two limited data sets. However, when the isotopically similar d18O values of Toronto area residents were averaged and combined with the remaining Canadian data and the 18O data from 5 enamel samples analyzed in the 2H enamel pilot study, strong positive correlations were evident between d18OPhosphate valuesand d18OOIPC values (R2 = 0.87). Moreover, an equally strong linear relationship was observed between modeled annual precipitation 18O and calculated source water 18O (R2 = 0.87). Based on the d2H, d18O, and d13C values measured in tooth enamel and dentin, it is possible to infer and confirm geographic provenance and dietary intake. However, while enamel carbonate d13C values were consistent with self-reported dietary intake information and residential history, as could be expected vegetarians could not be distinguished from those who consumed meat without determining C/N isotopic ratios in dentin collagen. Further, the presence of strong linear relationships between the 18O composition of enamel carbonate and modeled source water 18O in the merged dataset illustrates the importance of considering site-specific isotopic complexities and using multi-isotope data obtained from multiple tissues when investigating the geographic origins of humans in an archaeological or forensic context. It is not possible to quantify intra-individual isotopic variability without sampling from larger, geographically diverse populations and controlling for as many variables as possible. The construction of regional databases containing 18O and 2H isotopic data obtained from a variety of environmental and human and faunal tissue samples, and the application of such data to individual cases in which geographic origins are desired, is recommended provided the following caveats are considered: 1) whenever possible, d18OPhosphate values should be used when comparing d18O values in tooth enamel with those in precipitation in order to avoid the unmitigated error associated with the application of carbonate conversion equations to enamel phosphate d18O data, 2) the continuous consumption of food sourced elsewhere is liable to affect the overall enamel carbonate d18O values, 3) d18O values in precipitation are not inclusive of the variety of postprecipitation and hydrological processes unique to a particular location, nor are they an accurate representation of the isotopically mixed nature of tap water sourced from distant reservoirs. Hence, extrapolations should be made with caution. Enamel sequential microsampling methods may be advisable for narrowing down a geographic timeline if the overlapping of isotopic signals at various points along the tooth’s longitudinal plane can be quantified and validated. While standardization of analytical methodology is critical to appropriate interpretations of the data, stable isotope profiling is not a standalone method and should be used in conjunction with other lines of evidence in determinations of human provenance.

Orientador: Luis Alberto Magna / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braganca_WelbeOliveira_D.pdf: 5203003 bytes, checksum: 128dd161edb4a5ee7d5a3d88e01d1f47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A detecção do polimorfismo do DNA analisando microssatélites (STR - Short Tandem Repeats) ou minissatélites (VNTR - Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats) pelas técnicas de PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ou RFLP (Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism) causou um grande impacto e revolucionou a ciência forense. Hoje se pode, com grande precisão, excluir um indivíduo de ser falsamente acusado de uma paternidade ou de um crime. Quando um suspeito não pode ser excluído de ser o pai ou o doador da amostra criminal, o próximo passo é calcular a probabilidade de se observar um outro genótipo igual ao do acusado. Para que isso seja possível selecionam-se aleatoriamente indivíduos na população, avalia-se a raridade do perfil genotípico desta população determinando-se a freqüência de cada alelo encontrado e estima-se a singularidade do DNA do suspeito pela comparação com esta freqüência. Todas estas informações são obtidas a partir de um banco de dados com a mencionada freqüência alélica. No Brasil, atualmente, quando se realiza um exame de investigação de paternidade ou criminalística utilizando-se a análise de VNTR, utiliza-se o banco de dados da população estadunidense contendo o perfil genotípico para esses loci. Para se chegar a uma precisão fidedigna no resultado dos exames seria necessária a utilização de um banco de dados brasileiro, objetivo inicial deste trabalho, o qual deverá ser uma importante ferramenta para a crescente demanda científica e forense no Brasil. Este trabalho descreve o perfil genotípico da população do sudeste do Brasil, gerado por RFLP dos loci de VNTR D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D6S132, D7S467, D8S358, D10S28, D17S26 e D17S79. Os dados populacionais foram obtidos pela digestão enzimática do DNA genômico com HaeIII seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose e detecção por quimiluminescência. Uma amostra de 351 indivíduos representando a população da região sudeste brasileira foi selecionada nos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Espírito Santo (Brasil). As freqüências dos alelos estudados foram determinadas a partir desta amostra. Os loci descritos se encontraram em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com o banco de dados de freqüências destes alelos previamente descritos para a população não negróide do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, detectando-se a não semelhança entre as amostras. Foi feita a comparação com o banco de dados de freqüências alélicas de ¿Caucasian¿,¿African american¿,¿Chinese¿,¿SE Hispanics¿ e ¿SW Hispanics¿ dos EUA não se encontrando semelhança entre as amostras. As freqüências alélicas obtidas neste estudo podem ser usadas em análises forenses e investigação de paternidade bem como uma estimativa