The project sought to identify direct links between calculate hillslope solute fluxes and input/output budgets in a forested drainage basin in the United Kingdom. An intensive, short term monitoring and data collection programme was devised in order to quantify the major components for the hillslope hydrological cycle, the seasonal changes in overstorey and understorey biomass, and the chemical composition of ecologically and pedologically derived samples. Gross and net precipitation, infiltration, and soil moisture fluxes, groundwater movement and streamflow were monitored to identify the possible pathways which solutes might follow. Regular sampling of the oak and bracken vegetation, litterfall and litter enabled calculation of biomass accumulation and the rate of uptake and release of plant nutrients. The spatial variability of soil properties was quantified, but subsequent soil sampling permitted identification of seasonal trends in exchangeable action and soil water solute concentrations. All hydrological and ecological samples were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and chloride. PH, specific conductance and organic carbon were measured for selected samples. The high infiltration capacity of the soil promoted rapid vertical movement of water towards a perched water table. The presence of soil macropores and the high permeability of the soil precluded the generation of throughflow on the hills-lope. Stream discharge was mainly controlled by groundwater fluxes from the perched water table. Although seasonal trends in the solute concentration of water samples and in the nutrient assimilation of vegetation were identified, isolated events, such as frassfall and storm-period litterfall, were shown to contribute significant quantities of nutrients to the forest floor, The importance of solute movement via macropores, especially phosphorus, was emphasised, with particular reference to plant availability. The relative stability of the ecosystem was reflected in the balance of the input/output budgets of solutes, with, the exception of calcium and magnesium losses which were attributable to weathering of the calcareous bedrock. Bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis showed that no single biogeochemical process on the hillslope could be identified as exerting a dominant controlling influence on stream water chenistry, through isolated events may affect concentrations in the short term.

A modelagem matemática da hidrologia de bacias hidrográficas é largamente utilizada em estudos de diversos tipos de problemas encontrados na engenharia hidráulica e de recursos hídricos. Nestes últimos 150 anos, muitos pesquisadores realizaram observações e experimentos sobre a natureza do ciclo hidrológico para que pudessem entender e equacionar seu comportamento. Diversos modelos diferentes surgiram baseando-se em equacionamentos físicos e empíricos, sendo que muitos destes modelos clássicos são utilizados até hoje. Para se ter uma visão mais abrangente do tema, uma revisão do estado da arte é apresentada, com uma perspectiva histórica destes modelos e seus criadores, assim como uma classificação fundamentada em suas características. Também são examinados alguns dos sistemas computacionais para modelagem hidrológica de bacias hidrográficas mais utilizados atualmente. São discutidas as hipóteses de uma simplificação do ciclo hidrológico para eventos intensos utilizados em projetos. Cada componente do ciclo hidrológico simplificado é modelado utilizando um dos diferentes modelos hidrológicos propostos, com graus de complexidade distintos. Para cada um destes modelos é realizada uma análise de sensibilidades dos seus parâmetros. Baseado nos avanços tecnológicos mais recentes na ciência da computação foi desenvolvido, em paralelo a esta pesquisa, uma ferramenta computacional que compila todos os conceitos aqui apresentados e tem distribuição acadêmica livre. / The mathematical modeling of the watershed hydrology is widely used in studies of several problems related to hydraulic and water resources engineering. On these last 150 years, many researchers accomplished observations and experiments on the nature of the hydrologic cycle in order to understand and equates its behavior. Several different models appeared basing on physical and empiric equating, and many of these classic models are being used until today. To get a more comprehensive view on the theme, a state of the art revision is presented, with an historical perspective about these models and its creators, such as a classification based on its characteristics are presented. Also some computational systems of hydrologic modeling of watershed are also examined more used now. The hypotheses of a simplification of the hydrologic cycle are discussed for intense events used in projects. Each component of the simplified hydrologic cycle is modeled using one of the different hydrologic models proposed, with distinct grades of complexity. For each one of these models a sensibility analysis of their parameter is performed. Based on the more recent technological progresses in the computational science was developed, parallel to this research, a computational tool that compiles all the concepts here presented and has free academic distribution.

