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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Suivi et modélisation de la dynamique des cyanobactéries dans les lacs urbains au sein de leur bassin versant / Monitoring and modelling of cyanobacteria dynamics within the catchment

Silva, Talita 24 January 2014 (has links)
Les lacs urbains, souvent artificiels, sont complètement intégrés dans le tissu urbain et exercent des fonctions variées, très importantes pour le fonctionnement durable des villes. Ces écosystèmes sont fortement affectés par les activités anthropiques, par l'urbanisation accompagnée du changement de l'occupation du sol et de l'imperméabilisation du bassin versant, à l'origine d'un ruissellement plus important et plus chargé en polluants. En raison de ces pressions anthropiques, de nombreux plans d'eau dans le monde souffrent d'eutrophisation et sont fréquemment touchés par des proliférations de cyanobactéries, dont certaines espèces sont potentiellement toxiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs impliqués dans la dynamique des cyanobactéries dans les lacs urbains. Notre recherche a été menée sur deux sites d'études : le lac d'Enghien en France et le lac de Pampulha au Brésil. Dans le site d'étude français, nous avons bénéficié de nouvelles technologies de suivi du phytoplancton pour modéliser la dynamique des cyanobactéries à courte échelle de temps. Dans le lac brésilien, notre site d'étude principal, la modélisation de la dynamique des cyanobactéries a été réalisée, en prenant en considération l'insertion du lac dans son bassin versant grâce à une modélisation intégrée : le modèle du lac destiné à la simulation des cyanobactéries est couplé à un modèle hydrologique qui simule les débits et la qualité de l'eau des affluents entrant dans le lac. La modélisation s'est basée sur des mesures de terrain recueillies durant un suivi de 21 mois. La performance d'une sonde spectrofluorométrique dans l'estimation de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans ce lac hypereutrophe a été évaluée. Sur ce site d'étude, nos résultats ont montré que :• La sonde spectrofluorométrique sous-estime la biomasse cyanobactérienne quand (i) des cyanobactéries de l'ordre Oscillatoriales sont présentes car elles ont une fluorescence moindre par unité de chl-a, (ii) des cyanobactéries coloniales représentent plus de 20% de la biomasse cyanobactérienne et (iii) la chlorophylle total spectrofluorométrique est au-dessus de 100 μg chl-a.L-1.• Le modèle hydrologique a montré une bonne performance pour la simulation du débit (coefficient de Nash entre 0.70 et 0.88 en calage et 0.72 et 0.78 en validation) et des résultats moyennement satisfaisants pour la simulation des polluants. Le modèle du lac, développé par étapes, a présenté une bonne capacité prédictive de la dynamique des cyanobactéries, dans sa version plus complète, NMAE = 0.26 en calage et 0.55 en validation.• Les apports par temps de pluie sont une source importante de matières en suspension, phosphate et nitrates pour le lac de Pampulha. L'ammonium provient surtout des eaux usées rejetées dans les cours d'eau. Les épisodes pluvieux sont responsables des brassages de la colonne d'eau qui perturbent la croissance algale durant la saison humide.• Les cyanobactéries dans le lac de Pampulha étaient limitées par le phosphore pendant la majeure partie de notre suivi. Les épisodes de mélange du lac ont un effet important sur la disponibilité des nutriments dans les couches superficielles. Le travail mené dans le lac de Pampulha a permis d'avancer sur le couplage entre les aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs du cycle de l'eau en milieu urbain et a fourni un outil qui peut être utilisé dans la simulation des scénarios de changement du bassin versant et leur impact sur le lac. La méthodologie développée dans cette thèse peut être appliquée ailleurs, en profitant des connaissances déjà acquises sur le lac de Pampulha / Urban lakes, often artificial, are fully integrated into the urban environment and perform several roles that are important for the sustainable functioning of cities. These ecosystems are strongly affected by human activities such as urbanization, land use changes and surface imperviousness which raise runoff in volume and speed, causing greater carrying capacity and greater pollutant load to aquatic receptors. Because of these anthropogenic activities, many lakes in the world are eutrophic and frequently affected by cyanobacterial blooms, some species of which are potentially toxic. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in the dynamics of cyanobacteria in urban lakes. Our research was conducted on two study sites: Lake Enghien in France and Lake Pampulha in Brazil. In the French study site, we benefited from new technologies for monitoring phytoplankton to model the dynamics of cyanobacteria in short-term scale. In the Brazilian lake, our main study site, the modelling of the cyanobacteria dynamics was carried out taking into account the inclusion of the lake in its catchment through and integrated modelling: the model used to simule lake cyanobacteria is coupled to a hydrological model for simulating the runoff quantity and the quality, which is inputted into the lake. Both models were calibrated and validated using measurements collected during a 21-month monitoring program. The performance of a spectrofluorometric probe in estimating phytoplankton biomass in this hypertrophic lake was evaluated. On this study site, our results showed that:• The spectrofluorometric probe underestimates the cyanobacterial biomass when (i) Oscillatoria cyanobacteria are present because they have a lower fluorescence per unit of chl-a, (ii) colonial cyanobacteria represent more than 20% of the cyanobacterial biomass and (iii) spectrofluorometric total chlorophyll is above 100 μg chl-a.L-1.• The hydrological model showed a good performance for runoff simulation (Nash coefficient is between 0.70 and 0.88 in calibration and 0.72 and 0.78 in validation) and moderately satisfactory results for pollutants simulation. The lake model, developed in steps, showed good predictive ability of the cyanobacteria dynamics in its most complete version, NMAE = 0.26 (calibration) and 0.55(validation).• Runoff is a major source for suspended solids, phosphate and nitrate influxes into Lake Pampulha. Ammonium comes mainly from wastewater discharged into tributaries. Rainfall events are responsible for the mixing of the water column and disrupting algal growth during the wet season.• Cyanobacteria in Lake Pampulha were limited by phosphorus during most of our monitoring. Mixing episodes of the lake water column have different effects on the availability of nutrients in the surface layers. The research carried out in Lake Pampulha allows us to progress on the coupling between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the water cycle in urban areas and provides a tool that can be used in the simulation of scenarios of the catchment changements and their impact on the lake. The methodology developed in this thesis can be applied elsewhere, taking advantage of existing knowledge on Lake Pampulha
52

Analyzing and modelling of flow transmission processes in river-systems with a focus on semi-arid conditions

Cunha Costa, Alexandre January 2012 (has links)
One of the major problems for the implementation of water resources planning and management in arid and semi-arid environments is the scarcity of hydrological data and, consequently, research studies. In this thesis, the hydrology of dryland river systems was analyzed and a semi-distributed hydrological model and a forecasting approach were developed for flow transmission processes in river-systems with a focus on semi-arid conditions. Three different sources of hydrological data (streamflow series, groundwater level series and multi-temporal satellite data) were combined in order to analyze the channel transmission losses of a large reach of the Jaguaribe River in NE Brazil. A perceptual model of this reach was derived suggesting that the application of models, which were developed for sub-humid and temperate regions, may be more suitable for this reach than classical models, which were developed for arid and semi-arid regions. Summarily, it was shown that this river reach is hydraulically connected with groundwater and shifts from being a losing river at the dry and beginning of rainy seasons to become a losing/gaining (mostly losing) river at the middle and end of rainy seasons. A new semi-distributed channel transmission losses model was developed, which was based primarily on the capability of simulation in very different dryland environments and flexible model structures