de freqüência alélica de minissatélites da população brasileira. O banco de dados alélicos, assim constituído, trará a precisão real requerida nas análises forenses e investigações de paternidade, ao contrário das análises que utilizam como referência bancos de dados de populações dos EUA / Abstract: The frequency of the VNTR loci D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D5S110, D6S132, D7S467, D8S358, D10S28, D17S26 e D17S79 were determined in a sample that contained subjects from the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, Southwest region of Brazil. The data were generated through the digestion of the genomic DNA with HaeIII followed by the analysis by RFLP and chemiluminescent detection. All the loci described meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The data obtained were compared with the frequency Database of these alleles previously described for the non-black of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and it was detected that there was no match among the samples. It was also made a comparison with the database of allelic frequencies of ¿Caucasian¿, ¿African American¿, ¿Chinese¿, ¿SE Hispanics¿ e ¿SW Hispanics¿ from the USA and no match was found. In conclusion, this work reports a database of distribution of allelic frequencies of VNTR loci for the population of the southwest of Brazil. The frequency data presented might be used in forensic analyses and in paternity investigation in the population of the southwest of Brazil as well as in other populations of Brazil. It was also showed the difference found when selecting the population by races and not by geographic distribution, as well as the importance of the creation of a database of allelic frequencies separated for the different populations. The allelic database, built hereby, will bring the exact required precision in the forensic analyses and paternity inquiries, in contrast with the analyses that use as reference databases from U.S.A. population / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

A qualidade de um prontuário odontológico tem relação direta com sua capacidade em suprir determinadas necessidades dentro da prática profissional. Entre as características desta documentação encontramos a sua capacidade de funcionar como evidência de grande valor em casos de identificação humana, principalmente em casos onde há destruição dos corpos encontrados (carbonização, putrefação avançada, afogamentos e mutilações), onde fica dificultada a realização da identificação através da dactiloscopia ou o reconhecimento pelos familiares. Com a queda no número de tomadas radiográficas realizadas durante o tratamento odontológico e a diminuição da incidência de cárie na população em geral, o detalhamento da documentação escrita elaborada pelo cirurgião-dentista torna-se imprescindível para possibilitar a sua comparação com dados postmortem por ocasião de uma perícia de identificação humana. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como proposta realizar uma avaliação da qualidade dos prontuários elaborados por cirurgiões-dentistas. Além disso, foi também realizada uma comparação entre a qualidade da documentação elaborada por profissionais recém-formados e profissionais formados há mais de 5 anos, como uma tentativa de estabelecer o tempo de formação do profissional como um fator relevante na elaboração do prontuário. Para tanto, foi realizado um questionário com perguntas referentes à rotina de elaboração da documentação odontológica a uma amostra não probabilística de 132 profissionais, tendo sido utilizada para sua análise a observação quantitativa das tendências das respostas. Observou-se que há grande deficiência no conhecimento dos profissionais quanto ao preenchimento desta documentação, além do desconhecimento da relevância que esta pode apresentar em casos de identificação humana. Quando da comparação levando em consideração o tempo de formado, de modo geral, o desempenho dos dois grupos apresentou-se bastante semelhante, não se refletindo assim, na qualidade final da documentação elaborada, o tempo de formação do indivíduo. / The quality of a dental chart has direct relation with its capacity in supplying definitive necessities of the professional practice. Among the characteristics of this documentation we find its capacity to function as evidence of great value in cases of human identification, especially in cases presenting massive destruction of the bodies (carbonization, advanced decomposition, drowning and mutilation), making it difficult to accomplish the identification through dactyloscopy or even the recognition by the family members. With the decrease in the number of radiographic takes carried out through the dental treatment and the reduction of the incidence of caries in the population in general, the detailing of written documentation elaborated by the dentist becomes essential to make possible its comparison with postmortem data in a forensic identification. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the quality of the dental charts made by graduated dentists. Moreover, we made also a comparison between the quality of the documentation elaborated by newly graduated professionals and professionals graduated for more than 5 years, as an attempt to establish the time of graduation as a relevant factor in the elaboration of the written documentation. For that, a non probabilistic sample of 132 professionals was submitted to a questionnaire with questions referring to the routine elaboration of the dental documentation, having been used for its analysis the quantitative observation of the trends of the answers. It was noticed that there is a great deficiency in the professionals´ knowledge in producing this documentation, and also of its importance in cases of human identification. Regarding the time of graduation, generally, the performance of the two groups presented very similarly, what led us to the conclusion that it does not reflect in the final quality of the documentation.