A modelagem matemática da hidrologia de bacias hidrográficas é largamente utilizada em estudos de diversos tipos de problemas encontrados na engenharia hidráulica e de recursos hídricos. Nestes últimos 150 anos, muitos pesquisadores realizaram observações e experimentos sobre a natureza do ciclo hidrológico para que pudessem entender e equacionar seu comportamento. Diversos modelos diferentes surgiram baseando-se em equacionamentos físicos e empíricos, sendo que muitos destes modelos clássicos são utilizados até hoje. Para se ter uma visão mais abrangente do tema, uma revisão do estado da arte é apresentada, com uma perspectiva histórica destes modelos e seus criadores, assim como uma classificação fundamentada em suas características. Também são examinados alguns dos sistemas computacionais para modelagem hidrológica de bacias hidrográficas mais utilizados atualmente. São discutidas as hipóteses de uma simplificação do ciclo hidrológico para eventos intensos utilizados em projetos. Cada componente do ciclo hidrológico simplificado é modelado utilizando um dos diferentes modelos hidrológicos propostos, com graus de complexidade distintos. Para cada um destes modelos é realizada uma análise de sensibilidades dos seus parâmetros. Baseado nos avanços tecnológicos mais recentes na ciência da computação foi desenvolvido, em paralelo a esta pesquisa, uma ferramenta computacional que compila todos os conceitos aqui apresentados e tem distribuição acadêmica livre. / The mathematical modeling of the watershed hydrology is widely used in studies of several problems related to hydraulic and water resources engineering. On these last 150 years, many researchers accomplished observations and experiments on the nature of the hydrologic cycle in order to understand and equates its behavior. Several different models appeared basing on physical and empiric equating, and many of these classic models are being used until today. To get a more comprehensive view on the theme, a state of the art revision is presented, with an historical perspective about these models and its creators, such as a classification based on its characteristics are presented. Also some computational systems of hydrologic modeling of watershed are also examined more used now. The hypotheses of a simplification of the hydrologic cycle are discussed for intense events used in projects. Each component of the simplified hydrologic cycle is modeled using one of the different hydrologic models proposed, with distinct grades of complexity. For each one of these models a sensibility analysis of their parameter is performed. Based on the more recent technological progresses in the computational science was developed, parallel to this research, a computational tool that compiles all the concepts here presented and has free academic distribution.

This dissertation explores the coupling between radiative and three-dimensional dynamical processes in the atmosphere of Titan, and their impact on the seasonal climate and recent paleoclimate. First, a simple calculation is used to demonstrate the atmospheric attenuation on the distribution of insolation. The maximum diurnal-mean surface insolation does not reach the polar regions in summertime, and this impacts both surface temperatures and their destabilizing effect on the atmosphere. Second, a detailed two-stream, fully non-gray radiative transfer model, written specifically for Titan but with high flexibility, is used to calculate radiative fluxes and the associated heating rates. This model reproduces Titan's temperature structure from the surface through the stratopause, over nearly six decades of pressure. Additionally, a physics parameterizations package is developed for Titan, in part based on similar methods from Earth atmospheric models, for use in a Titan general circulation model (GCM). Simulations with this model, including Titan's methane cycle, reproduce two important observational constraints---Titan's temperature profile and atmospheric superrotation---that have proven difficult to satisfy simultaneously for previous models. Simulations with the observed distribution of seas are used to examine the resulting distribution of cloud activity, atmospheric humidity, and temperatures, and show that these are consistent with dry mid- and low-latitudes, while the observed polar temperatures are reproduced as a consequence of evaporative cooling. Analysis of the surface energy budget shows that turbulent fluxes react to the surface insolation, confirming the importance of its distribution. Finally, the GCM is used to simulate Titan's climate during snapshots over the past 42 kyr that capture the amplitude range of variations in eccentricity and longitude of perihelion. The results show that the atmosphere is largely insensitive to orbital forcing, and that it invariably transports methane poleward, suggesting Titan's low-latitudes have been deserts for at least hundreds of thousands of years. In detail, seasonal asymmetries do affect the distribution of methane, moving methane to the pole with the weaker summer, though orbital variations do not imply a long-period asymmetry. If the timescale for the atmosphere to transport the surface liquid reservoir is sufficiently short, this explains the observed north-south dichotomy of lakes and seas.