for testing hypotheses on the dominant hydrological processes of rivers. This model was successfully tested in a large reach of the Jaguaribe River in NE Brazil and a small stream in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in the SW USA. Hypotheses on the dominant processes of the channel transmission losses (different model structures) in the Jaguaribe river were evaluated, showing that both lateral (stream-)aquifer water fluxes and ground-water flow in the underlying alluvium parallel to the river course are necessary to predict streamflow and channel transmission losses, the former process being more relevant than the latter. This procedure not only reduced model structure uncertainties, but also reported modelling failures rejecting model structure hypotheses, namely streamflow without river-aquifer interaction and stream-aquifer flow without groundwater flow parallel to the river course. The application of the model to different dryland environments enabled learning about the model itself from differences in channel reach responses. For example, the parameters related to the unsaturated part of the model, which were active for the small reach in the USA, presented a much greater variation in the sensitivity coefficients than those which drove the saturated part of the model, which were active for the large reach in Brazil. Moreover, a nonparametric approach, which dealt with both deterministic evolution and inherent fluctuations in river discharge data, was developed based on a qualitative dynamical system-based criterion, which involved a learning process about the structure of the time series, instead of a fitting procedure only. This approach, which was based only on the discharge time series itself, was applied to a headwater catchment in Germany, in which runoff are induced by either convective rainfall during the summer or snow melt in the spring. The application showed the following important features: • the differences between runoff measurements were more suitable than the actual runoff measurements when using regression models; • the catchment runoff system shifted from being a possible dynamical system contaminated with noise to a linear random process when the interval time of the discharge time series increased; • and runoff underestimation can be expected for rising limbs and overestimation for falling limbs. This nonparametric approach was compared with a distributed hydrological model designed for real-time flood forecasting, with both presenting similar results on average. Finally, a benchmark for hydrological research using semi-distributed modelling was proposed, based on the aforementioned analysis, modelling and forecasting of flow transmission processes. The aim of this benchmark was not to describe a blue-print for hydrological modelling design, but rather to propose a scientific method to improve hydrological knowledge using semi-distributed hydrological modelling. Following the application of the proposed benchmark to a case study, the actual state of its hydrological knowledge and its predictive uncertainty can be determined, primarily through rejected hypotheses on the dominant hydrological processes and differences in catchment/variables responses. / Die Bewirtschaftung von Wasserressourcen in ariden und semiariden Landschaften ist mit einer Reihe besonderer Probleme konfrontiert. Eines der größten Probleme für die Maßnahmenplanung und für das operationelle Management ist der Mangel an hydrologischen Daten und damit zusammenhängend auch die relativ kleine Zahl wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten zu dieser Thematik. In dieser Arbeit wurden 1) die grundlegenden hydrologischen Bedingungen von Trockenflusssystemen analysiert, 2) ein Modellsystem für Flüsse unter semiariden Bedingungen, und 3) ein nichtparametrisches Vorhersage-verfahren für Abflussvorgänge in Flüssen entwickelt. Der Wasserverlust in einem großen Abschnitt des Jaguaribe Flusses im nordöstlichen Brasilien wurde auf Basis von Daten zu Abflussraten, Grundwasserflurabstände und mit Hilfe multitemporaler Satellitendaten analysiert. Dafür wurde zuerst ein konzeptionelles hydrologisches Modell über die Mechanismen der Transferverluste in diesem Abschnitt des Trockenflusses erstellt. Dabei ergab sich, dass der Flussabschnitt mit dem Grundwasser hydraulisch verbunden ist. Der Flussabschnitt