Objectives: This investigation adapted the LIVE/DEAD� Baclight[TM] bacterial viability stain for the quantitative determination of bacterial cell viability of the aerotolerant anaerobes Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611. The Live/Dead stain was used to determine the influence of haem availability on the resistance of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide and compare the sensitivities between the haem-requiring periodontal bacteria to ROS. Neutrophils use oxidative and non-oxidative killing mechanisms. During phagocytosis, neutrophils kill bacteria via a respiratory burst, producing ROS. P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are oxygen-tolerant gram-negative bacteria found in the gingival crevice. These bacteria express superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which extends some protection against superoxide radicals. Methods: Initially, experiments were performed to validate the reliability and accuracy of the fluorogenic Live/Dead stain using Escherichia coli ATCC 10798 (K-12), followed by experiments using P. gingivalis. The Live/Dead stain distinguishes viable:non-viable proportions of bacteria using mixtures of green (SYTO 9) and red (propidium iodide) fluorescent nucleic acid stains respectively. Bacterial cell viability was assessed with fluorescence microscopy and subsequently quantitative measurement using a fluorescence microplate reader (BMG Fluorostar plus Optima). P. gingivalis and P. intermedia colonies were subcultured from frozen cultures, in Tryptic soy broth (TSB) (Difco) and incubated anaerobically for approximately five days. They were further subcultured in pre-reduced TSB, supplemented with menadione 0.5[mu]g/ml (TSB-M) and either 5 [mu]g/ml haemin (Haem 5), 50 [mu]g/ml haemin (Haem 50) or without supplemental haemin (Haem 0). Cultures were grown anaerobically at 37�C to early stationary phase (approximately 48 hours). For experimental purposes, bacteria were harvested, washed and resuspended in 10 mM Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.5) containing peptone (TBS-P) (0.1 mg/ml), with a final adjustment to OD₅₄₀ [approximately equals] 2.0 (which corresponds to 1 x 10⁹ bacteria/ml). Bacterial suspensions were diluted ([approximately equals] 10⁸/ml) into TBS-P containing the fluorogenic viability stain (BacLight, Molecular Probes). Either pyrogallol (0.02 - 2 mM) or hydrogen peroxide (0.01 - 100 mM) was added (except to control tubes); tubes were vortexed for ten seconds and incubated at 37�C. Viability was monitored fluorimetrically for three hours. Results: For both P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, a pyrogallol concentration of 0.2 mM resulted in 80 to 90% cell death; and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10 mM killed approximately 80 to 90% of cells. Irrespective of the haem status, no significant difference was determined between the overall maximum rate of killing of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, in their response to either superoxide or hydrogen peroxide; with the exception that the P. intermedia Haem 0 group was significantly less susceptible to hydrogen peroxide than the P. gingivalis Haem 0 group. For the majority of the experiments, there was no significant difference between final bacterial cell viability in the Haem 0 and Haem 5 cells for both species, after 3 hours exposure to various concentrations of ROS. However, the Haem 50 cells showed a significant increased susceptibility (albeit, a small difference) to both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Conclusions: The Live/Dead bacterial viability stain provided a valuable method to monitor "real-time" killing, avoiding the difficulties associated with culture-based methods for assessing viability. Haem availability had no clear influence on the resistance to ROS of either P. gingivalis or P. intermedia Haem 0 and Haem 5 cells. The Haem 50 cells showed a very slight increase in susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Although P. intermedia may be isolated in significant numbers from healthy gingivae, as well as from periodontally diseased sites, it was no more resistant to ROS than was P. gingivalis, which is associated with periodontal lesions and difficult to cultivate from relatively healthy (more oxygenated) sites. This suggests that resistance to ROS does not contribute to the ecological distinction between these two species. The finding that haem availability did not influence sensitivity implies that these bacteria do not accumulate haem for the purpose of protection from ROS.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1991. / Title from title page screen, viewed December 8, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Herman E. Brockman (chair), Radheshym K. Jayaswal, Alan J. Katz, David F. Weber, Brian J. Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-125) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Surface water used for irrigation is often highly contaminated on a microbial level. Using contaminated surface water for the irrigation of fresh produce can lead to foodborne disease outbreaks and Escherichia coli has been a major cause of foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce over the past few years. There are many possible on-farm treatment options available to decrease the high microbial loads present in surface water, one of these is H2O2 and various factors can influence its use. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of H2O2 on different E. coli strains. Water from the Plankenburg River was sampled and treated with (250, 300 and 350 mg.L-1) H2O2 and the impact at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min was then evaluated. It was found that the log reductions differed between samples. Log reductions ranged between 1.60 – 2.63 for Aerobic colony counts (ACC), total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The water was not considered safe for irrigation use although it had been treated with H2O2. Reference (ATCC) and environmental E. coli strains were individually treated with H2O2 (250, 300 and 350 mg.L-1) at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Log reductions for the ATCC strains ranged between 2.13 – 5.48. This indicated a variation in H2O2 resistance between the different reference strains tested. Log reductions for the environmental E. coli strains ranged between 2.17 – 3.93. Escherichia coli M53 and MJ56 were the most resistant and most sensitive environmental strains to the H2O2 treatment, respectively. Once again it was observed that variations existed between the log reductions achieved for different strains. Overall, it was observed that the ATCC E. coli strains were more sensitive to the H2O2 treatments when compared the environmental strains. This indicates that ATCC strains should not be used for H2O2 treatment optimisation. Certain factors can influence the efficacy of H2O2 such as concentration and organic matter (chemical oxygen demand) present in the water. Different H2O2 concentrations were evaluated (50, 350, 700 and 1 000 mg.L-1) on two E. coli strains (M53 and W1371). Results indicated that 50 mg.L-1 was not effective as less than 1 log reduction was achieved after 120 min. When 350 and 700 mg.L-1 were used similar log reductions were achieved (1.78 – 2.27), which was not expected. Using 1 000 mg.L-1 was considered an effective concentration that resulted in no growth present after 120 min. Escherichia coli strain W1371 carried EPEC virulence factors (potential pathogen). This was included in the study in order to determine how a strain carrying virulence factors would react to H2O2. Escherichia coli W1371 was considered resistant to the H2O2 treatment and log reductions were similar to that achieved for M53. The catalase activity of the E. coli strains was studied to determine if a link existed between catalase activity and H2O2 resistance. Although a trend was observed between heat-stable catalase activity and H2O2 resistance, there were exceptions. It was concluded that high catalase activity does not always coincide with H2O2 resistance and that other mechanisms might also contribute to E. coli survival. Overall, it was observed that there are certain factors that influence the efficacy of H2O2 as a treatment option. It can be concluded that environmental E. coli strains are generally more resistant to the H2O2 treatment compared to ATCC E. coli strains, this needs to be considered when using H2O2 or other chemical disinfectants as a treatment option. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oppervlakwater wat gebruik word vir besproeiing is dikwels op ‘n mikrobiese vlak hoogs gekontamineer. Die gebruik van oppervlakwater vir die besproeiing van vars produkte kan tot die uitbraak van voedselgedraagde siektes lei. Escherichia coli was een van die hoofoorsake van voedselgedraagde uitbrake geassosieerd met vars produkte gedurende die laaste paar jaar. Daar is verskeie moontlike behandelingsmetodes op plaasvlak beskikbaar om die hoë mikrobiese las in oppervlakwater te verlaag. Een hiervan is waterstofperoksied (H2O2) en verskeie faktore kan die gebruik hiervan beïnvloed. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 op verskillende E. coli isolate te bepaal. Watermonsters uit die Plankenburg Rivier is behandel met drie konsentrasies H2O2 (250, 300 en 350 mg.L-1) en die impak is na 0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 minute geëvalueer. Daar is gevind dat die log reduksies tussen monsters verskil het. Log reduksies het gewissel tussen 1.60 en 2.63 vir aerobiese kolonietellings (AKT), totale kolivorme en E. coli. Selfs na H2O2 behandeling, is die water nie as veilig vir besproeiing beskou nie. Verwysingsisolate (ATCC) en omgewingsisolate van E. coli is afsonderlik met H2O2 behandel (250, 300 en 350 mg.L-1) vir 0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 minute. Log reduksies vir die ATCC isolate het gewissel tussen 2.13 en 5.48. Hierdie verskille dui op die variasies wat tussen die getoetste verwysingsisolate voorkom. Log reduksies vir die omgewingsisolate het gewissel tussen 2.17 en 3.93. Escherichia coli M53 en MJ56 was onderskeidelik die mees weerstandbiedende en mees sensitiewe verwysingsisolate wat getoets is. Verskille in log reduksies het daarop gedui dat isolaat variasies voorkom. In geheel is dit gevind dat die ATCC E. coli isolate meer sensitief was vir die H2O2 behandelings vergeleke met die omgewingsisolate. Dit toon dat die ATCC isolate nie gebruik moet word vir H2O2 behandeling optimering nie. Sekere faktore, soos die konsentrasie en organiese materiaal (chemiese suurstof vereiste) in die water, kan die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 behandeling beïnvloed. Verskillende H2O2 konsentrasies is geëvalueer (50, 350, 700 en 1000 mg.L-1) op twee E. coli isolate (M53 en W1371). Resultate dui daarop dat 50 mg.L-1 nie effektief was nie omdat minder as 1 log reduksie behaal is na 120 minute. Toe 350 en 700 mg.L-1 gebruik is, is soortgelyke log reduksies (1.78 – 2.27) teen verwagting in behaal. Die gebruik van 1000 mg.L-1 is as ‘n effektiewe behandeling beskou aangesien daar geen groei na 120 minute teenwoordig was nie. Escherichia coli isolaat W1371 besit EPEC virulensie faktore (potensiële patogeen). Dit is in die studie ingesluit ten einde te bepaal hoe ‘n isolaat met virulensie faktore sou reageer op H2O2. Escherichia coli W1371 is as weerstandbiedend teen die H2O2 behandeling beskou en log reduksies was soortgelyk aan die van M53 . Die katalase aktiwiteit van die E. coli isolate is bestudeer om te bepaal of ʼn skakel bestaan tussen katalase aktiwiteit en H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid. Alhoewel ‘n tendens waargeneem is tussen hitte-stabiele katalase aktiwiteit en H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid, was daar uitsonderings. Die gevolgtrekking was dat hoë katalase aktiwiteit nie altyd saamval met H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid nie en dat ander meganismes ook mag bydra tot E. coli oorlewing. In geheel is dit waargeneem dat daar sekere faktore is wat die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 as ‘n behandelingsmetode beïnvloed. Daar is gevind dat omgewingsisolate van E. coli in die algemeen meer weerstandbiedend is teenoor H2O2 behandeling in vergelyking met ATCC E. coli isolate. Dit moet in ag geneem word wanneer H2O2 of ander chemiese ontsmettingsmiddels oorweeg word as ʼn behandelingsopsie.

Pretreatment is an essential step in biofuel production from lignocellulose. Disruption of the lignin structure gives enzymes and fermentation organisms access to long chains of cellulose and hemicellulose. For this project’s purposes, the pretreatment must work within the framework of an on-farm butanol bioprocessing facility. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) is a delignification method that potentially provides several advantages. At the alkaline pH, powerful hydroxyl radicals are formed; which attack lignin. The objectives of this study were to determine if AHP removes substantial lignin for the feedstocks, corn stover, wheat straw, switchgrass and miscanthus, and to determine if AHP acts as a biocide? Compositional analysis determined if lignin was removed and HPLC data were used to determine whether or not Clostridium thermocellum hydrolyzed the pretreated material. Sterility was determined by plating the AHP material. All materials showed approximately 10% lignin removal with AHP. AHP increased structural carbohydrate concentrations for wheat straw, switchgrass and miscanthus. Corn stover showed no benefit from adding peroxide to a traditional alkaline pretreatment. AHP appears to suppress visible microbial growth for the first 24 hours after pretreatment. If AHP does not provide the additional hygienic effects, AHP does not provide a significant advantage over sodium hydroxide pretreatment.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Banca: André Luiz Fraga Briso / Banca: Marcelo Giannini / Banca: Edson Alves de Campos / Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade trans-amelodentinária de um gel clareador com 35% de H2O2 aplicado sobre dentes com ou sem restauração de resina composta e submetidos ou não a procedimento de envelhecimento. Cavidades preparadas em discos de esmalte/dentina obtidos de dentes bovinos íntegros foram restauradas com sistema adesivo autocondicionante e resina composta. Os discos foram armazenados em solução aquosa por 24 horas ou 6 meses e o procedimento de termociclagem foi realizado somente nos grupos armazenados por 6 meses. Os discos foram posicionados em câmaras pulpares