Huvudsyftet var att ta reda på vad förskolebarn kan och tänker kring vattnets kretslopp och vattnets betydelse för allt liv på jorden. Samtidigt syftade undersökningen till att ta reda på pedagogernas arbetssätt och tankar kring dem. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med såväl pedagoger som barn. Intervjuerna har spelats in och sedan transkribetats för att därefter analyseras. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att barnen har god kännedom om vattnets kretslopp och vattnets betydelse för livet på jorden. De kan de stora dragen i kretsloppet, men saknar vissa kunskaper vilket hindrar dem att beskriva kretsloppet i detalj. Resultatet visar också att pedagogernas arbetssätt varit gynnsamma för barnens inlärningsprocess. En av flera slutsatser som kan dras är att barn i svenska förskolor förefaller ha en hög kunskapsnivå vilket tyder på att den svenska förskolan håller god kvalitet. Det är också tydligt att pedagogernas val av arbetssätt har stor betydelse för barnens inlärning. / The main purpose of the survey was to find out what preschool children know and think about the hydrological circle and the importance of water for every form of life on Earth. At the same time, the survey aimed to find out which way the preschool teachers chose to work with the children and how they had been planning and thinking about it. The survey was implemented through qualitative interviews with pedagogues as well as children. The interviews were recorded and thereafter transcribed for later analysis. The results of the survey show that the children have good knowledge of the hydrological circle and the importance of water for life on Earth. They know the hydrological circle in general but lack some knowledge which prevents them from describing the circle in detail. The results also show that the way of work the pedagogues have chosen have been good for the learning process of the children. One of several conclusions is that children in Swedish preschools seem to have a high level of knowledge, which suggests that the Swedish preschool is one of high quality. It's also obvious that the way of work the pedagogues choose is of big importance for the learning process of the children.

Submitted by FABIANA DA SILVA FRANÇA (fabiana21franca@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T14:12:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 5656794 bytes, checksum: cd6b716d0f23c645134652a09b9cddc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T14:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 5656794 bytes, checksum: cd6b716d0f23c645134652a09b9cddc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Zooplankton dynamics on a deep reservoir of Brazilian semiarid region: influence of weather, water quality an phytoplankton community. The semiarid region around the world are characterized by low rainfall, high temperatures throughout the year followed by long periods of drought, making them often temporary; it directly affects the quality of water and hence the diversity and abundance of organisms. Several aquatic systems in the semiarid region especially in Brazil, are shallow and so the planktonic studies were conducted at these sites. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the dynamics of zooplankton in a deep dam in the northeastern semi-arid, and to observe the influence of environmental variables, phytoplankton community and seasonal climate on it. This study was conducted in four parts: the first was about the relationship between phytoplankton and zooplankton over two hydrological cycles. There was a predominance of cyanobacteria over all other phytoplankton groups, which resulted in low diversity zooplankton of the dam; rotifers were the most diverse and most abundant species during the rainy season; copepods were recorded throughout the collections in special juvenile stages; cladocerans had very low densities, and only appeared when environmental conditions have improved. Chapter 2 deals with the spatial differences in the distribution of zooplankton community and the influence of rainy and dry seasons on the distribution of these species; it was observed that the density of both planktonic groups were higher at the inlet, especially cyanobacteria and rotifers; microcrustaceans were especially abundant in the dry season; Chapter 3 analyzed the vertical distribution of zooplankton community and the influence of seasonality; what is observed is that while the rotifers shows a more homogeneous distribution while the microcrustaceans showed a typical distribution of vertical migration, especially in the dry season; Finally, Chapter 4 presents a simulation of artificial nutrient accumulation caused by the reduction of the water volume in case of prolonged drought; for that it were installed in the dam a bioassay mesocosm with tanks where treatment