weist in der Trockenenzeit und am Anfang der Regenzeit nur Wasserverlust (Sickerung) zum Grundwasser auf. Im Laufe der Regenzeit findet auch ein gegenseitiger Austausch vom Grundwasser mit dem Flusswasser statt. Aufgrund dieser hydraulischen Kopplung zwischen Flusswasser und Grundwasser sind für diesen Flussabschnitt hydrologische Modellansätze anzuwenden, die generell für gekoppelte Fluss-Grundwassersysteme, v.a. in feuchtgemäßigten Klimaten, entwickelt wurden. Es wurde ein neuartiges hydrologisches Simulationsmodell für Transferverluste in Trockenflüssen entwickelt. Dieses Modell ist für unterschiedliche aride und semiaride Landschaften anwendbar und hat eine flexible Modellstruktur, wodurch unterschiedliche Hypothesen zur Relevanz einzelner hydrologische Prozesse getestet werden können. Es wurde für den zuvor genannten großen Abschnitt des Jaguaribe Flusses im nordöstlichen Brasilien und für einen kleinen Flussabschnitt im „Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed“ (WGEW) in Arizona, Südwest-USA, angewendet. Für die eine prozess-orientierte Simulation von Abflussbedingungen und Transferverlusten im Einzugsgebiet des Jaguaribe hat sich gezeigt, dass die am besten geeignete Modellstruktur sowohl den Austausch zwischen Flusswasser und Grundwasser (senkrecht zur Fließrichtung des Flusses) als auch die parallel zum Fluss verlaufende Grundwasserströmung enthält. Die Simulationsexperimente mit unterschiedlichen Modellstrukturen („Hypothesentest“) reduzierte nicht nur die Modellstrukturunsicherheit, sondern quantifizierte auch die Qualität der Modellergebnisse bei folgenden Varianten der Modellstruktur: a) Abflluss im Fluss ohne Interaktion mit dem Grundwasser (keine Transferverluste) und b) Interaktion zwischen Fluss und Grundwasser ohne parallelen Grundwasserstrom zum Flussstrom. Durch die Anwendung auf die beiden unterschiedlichen Trockenflusssysteme wurden neue Erkenntnisse über die Sensitivität des Modells unter verschiedenen Bedingungen erworben. Beispielsweise waren die Parameter der ungesättigten Zone, die von hoher Relevanz für den kleinen Flussabschnitt im WGEW waren, viel sensitiver als die Parameter der gesättigten Zone, die besonders relevant für den Jaguaribe Flussabschnitt in Brasilien waren. Die Ursache für diese sehr unterschiedliche Sensitivität liegt darin, dass beim WGEW das Flusswasser nur mit der ungesättigten Zone in Kontakt steht, da sich in diesem Gebiet, welche im Vergleich zur Jaguaribe-Region noch deutlich trockener ist, kein Grund-wasserleiter bildet. Letztlich wurde ein nicht-parametrisches Verfahren, zur Simulation der deterministischen Evolution und stochastischen Fluktuation der Abflussdynamik entwickelt. Im Unterschied zu prozessbasiertem Modellsystemen basiert dieses Verfahren nicht auf Modellkalibrierung sondern auf einem Lernprozess, basierend auf Zeitreihendaten. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wurde ein mesoskaliges Einzugsgebiet im Erzgebirge, NO-Deutschland gewählt, in dem starke Abflussereignisse entweder durch konvektive Niederschlagsereignisse oder durch Schneeschmelze generiert werden. Die folgenden wichtigsten Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: • Regressionsmodellansätze basierend auf den zeitlichen Änderungen der Abflüsse liefern bessere Ergebnisse gegenüber Ansätzen basierend auf direkten Abflussdaten; • mit zunehmendem Vorhersagehorizont wandelt sich das hydrologische System von einem mit Zufallsanteilen verrauschten dynamischen System zu einem linearen probabilistischen Zufallsprozess; • Bei zunehmendem Abfluss (ansteigenden Ganglinie) erfolgt meist eine Abflussunterschätzung, bei abnehmendem Abfluss (fallende Ganglinie) erfolgt meist eine Abflussüberschätzung. Dieses nichtparametrische Verfahren ergibt im Vergleich mit einem prozess-orientierten und flächenverteilten hydrologischen Hochwasservorhersagemodell bis zu einem Vorhersagezeitraum von 3 Stunden Ergebnisse von vergleichbar guter Qualität. Letztendlich wurde ein Vorgehen bzgl. künftiger Forschungen zu hydrologischer Modellierung vorgeschlagen. Das Ziel dabei war ein wissenschaftliches Verfahren zur Verbesserung des hydrologischen Wissens über ein Einzugsgebiet. Diese Verfahren basiert auf einem Hypothesentest zu den relevanten hydrologischen Prozessen und der Untersuchung der Sensitivitäten der hydrologischen Variablen bei unterschiedlichen Einzugsgebieten.