artificiais e distribuídos em grupos: Íntegros 24 horas; Íntegros 24 horas clareados; Íntegros 6 meses; Íntegros 6 meses clareados; Restaurados 24 horas; Restaurados 24 horas clareados; Restaurados 6 meses; e Restaurados 6 meses clareados. O gel clareador foi aplicado sobre os discos por 15 minutos (1 aplicação) ou por 45 minutos (3 aplicações consecutivas de 15 minutos cada), sendo que os extratos (meio de cultura em contato com a dentina + componentes dos gel clareador que se difundiram através dos discos) foram recolhidos e aplicados por 1 hora sobre células odontoblastóides MDPC-23 em cultura (12.500 células/cm2). Para o experimento no qual o gel clareador foi aplicado somente uma vez, observouse redução significativa do metabolismo celular apenas para o grupo de dentes restaurados quando comparado ao controle (íntegros 24 horas não clareados) e ao grupo restaurado não clareado, independente do tempo de armazenamento (Tukey, p<0,05). Quando o gel clareador foi aplicado por três vezes consecutivas, houve diminuição do metabolismo celular estatisticamente significante em todos os grupos clareados (Mann-Whitney, p<0,05), sendo observadas intensas alterações morfológicas das células MDPC-23. Entretanto, não houve diferença com relação a presença de restauração e o tempo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trans-enamel and transdentinal cytotoxic effects of a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel applied on non-restored or restored teeth, submitted or not to aging by water storage and thermocycling. Enamel/dentin discs were obtained from bovine central incisors and restored or not with self-etching adhesive system and composite resin. These discs were storage in water for 24 hours or 6 months (aging). Thus, the discs were adapted individually in artificial pulp chambers and distributed according to the following treatments: non-restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; non-restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures; restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; and restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures. The bleaching gel was left in contact with the enamel surface for 15 minutes (1 application) or for 45 minutes (3 applications of 15 minutes each). The extracts (culture medium in contact to the dentin surface of the discs + bleaching agents components that diffused across the discs) were collected and applied on previously cultured MDPC-23 cells (12.500 cells/cm2) for 1 hour. Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy. One application of bleaching gel in the enamel surface of the discs caused a significant decrease in cell metabolism only in the restored discs in comparison with control discs (unbleached and non-restored discs stored for 24 hours) and unbleached restored discs, regardlles of the storage time (Tukey, p<0.05). On the other hand, bleaching agent applied for three consecutive times on enamel caused a significant decreased in cell metabolism in all bleached discs (Mann- Whitney, p<0.05). However, there were no differences between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do gel de peróxido de hidrogênio a 20% e 35% na alteração de cor, opacidade e fluorescência de materiais restauradores estéticos. Foram confeccionados 210 espécimes com 3mm de diâmetro e 2mm de espessura, sendo 30 de cada tipo de resina composta (Amaris, Admira, Estelite, Esthet X, Venus, Z350 e GrandioSO). Os espécimes foram armazenados em água deionizada por 24 horas. Na seqüência os mesmos foram polidos com lixa d'água #4000. Realizou-se então a primeira medição de cor, opacidade e fluorescência por um aparelho espectrofotômetro com iluminante padrão D65. Em seguida, cada grupo de 30 corpos de prova foi dividido em três subgrupos (n=10) de acordo com o tratamento clareador; utilizando-se o gel clareador peróxido de hidrogênio a 20% e 35%. Foram feitas quatro aplicações do gel clareador de 30 minutos cada, totalizando duas horas.O grupo controle não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento, permanecendo imerso em água deionizada por todo período do experimento. Após a ação dos géis, realizou-se a segunda medição da cor, opacidade e fluorescência. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados da ANOVA a dois fatores para o parâmetro ΔE mostram haver diferença estatística significante apenas para o fator concentração (p=0,00). O tratamento com o gel clareador a 35% provocou um resultado com uma média de variação de cor estatisticamente maior com relação aos demais grupos. Quanto à opacidade não houve diferença estatística significativa para nenhum fator. A fluorescência foi influenciada pela concentração do peróxido de hidrogênio (p=0,0016) e pelo tipo de resina (p=0,000), não havendo diferença entre as concentrações de 20% e 35%. A resina que mais sofreu alteração da fluorescência dos materiais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study evaluate the effect of 20% and 35% hydrogen peroxide on color, opacity and fluorescence of seven composities resins: Amaris, Admira, Estelite Sigma, Esthet X, Venus, Z350 e GrandioSO. 