has been enriched with nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus and the other served as a control. An unexpected result was the formation of a biofilm in periphyton treatment enriched with nutrients, which has the power of reducing the density of cyanobacteria, to the point of bringing the total transparency of the water at the end of the experiment; this suggests a breakdown of nutritional resources in the dam waters, due to the residence time of the water. The phytoplankton and zooplankton communities responds to this difference. The calanoid and cladocerans only appeared at the end of the study, namely the enriched treatments, while cyclopoids lowered their densities. From the study one can conclude that the difference in shallower environments, the deeper reservoirs shows an increased residence time of the water, which is reflected in the low zooplankton diversity, especially microcrustaceans and the occurrence of blooms of cyanobacteria; while shallow lakes show a concomitant ecological succession evolution of the hydrological cycle, reflecting a larger zooplankton diversity, the deeper reservoirs exhibit greater stability and that succession occurs is required higher rainfall regimes. / A dinâmica do zooplâncton em um reservatório profundo do semiárido brasileiro: influência do clima, da qualidade da água e da comunidade fitoplanctônica. As regiões semiáridas no mundo são caracterizado por poucas chuvas, altas temperaturas o ano todo, seguidos por longos períodos de estiagem, tornando-os muitas vezes temporários; isto afeta diretamente a qualidade das águas e, consequentemente a diversidade e abundância dos organismos ali presentes. A maioria dos sistemas aquáticos no semiárido, especialmente no Brasil, são rasos e por isso os estudos planctônicos foram conduzidos nesses locais. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a dinâmica do zooplâncton num açude profundo no semiárido nordestino, e observar a influência das variáveis ambientais, da comunidade fitoplanctônica e da sazonalidade do clima sobre ela. Este estudo foi conduzido em quatro partes: o primeiro foi sobre a relação entre fitoplanctônica e zooplanctônica ao longo de dois ciclos hidrológicas. Observou-se o predomínio das cianobactérias sobre todos os demais grupos fitoplanctônicos, o que refletiu na baixa diversidade zooplanctônica do açude; os rotíferos foram as espécies mais diversas e mais abundantes durante as chuvas; os copépodos foram registrados durante toda as coletas, em especiais os estágios juvenis; cladóceros apresentaram densidades baixíssimas, e só apareceram quando a condições do ambiente se tornaram menos eutrofizadas. O capítulo 2 tratou das diferenças espaciais na distribuição da comunidade zooplanctônica e a influência dos períodos chuvosos e seco sobre a distribuição desta comunidade; observou-se que a densidade de ambos os grupos planctônicos foram maiores na entrada, especialmente de cianobactérias e de rotíferos; os microcrustáceos foram especialmente mais abundantes na época seca; no capítulo 3 analisou-se a distribuição vertical da comunidade zooplanctônica e a influência da sazonalidade sobre esta; o que se observou é que enquanto os rotíferos tiveram um distribuição mais homogênea, os microcrustáceos apresentaram uma distribuição típica de migração vertical, especialmente na época seca; por fim, o capítulo 4 apresentou a simulação artificial do acúmulo de nutrientes provocada pela diminuição da do volume hídrico, no caso de uma seca prolongada; para isso foram instalados no açude um bioensaio em mesocosmo, com taques, onde um tratamento foi enriquecido com nutrientes, nitrogênio e fósforo e outro serviu como controle. Como resultado inesperado, ocorreu a formação de um biofilme de perifiton no tratamento enriquecido com nutrientes, que teve o poder de diminuir as densidades de cianobactérias, ao ponto de trazer transparência total da água no fim do experimento; isso sugere um esgotamento de recursos nutritivos nas águas do açude, devido ao tempo de residência da água. As comunidades fitoplanctônicas e zooplanctônicas responderam a essa diferença. Os calanóides e cladóceros só apareceram no fim do estudo, nos tratamentos enriquecidos, enquanto que os ciclopóides baixaram suas densidades. Com o estudo podemos concluir que à diferença dos ambientes mais rasos, o os açudes mais profundos apresentam um tempo maior de residência da água, que se reflete na baixa diversidade zooplanctônica, especialmente dos microcrustáceos e na ocorrência de blooms de cianobactérias; enquanto que os lagos rasos mostram um sucessão ecológica concomitante a evolução do ciclo hidrológico, refletindo uma maior diversidade zooplanctônica, os reservatórios mais profundos exibem uma estabilidade maior e para que essa sucessão ocorra é necessário maiores regimes pluviométrico.

No description available.