53

The Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events on Water Resource Availability in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. / A hydrological modelling approach / Einfluss von ENSO Ereignissen auf die Wasserressourcen im Palu River Einzugsgebiet, Zentral-Sulawesi, Indonesien. / Ein hydrologischer Modellierungsansatz

Leemhuis, Constanze 28 October 2005 (has links)
No description available.
54

Development and performance analysis of a physically based hydrological model incorporating the effects of subgrid heterogeneity

Lee, Haksu January 2007 (has links)
[Truncated abstract] The balance equations of mass and momentum, defined at the scale of what has been defined as a Representative Elementary Watershed (REW) has been proposed by Reggiani et al. (1998, 1999). While it has been acknowledged that the REW approach and the associated balance equations can be the basis for the development of a new generation of distributed physically based hydrological models, four building blocks have been identified as necessary to transform the REW approach into, at the very least least, a workable modelling framework beyond the theoretical achievements. These are: 1) the development of reasonable closure relations for the mass exchange fluxes within and between various REW sub-regions that effectively parameterize the effects of sub-REW heterogeneity of climatic and landscape properties, 2) the design of numerical algorithms capable of generating numerical solutions of the REW-scale balance equations composed of a set of coupled ordinary differential and algebraic equations for the number of REWs constituting a study catchment and the sub-regions within the REWs, 3) applications of the resulting numerical model to real catchments to assess its performance in the prediction of any specified hydrological variables, and 4) the assessment of the model reliability through estimation of model predictive uncertainty and parameter uncertainty. This thesis is aimed at making substantial progress in developing each of these building blocks. Chapter 1 presents the background and motivation for the thesis, while Chapter 2 summarizes its main contributions. Chapter 3 presents a description of the closure problem that the REW approach faces, and presents and implements various approaches to develop closure relations needed for the completeness of balance equations of the REW approach. ... In addition, Chapter 4 also shows an initial application of CREW to a small catchment, Susannah Brook in the south-west of Western Australia. Chapter 5 presents the application of CREW to two meso-scale catchments in Australia, namely Collie and Howard Springs, located in contrasting climates. Chapter 6 presents results of the estimation of predictive uncertainty and parameter sensitivity through the application of CREW to two catchments in Australia, namely Susannah Brook and Howard Springs, by using the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. Finally, Chapter 7 presents recommendations for future work for the further advancement of the REW approach. Through these exercises this PhD thesis has successfully transformed the REW-scale coupled balance equations derived by Reggiani et al. (1998, 1999) into a new, well tested numerical model blueprint for the development and implementation of distributed, physically based models applicable at the catchment, or REW scale.