30 specimes, of each material, were prepared and than they recived bleaching treatment. A control group was stored in water (n=10). Color and spectral distribution of the materials were measured according to the CIELAB color scale, before and after bleaching treatment. The color and the Opacity parameter (OP) of specimens was measured after polymerization on a reflection spectrophotometer under the illuminant D65 over white and black backgrounds. UV component of the illuminant was included and excluded to calculate the fluorescence spectrum (FP). Differences and changes in optical properties (color, opacity parameter and fluorescence parameter) were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test, with significance set at p < 0.05. The range of color values (delta E*) was significantly influenced by concentration of hydrogen peroxide (p=0.00). The range of OP values was not influenced by material (p=0.14) or bleaching agent (p=0.38). And the range of FP values was significantly influenced by concentration of hydrogen peroxide (p=0.0016) and also by material (p=0.00). It is demonstrated that opacity of resin composites did not change after 20% and 35% hydrogen peroxide treatment. But color and fluorescence changed significantly after these treatments / Orientador: Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres / Coorientador: Alessandra Bühler Borges / Banca: Cláudio A. Talge Carvalho / Banca: Sérgio Eduardo de Paiva Gonçalves / Banca: Ricardo Amore / Banca: Claudio Hideki Kubo / Doutor

Orientador: Diana Gabriela de Sousa Soares / Resumo: No presente estudo, a enzima horseradish peroxidase (HRP) foi empregada como agente catalizador de um gel contendo 35% de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), objetivando a aceleração da sua taxa de decomposição em radicais livres, aumento sobre a eficácia clareadora e minimização da citotoxicidade indireta sobre células pulpares. Três grupos experimentais foram estabelecidos: CN: sem tratamento; PH35%: 35% de H2O2 e PH35%+HRP: 35% de H2O2 com adição de HRP (10 mg/mL). A cinética de degradação do H2O2 e liberação de radicais livres foram avaliados nos períodos de 0, 5, 10 e 15 min, por meio de sondas fluorescentes específicas. A eficácia clareadora foi avaliada em espectrofotômetro UV-vis (E) durante 6 sessões (3x15 min), em discos de esmalte e dentina simulando incisivos inferiores (2,3 mm de espessura). Para análise biológica, o clareamento foi realizado sobre discos adaptados em câmaras pulpares artificiais, sendo o meio de cultura em contato com a dentina (extrato) coletado e aplicado por 1 h sobre células MDPC-23 previamente semeadas (80% confluência). A viabilidade celular (teste de MTT), morfologia (MEV), lesão à membrana citoplasmática (ensaio de live/dead) e estresse oxidativo (carboxy-H2DCFDA) foram avaliados. Discos não submetidos ao clareamento foram empregados como controle negativo. Observou-se que na presença de HRP houve aceleração da degradação do H2O2 com concomitante aumento na formação de radicais livres em comparação ao gel sem adição da enzima. Estes resultad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present study, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was used as a catalytic agent of a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel aiming to accelerate its degradation, increase the bleaching effectiveness and reduce the toxic effects on pulp cells. Three experimental groups were stablished: CN: no treatment; PH35%: 35% H2O2 and PH35%+HRP: 35% H2O2 in contact with HRP (10 mg/mL). H2O2 degradation rate and free radicals release was assessed after 0, 5, 10 and 15 min, with specific fluorescence probes. Bleaching effectiveness in the presence or absence of HRP was assessed with a UV-vis spectrophotometer (E) on enamel/dentin discs simulating mandibular incisors (2.3 mm thickness) throughout 6 bleaching sessions (3x15 min). For the biological assays, bleaching protocol was performed onto discs adapted to artificial pulp chambers, and the culture medium in contact with dentin surface (extract) was collected and applied for 1 h on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells previously seeded (80% confluence). The cell viability (MTT assay), morphology (SEM) cell membrane damage (live/dead assay) and oxidative stress (carboxyH2DCFDA) were evaluated. The amount of residual H2O2 and free radicals capable to diffuse through the discs was quantified. Discs not subjected to bleaching were used as negative control. According to the results, in the presence of HRP there was acceleration of H2O2 degradation associated with increased generation of free radicals in comparison to plain H2O2 solut... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Alessandra Bühler Borges / Banca: Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres / Banca: Roberta Tarkany Basting Höfling / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo clínico randomizado foi avaliar a eficácia do clareamento caseiro com moldeira padronizada pré-carregada (MC) comparado à moldeira personalizada (MP), quanto à alteração de cor; condição gengival; sensibilidade dental; desmineralização do esmalte e satisfação do paciente. Foram testados géis clareadores à base de peróxido de hidrogênio (PH) a 10% e peróxido de carbamida (PC) a 10%. Quarenta e cinco voluntários foram recrutados e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de tratamento: OGO (Opalescence Go - PH a 10% na MC); OPF (Opalescence PF - PC a 10% na MP) e WTC (White Class - PH a 10% na MP). O clareamento foi realizado 1x/dia por 14 dias durante 2 h para o PC e 30 min para o PH. A cor dos dentes foi avaliada visualmente com as escalas Vitapan Classical (VC) e Vita Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER (VB) e com espectrofotômetro. A sensibilidade dental foi avaliada com escala numérica associada à escala visual análoga; a condição gengival pelo índice de Löe; o grau de mineralização do esmalte dental pela irradiação com laser fluorescente e a satisfação do paciente por um questionário. As avaliações foram realizadas em diferentes momentos do tratamento. Os dados de cor foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (5%). Tanto para sensibilidade (SD), quanto para a inflamação gengival (IG), o risco absoluto foi calculado com o teste exato de Fisher e para comparação da intensidade entre os grupos, ANOVA medidas rep... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the performance of at-home bleaching with universal prefilled whitening trays (PT) compared with customized trays (CT) regarding tooth bleaching, gingival condition, tooth sensitivity, enamel demineralization and volunteer satisfaction. 10% Hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) peroxide-based gels were tested. Forty five volunteers were recruited and randomly divided into three treatment groups: OGO (Opalescence Go - 10% HP in PT); OPF (Opalescence PF - 10%CP in CT) and WTC (White Class - 10% HP in CT). The bleaching treatment were accomplished 1x/day for 14 days, during 2 h for CP and 30 min for HP. The teeth shades were evaluated visually using the shade guides Vitapan Classical (VC) and Vita Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER (VB), and spectrophotometrically. The tooth sensitivity were evaluated using a numeric scale associated with a visual analogue scale; the gingival condition with the Löe's index; the enamel demineralization with a fluorescent laser irradiation and volunteer satisfaction with a questionnaire. The evaluations were performed in different moments of the treatment. Data of tooth bleaching were submitted to ANOVA repeated measures and Tukey's multiple comparison test (5%). For both tooth sensitivity (TS) and gingival inflammation (GI), the absolute risk was calculated using Fisher's exact test and for intensity comparison among the groups, ANOVA repeated measures for TS and Kruskal-Wallis for GI... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T13:56:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARIANO DA SILVA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 2684747 bytes, checksum: fe802948822a1a5d8659189a540f5fba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T13:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ MARIANO DA SILVA NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 2684747 bytes, checksum: fe802948822a1a5d8659189a540f5fba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Materiais lignocelulósicos representam uma importante matéria-prima para a produção de biocombustíveis e outros insumos químicos para comódites. Esses materiais quando derivados em celulose, hemicelulose e lignina geram matérias primas e subprodutos com valor agregado maior, a exemplo de acetato de celulose oriundo da celulose. No geral a cana-de-açúcar é a fonte de material lignocelulósico mais usada para obtenção desses derivados e frações. No entanto, alternativo a cana-de-açúcar, o sorgo sacarino tem recebido destaque pelo seu potencial lignocelulósico e por apresentar vantagens tanto do ponto de vista fotossintético como em velocidade de maturação e adaptação na região semiárida. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo o isolamento da celulose e hemicelulose do bagaço do sorgo sacarino e obtenção do acetato de celulose. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização lignocelulósica do bagaço do sorgo sacarino para determinar os teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, e em seguida foi realizado um pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino, visando estudar o efeito da temperatura, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e tempo reacional para solubilizar a lignina. A deslignificação gerou um resíduo sólido majoritariamente composto de celulose e um líquido majoritariamente composto de hemicelulose e lignina. A separação do resíduo sólido do líquido foi realizada por filtração, o filtrado submetido à adição de álcool etílico e precipitado em hemicelulose. A caracterização do bagaço in natura e pré-tratado, a celulose, hemicelulose e o acetato de celulose foi realizada através da espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios -X (DRX) e análises termogravimétricas (TG/DTG/DSC) e determinação do grau de substituição (GS) por via química para o acetato de celulose, visando a confirmação da acetilação. Por meio de análise estatística dos dados experimentais observou-se que as condições de pré-tratamento que geraram a maior solubilização da lignina (61,98%) e maior rendimento na extração da celulose (39,5%) foi na temperatura de 60°C, concentração de peróxido de 6% e tempo reacional de 4 horas bem como, a condição em que se obteve o maior rendimento para a hemicelulose (7,04%) foi na mesma temperatura e concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio, porém, no tempo reacional de 6h. A celulose obtida na melhor condição de pré-tratamento foi submetida a reação de acetilação homogênea para sintetizar o composto acetato de celulose em que as variáveis estudadas de síntese foram temperatura e tempo reacional de acetilação. O acetato de celulose foi obtido com um grau de substituição de 3,66 a uma temperatura de 25°C e tempo reacional de 24h. Os espectros de FTIR indicaram bandas características idênticas de materiais lignocelulósicos, o que demonstrou a eficiência do pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino. Através das análises de DRX observou-se a presença de picos característicos de materiais lignocelulósicos, a presença de regiões parcialmente cristalinas da celulose e amorfas para a hemicelulose. Quanto às análises termogravimétricas de TG e DTG foi possível concluir que os materiais isolados, celulose e hemicelulose, demonstraram perdas de massa semelhantes e que puderam também ser confirmados através das curvas de DSC. / Lignocellulosic materials represent an important raw material for biofuels production and other chemical inputs for comodites. These materials when derived in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin generate raw materials and by-products with higher added value, such as cellulose acetate derived from cellulose and xylose obtained from hemicellulose. In general sugarcane is the source of lignocellulosic material most used to obtain these derivatives and fractions. However, alternative to sugarcane, saccharine sorghum has been highlighted by its lignocellulosic potential and because it presents advantages from the viewpoint of photosynthesis and maturation speed and adaptation in the semi-arid region. Thus, the main objective of the present work was the isolation of cellulose and hemicellulose from saccharin sorghum bagasse and the production of cellulose acetate. Firstly, the lignocellulosic characterization of saccharin sorghum bagasse was carried out to determine the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, followed by a pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, aiming to study the effect of temperature, peroxide concentration of hydrogen and reaction time to solubilize the lignin. The delignification generated a solid residue mostly composed of cellulose and a liquid mostly composed of hemicellulose and lignin. Separation of the solid residue from the liquid was carried out by filtration, the filtrate submitted to the addition of ethyl alcohol and precipitated into hemicellulose. The bagasse in natura and pre-treated, cellulose and hemicellulose extract and cellulose acetate were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG / DSC). By means of statistical analysis of the experimental data, it was observed that the pretreatment conditions that generated the highest solubilization of lignin (61.98%) and higher yield in the cellulose extraction (39.5%) were at the temperature of 60 ° C, peroxide concentration of 6% and reaction time of 4 hours, as well as the condition in which the highest yield for hemicellulose (7.04%) was obtained at the same temperature and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, however, the reaction time was 6h. The cellulose obtained in the best pre-treatment condition was submitted to a homogeneous acetylation reaction to synthesize the cellulose acetate compound in which the studied variables of synthesis were temperature and reaction time of acetylation. Cellulose acetate was obtained with a substitution degree of 3.66 at a temperature of 25 °C and reaction time of 24h. The FTIR spectra indicated the efficiency characteristics of identical lignocellulosic materials, which demonstrated the pretreatment efficiency with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Through the XRD analyzes the presence of characteristic peaks of lignocellulosic materials, the presence of partially crystalline cellulose regions and amorphous to hemicellulose were observed. Regarding the thermo gravimetric analyzes of TG and DTG, it was possible to conclude that the isolated materials, cellulose and hemicellulose, showed similar mass losses and that could also be confirmed through the DSC curves.