Este trabalho buscou quantificar alguns impactos no ciclo hidrológico, especialmente o padrão de precipitação, decorrentes do desmatamento regional nas proximidades da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163), por meio de um experimento numérico de simulação da atmosfera com o modelo RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), na versão brasileira (Brazilian RAMS – BRAMS), com alta resolução (célula de 16x16 km). Foi utilizado um cenário de desmatamento, provido por modelos empíricos de desmatamento, para o ano de 2026, numa situação sem governância, com um tempo de simulação de 40 dias entre 20 de Outubro a 30 de Novembro. Os dados de forçamento na fronteira utilizaram a reanálise do NCEP para o ano de 2002. Houve uma redução média de 7% do padrão de chuva na região após o desmatamento, na área perturbada, e não houve efeitos substanciais nas regiões além da fronteira de desmatamento como um todo. Porém, a distribuição heterogênea do uso da terra induziu à formação de uma célula térmica, sobre a região desmatada, que resultou em uma certa variabilidade espacial da chuva próxima ao setor de desmatamento. Uma célula térmica induziu o levantamento de massa (por convergência) aproximadamente acima da região desmatada, carregando vapor d’água proveniente das regiões de floresta nas adjacências, e promovendo a formação de chuva convectiva. A extensão da célula, entre os dois ramos descendentes, foi aproximadamente o dobro da extensão da faixa de desmatamento. Neste caso da BR-163, a célula foi levemente deslocada para oeste, onde ocorreu aumento da precipitação. A leste, e sobre o setor central do desmatamento, houve redução da precipitação. Notou-se uma pequena mudança na distribuição da chuva ao longo do dia no caso do desmatamento, que não mostrou um horário de máxima precipitação bem definido, e também sugeriu um pequeno aumento da chuva no período noturno. As respostas ao desmatamento ocorreram de forma diferenciada conforme a faixa de topografia analisada. Nas áreas além das fronteiras do desmatamento, houve um pequeno sinal de redução da chuva, nos setores de cota superior à 500 m. / This study aim was to evaluate some impacts on the hydrological cycle, specially the precipitation pattern, due to the regional deforestation along the corridor of the Cuiaba-Santarem highway (BR-163), using a high resolution (16x16 km grid) atmospheric model, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), in its Brazilian version, the Brazilian RAMS or BRAMS. A deforestation scenario for 2026 has been provided by empirical models of deforestation, under no governance conditions (also known as the business-as-usual scenario) and it has been used in this study. The time length of simulation was 40 days, from October 10th to November 30th. The forcing data of 2002 were provided by the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. Mean rainfall decreased 7% in the region in which the forest was replaced by pasture. There were no substantial changes where the forest land cover was kept undisturbed. However, the rainfall showed spatial variability due to the local circulation (thermal) induced by land cover heterogeneity. Over the pasture area (deforestation), hot air rises by convergence carrying water vapor from the undisturbed forest located close to the pasture increasing the convective precipitation. This local cell is approximately twice as big as the deforestation length. In the BR-163 study case, the cell was located nearest to the west side of the land cover transition area (forest-pasture) where the rainfall rate increased. On the east side and over the deforestation area, the precipitation rate was reduced. The diurnal cycle of the precipitation has been slightly changed in the deforestation case. During the day, it was not possible to identify the rainfall maximum while at night it suggested a slightly increase of precipitation. The response of the fluxes and surface variables may be different depending on its topography level. A small rainfall reduction has been observed where the forest was kept undisturbed over 500 meters.

Este trabalho buscou quantificar alguns impactos no ciclo hidrológico, especialmente o padrão de precipitação, decorrentes do desmatamento regional nas proximidades da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163), por meio de um experimento numérico de simulação da atmosfera com o modelo RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), na versão brasileira (Brazilian RAMS – BRAMS), com alta resolução (célula de 16x16 km). Foi utilizado um cenário de desmatamento, provido por modelos empíricos de desmatamento, para o ano de 2026, numa situação sem governância, com um tempo de simulação de 40 dias entre 20 de Outubro a 30 de Novembro. Os dados de forçamento na fronteira utilizaram a reanálise do NCEP para o ano de 2002. Houve uma redução média de 7% do padrão de chuva na região após o desmatamento, na área perturbada, e não houve efeitos substanciais nas regiões além da fronteira de desmatamento como um todo. Porém, a distribuição heterogênea do uso da terra induziu à formação de uma célula térmica, sobre a região desmatada, que resultou em uma certa variabilidade espacial da chuva próxima ao setor de desmatamento. Uma célula térmica induziu o levantamento de massa (por convergência) aproximadamente acima da região desmatada, carregando vapor d’água proveniente das regiões de floresta nas adjacências, e promovendo a formação de chuva convectiva. A extensão da célula, entre os dois ramos descendentes, foi aproximadamente o dobro da extensão da faixa de desmatamento. Neste caso da BR-163, a