55

Quantification des contributions aux écoulements dans un bassin englacé par modélisation glacio-hydrologique. : Application à un sous-bassin de la Dudh Koshi (Népal, Himalaya). / Quantification of the flow components by glacio-hydrological modelling in a glacierized catchment. : Application to a subcatchment of the Dudh Koshi (Nepal, Himalaya)

Mimeau, Louise 04 May 2018 (has links)
Dans un contexte de recul des glaciers causé par le changement climatique et d'augmentation des besoins en eau due à l'accroissement de la population et au développement économique, quantifier les contributions à l'origine des écoulements dans les bassins versants de montagne himalayens est nécessaire à la gestion de la ressource en eau actuelle ainsi qu'à la recherche de solutions d'adaptation aux impacts du changement climatique.La modélisation hydrologique est un outil adapté à la compréhension du fonctionnement des bassins versants de montagne cependant, le manque de données météorologique dans les régions de haute altitude et la représentation simplifiée des processus cryosphériques dans les modèles hydrologiques induisent de fortes incertitudes sur la simulation des débits dans les rivières.Cette thèse vise à quantifier les différentes contributions aux écoulements ainsi que leurs variations saisonnières à l'échelle locale en appliquant un modèle glacio-hydrologique dans un bassin englacé de l'Himalaya népalais.Une nouvelle paramétrisation de l'albédo de la neige et de la fonte des glaciers couverts ainsi qu'une implémentation d'un module d'avalanche sont ajoutés dans le modèle DHSVM-GDM pour améliorer la simulation du couvert neigeux et de l'évolution des glaciers.L'analyse du bilan hydrologique simulé avec la nouvelle configuration du modèle montre que les glaciers jouent un rôle important sur les débits à l'exutoire, notamment en hiver où les débits sont principalement contrôlés par l'écoulement de l'eau liquide stockée dans les glaciers.Cette thèse met en relief la difficulté de quantifier la contribution des glaciers dans les débits de rivière, en effet, sur le bassin étudié, cette contribution est estimée à 45 % de l'écoulement total si on considère la part des écoulements issus de la fonte de glace, ou bien à 70 % si on considère la part des écoulements provenant des zones englacées.L'incertitude des résultats de modélisation est étudiée en évaluant les impacts de la représentation des processus dans le modèle et de l'incertitude des données de forçage sur la simulation des contributions aux écoulements.L'incertitude sur la surface englacée dans le bassin génère une incertitude de 20 % sur le volume de fonte de glace simulé et l'incertitude sur les données de précipitations aboutit à une estimation de la contribution de la fonte de glace aux écoulements est comprise entre 28 et 70 % des débits annuels. / In a context of glacier shrinkage caused by climate change and in a context of an increase of the water demand due to population growth and economic development, it is necessary to quantify the contributions to the outflow in the Himalayan mountain catchments in order to improve the present water resource management and find adaptation solutions to climate change.Hydrological models are useful tools to understand the water balance in mountain catchment, however, the lack of meteorological data in high altitude regions and the simplified representation of the cryospheric processes in the models lead to large uncertainties on the simulated river discharges.This study quantifies the different contributions to the outflow as well as their seasonal variations at local scale using a glacio-hydrological model in a glacierized catchment located in the Nepalese Himalayas.New parametrizations for the snow albedo and debris covered glaciers, as well as an avalanche module, were implemented in DHSVM-GDM model in order to improve the simulation of the snow cover dynamics and the glacier evolution.The simulated water balance obtained with the new configuration of the DHSVM-GDM model shows that glaciers have a major impact on the river discharges, especially during winter when the outflow is mainly controlled by the release from the englacial water storage.This study highlights the complexity of quantifying the glacier contribution to the river discharges because, on the studied catchment, the glacier contribution is equal to 45 % of the total runoff considering the share of ice melt to the river discharge, or 70 % considering the share of runoff originating from glacierized areas.The impact of the representation of the cryospheric processes in the model and the impact of the forcing data on the simulated water components are analysed to assess the uncertainty on the hydrological modelling.The uncertainty related to the glacierized area estimation leads to an uncertainty of 20 % on the simulated ice melt volume, and the uncertainty related to the precipitation datasets result in a simulated ice melt contribution to the outflow ranging from 28 et 70 % of the annual outflow.