Neste estudo apresenta-se a síntese de duas amostras de nanopartículas de ferrita de níquel, denominadas C-NiFe2O4 e NiFe2O4, através de um método simples, de baixo custo e ambientalmente amigável. Estudos morfológicos, estruturais, eletrônicos, ópticos e magnéticos foram realizados com o intuito de caracterizar as propriedades desses materiais para que possibilitassem, além de maior grau de conhecimento, sua aplicação como sensores colorimétricos para detecção de ácido ascórbico e peróxido de hidrogênio. Mediante a análise térmica dos precursores, foi possível determinar os intervalos de temperatura de decomposição, assim como a temperatura ótima de formação das nanopartículas. A amostra NiFe2O4 é ferromagnética e corresponde a uma fase cúbica de espinélio inverso. Os dados de difração de raios X, espectroscopia Mössbauer e o modelo iônico sugerem a presença de um certo grau de substituição, possuindo em sua estrutura um cátion divalente como agente dopante. As nanopartículas de C-NiFe2O4 foram utilizadas como catalisador na oxidação do 3,3',5,5'-tetrametilbenzidina (TMB) em meio ácido para formar uma solução azul sem adição de outro reagente. Como resultado foi utilizado como sensor colorimétrico para detecção de ácido ascórbico, visto que este reduz o complexo de transferência de carga, TMBOX, novamente para TMB. A calibração analítica apresentou uma faixa linear entre 1-20 μM para a concentração de ácido ascórbico, com limite de detecção (3/m) de 0,93 μM. A determinação em suplementos de vitamina C através do método de adição de padrão mostrou a eficiência do sensor para detectar ácido ascórbico em amostras reais. Já a amostra de NiFe2O4 demonstrou atividade catalítica semelhante as peroxidases naturais, oxidando o TMB na presença de H2O2 para formar TMBOX, que dá coloração azul a solução. Dessa forma, NiFe2O4 foi utilizado em um sensor colorimétrico para detecção de H2O2 e a calibração analítica revelou duas faixas lineares, uma entre 2,28 - 28,60 μM e a outra entre 28,60 μM - 114,20 μM. O limite de detecção (3/m) foi de 1,94 μM. Ambos os métodos apresentaram boa repetibilidade, com coeficiente de variação de 3,5% e 4% respectivamente. / This study presents the synthesis of two samples of nickel ferrite nanoparticles, termed C-NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4, through a simple, low cost and environmentally friendly method. Morphological, structural, electronic, optical and magnetic studies were carried out with the aim of characterizing the properties of these materials, which allowed the application of colorimetric sensors for the detection of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Through the thermal analysis of the precursors, it was possible to determine the decomposition temperature ranges, as well as the optimum temperature of formation of the nanoparticles. The sample NiFe2O4 is ferromagnetic and corresponds to a cubic phase of inverse spinel. The X-ray diffraction data, Mössbauer spectroscopy and the ionic model suggest the presence of a certain degree of substitution, having in its structure a divalent cation as a doping agent. The C-NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were used as catalysts in the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in acidic medium to form a blue solution without addition of another reagent. As a result, it was used as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of ascorbic acid, as it reduces the charge transfer complex, TMBOX, again to TMB. The analytical calibration showed a linear range between 1-20 μM for the concentration of ascorbic acid, with a detection limit (3 /m) of 0.93 μM. The determination of vitamin C supplements using the standard addition method showed the efficiency of the sensor to detect ascorbic acid in actual samples. Already NiFe2O4 sample demonstrated catalytic activity similar to natural peroxidases, oxidizing the TMB in the presence of H2O2 to form TMBOX, which gives blue coloration to the solution. Thus, NiFe2O4 was used in a colorimetric sensor to detect H2O2, and the analytical calibration revealed two linear ranges, one between 2.28 - 28.60 μM and the other between 28.60 μM - 114.20 μM. The detection limit (3 /m) was 1.94 μM. Both methods presented good repeatability, with a coefficient of variation of 3.5% and 4% respectively.