célula foi levemente deslocada para oeste, onde ocorreu aumento da precipitação. A leste, e sobre o setor central do desmatamento, houve redução da precipitação. Notou-se uma pequena mudança na distribuição da chuva ao longo do dia no caso do desmatamento, que não mostrou um horário de máxima precipitação bem definido, e também sugeriu um pequeno aumento da chuva no período noturno. As respostas ao desmatamento ocorreram de forma diferenciada conforme a faixa de topografia analisada. Nas áreas além das fronteiras do desmatamento, houve um pequeno sinal de redução da chuva, nos setores de cota superior à 500 m. / This study aim was to evaluate some impacts on the hydrological cycle, specially the precipitation pattern, due to the regional deforestation along the corridor of the Cuiaba-Santarem highway (BR-163), using a high resolution (16x16 km grid) atmospheric model, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), in its Brazilian version, the Brazilian RAMS or BRAMS. A deforestation scenario for 2026 has been provided by empirical models of deforestation, under no governance conditions (also known as the business-as-usual scenario) and it has been used in this study. The time length of simulation was 40 days, from October 10th to November 30th. The forcing data of 2002 were provided by the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. Mean rainfall decreased 7% in the region in which the forest was replaced by pasture. There were no substantial changes where the forest land cover was kept undisturbed. However, the rainfall showed spatial variability due to the local circulation (thermal) induced by land cover heterogeneity. Over the pasture area (deforestation), hot air rises by convergence carrying water vapor from the undisturbed forest located close to the pasture increasing the convective precipitation. This local cell is approximately twice as big as the deforestation length. In the BR-163 study case, the cell was located nearest to the west side of the land cover transition area (forest-pasture) where the rainfall rate increased. On the east side and over the deforestation area, the precipitation rate was reduced. The diurnal cycle of the precipitation has been slightly changed in the deforestation case. During the day, it was not possible to identify the rainfall maximum while at night it suggested a slightly increase of precipitation. The response of the fluxes and surface variables may be different depending on its topography level. A small rainfall reduction has been observed where the forest was kept undisturbed over 500 meters.

Soils are a critical resource for supporting ecosystems, agricultural systems, and human wellbeing. However, these same soils have been degraded by human activities throughout human history. Despite the rapid development of global models that include dynamic changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and biogeochemical processes to assess climate and hydrological impacts, soil properties are often assumed to be spatially or temporally constant. These assumptions can affect the results of model projections, impact assessments and underestimate the human impact on Earth systems. This study reveals the physical impacts of human-altered soil conditions on the global water balance through a meta-analysis study and soil degradation modeling. We link major global LULCs to four hydrologic soil groups: sandy (sand, sandy loam, and loamy sand), loamy (loam, silty loam, and silt)), clayey soils (clay, sandy clay, clay loam, silty clay, and silty clay loam), and sandy clay loam) from 850 to 2015 AD, and identified loamy and clayey soils as the preferred soils for most human land uses. Humans selectively use those soils for intensive agriculture and pasture activities, while grazing occurs on sandier soils. To simulate the impact of human activities on soils, several soil change models were built for soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), and soil bulk density from meta-analyses of site observations. The models were applied globally based on the LULC and soil relations, global environmental and soil conditions, and LULC distributions. Pedotransfer functions were applied to estimate soil water-holding capacity using those soil properties, then a Thornthwaite-type water balance model was used to assess the impacts of soil degradation on the global water balance. Results show that under a high-intensity LULC scenario (conventional tillage on croplands and heavy grazing), SOC decreases by 363 Pg and water deficit increases 78 km3 globally. The impacts on SOC and deficit are reduced to 213 Pg and 51 km3, respectively, when reducing land-use intensity by substituting animal ploughing/no-till and light grazing for conventional tillage and heavy grazing. Impacts from other LULC types are identical for these two LULC scenarios. Development of this history between LULC and soil properties allows for improved simulation of human impacts on global water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. The results of the water balance simulations demonstrate how different soils representations in models can significantly alter the estimates of global evapotranspiration, water deficit, and surplus. This study contributes to developing a better understanding of the processes by which human-induced soil degradation impacts climate/hydrological models and providing a mechanism to better assess the impacts of humans on the Earth system. The outcome will also complement numerous ongoing global studies that evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources and society. / Graduate / 2023-08-09