56

Previsão de vazões afluentes varios passos a frente via agregação de vazões para o planejamento energetico da operação de sistemas hidrotermicos de potencia / Multi-step-ahead streamflow forecasting using aggregation procedure in hydrothermal operation cheduling

Marinho, Manoel Henrique da Nobrega 11 November 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Secundino Soares Filho, Rosangela Ballini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinho_ManoelHenriquedaNobrega_D.pdf: 2444321 bytes, checksum: f87889cc170b6491d56fb7b2058b7973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Modelos de redes neurais artificiais treinados com algoritmos de retropropagação do erro foram desenvolvidos para a previsão de vazões médias mensais vários passos à frente. Essas previsões foram utilizadas em políticas de controle em malha aberta para o planejamento da operação energética de sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência. O posto hidrológico da usina hidrelétrica de Furnas foi selecionado para estudo de caso. Dois métodos foram implementados e testados para a previsão de vazões médias mensais vários passos à frente. O primeiro, denominado Método Direto, utiliza uma rede neural específica para prever cada passo à frente. O segundo, denominado Método Agregado, utiliza inicialmente uma rede neural para prever a soma das vazões vários passos à frente, desagregando posteriormente em valores mensais proporcionalmente aos valores médios do histórico de vazões. Os resultados indicaram que embora o Método Agregado tenha obtido pior desempenho que o Método Direto na comparação dos erros de previsão a cada passo, essa abordagem apresentou melhor desempenho quando comparados os erros de previsão da soma das vazões vários passos à frente. Os dois métodos foram então avaliados através da simulação da operação energética utilizando a política de controle em malha aberta. O resultado indicou um desempenho significativamente melhor para o Método Agregado, proporcionando uma maior geração hidrelétrica e um menor custo operacional / Abstract: Not informed / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
57

Groundwater-surface water interactions in esker aquifers:from field measurements to fully integrated numerical modelling

Ala-aho, P. (Pertti) 28 November 2014 (has links)
Abstract Water resources management calls for methods to simultaneously manage groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) systems. These have traditionally been considered separate units of the hydrological cycle, which has led to oversimplification of exchange processes at the GW-SW interface. This thesis studied GW hydrology and the previously unrecognised connection of the Rokua esker aquifer with lakes and streams in the area, with the aim of identifying reasons for lake water level variability and eutrophication in the Rokua esker. GW-SW interactions in the aquifer were first studied with field methods. Seepage meter measurements showed substantial spatial variability in GW-lake interaction, whereas transient variability was more modest, although present and related to the surrounding aquifer. Environmental tracers suggested that water exchange occurs in all lakes in the area, but is of varying magnitude in different lakes. Finally, GW-SW interaction was studied in peatland catchments, where drainage channels in the peat soil presumably increased groundwater outflow from the aquifer. Amount and rate of GW recharge were then estimated with a simulation approach developed explicitly to account for the physical characteristics of the Rokua esker aquifer. This produced a spatially and temporally distributed recharge estimate, which was validated by independent field techniques. The results highlighted the impact of canopy characteristics, and thereby forestry management, on GW recharge. The data collected and the new understanding of site hydrology obtained were refined into a fully integrated surface-subsurface flow model of the Rokua aquifer. Simulation results compared favourably to field observations of GW, lake levels and stream discharge. A major finding was of good agreement between simulated and observed GW inflow to lakes in terms of discharge locations and total influx. This thesis demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of esker aquifer hydrology with interconnected lakes and streams. Importantly, site-specific information on the reasons for water table variability and the trophic status of Rokua lakes, which is causing local concern, is provided. As the main outcome, various field and modelling methods were tested, refined and shown to be suitable for integrated GW and SW resource management in esker aquifers. / Tiivistelmä Vesivarojen hallinnassa tarvitaan menetelmiä pohja- ja pintaveden kokonaisvaltaiseen huomioimiseen. Pohja- ja pintavesiä tarkastellaan usein erillisinä osina hydrologista kiertoa, mikä on johtanut niiden välisten virtausprosessien yksinkertaistamiseen. Tässä työssä selvitettiin Rokuan pohjavesiesiintymän hydrologiaa ja hydraulista yhteyttä alueella oleviin järviin ja puroihin. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin osaltaan selvittämään syitä harjualueen järvien pinnanvaihteluun ja veden laatuongelmiin. Kenttätutkimuksissa todettiin voimakasta alueellista vaihtelua järven ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutuksessa. Pohjaveden suotautumisen ajallinen vaihtelu puolestaan oli vähäisempää, mutta havaittavissa, ja kytköksissä järveä ympäröivän pohjavesipinnan vaihteluihin. Merkkiaineet vesinäytteistä viittasivat vastaavan vuorovaikutuksen olevan läsnä myös muissa alueen järvissä, mutta suotautuvan pohjaveden määrän vaihtelevan järvittäin. Turvemailla tehdyt mittaukset osoittivat pohjaveden purkautuvan ojaverkostoon ja ojituksen mahdollisesti lisäävän ulosvirtaamaa pohjavesiesiintymästä. Pohjaveden muodostumismäärää ja -nopeutta tutkittiin numeerisella mallinnuksella, joka kehitettiin huomioimaan harjualueelle ominaiset fysikaaliset tekijät. Mallinnus tuotti arvion ajallisesti ja alueellisesti vaihtelevasta pohjaveden muodostumisesta, joka varmennettiin kenttämittauksilla. Tuloksissa korostui kasvillisuuden, ja sitä kautta metsähakkuiden, vaikutus pohjaveden muodostumismääriin. Hydrologiasta kerätyn aineiston ja kehittyneen prosessiymmärryksen avulla Rokuan harjualueesta muodostettiin täysin integroitu numeerinen pohjavesi-pintavesi virtausmalli. Mallinnustulokset vastasivat mittauksia pohjaveden ja järvien pinnantasoista sekä purovirtaamista. Työn merkittävin tulos oli, että mallinnetut pohjaveden purkautumiskohdat ja purkautumismäärät alueen järviin vastasivat kenttähavaintoja. Tämä työ havainnollisti, että ymmärtääkseen pohjaveden ja siitä riippuvaisten järvien ja purojen vuorovaikutusta harjualueella on käytettävä monipuolisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Työ toi lisätietoa Rokuan harjualueen vesiongelmien syihin selittäen järvien vedenpinnan vaihtelua ja vedenlaatua pohjavesihydrologialla. Väitöstyön tärkein anti oli erilaisten kenttä- ja mallinnus-menetelmien soveltaminen, kehittäminen ja hyödylliseksi havaitseminen harjualueiden kokonaisvaltaisessa pinta- ja pohjavesien hallinnassa.
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Impact de l’urbanisation sur la réponse hydrologique des bassins versants urbains / The impact of urbanization on catchment hydrological behaviors

Salavati, Bahar 16 November 2015 (has links)
L’urbanisation a de multiples impacts sur les processus hydrologiques. A l’échelle du bassin versant, ces impacts sont difficiles à quantifier et les résultats de la littérature sur ce sujet sont assez disparates. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser conjointement l’évolution de l’urbanisation et l’évolution des écoulements des bassins versants. La détection et la quantification des changements d’écoulement potentiellement liés à l’urbanisation des bassins nécessitent de distinguer les changements de débits liés à l’urbanisation de ceux liés à d’autres facteurs de variabilité hydrologique, tels que le climat. Ceci soulève plusieurs questions liées notamment à la relation entre la variabilité du climat et celle de la réponse hydrologique des bassins, et aussi à la détermination d’une mesure de l’urbanisation utile pour l’hydrologie. Pour répondre à ces questions, plusieurs approches ont été testées : 1) Nous avons analysé la fiabilité d’un modèle hydrologique pour simuler l’impact de l’urbanisation. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la technique des bassins versants appariés : un bassin versant urbanisé proche d’un autre bassin versant non-urbanisé servant de témoin permet d’évaluer l’impact de l’urbanisation sur la réponse hydrologique des bassins. 2) Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la caractérisation de l’urbanisation par des mesures de structure du paysage urbain, en complément de mesures plus classiques (imperméabilité et fraction de surface urbaine). 3) Nous avons ensuite étudié les variables qui expliquent le mieux chaque variable hydrologique de bassin (module et débits caractéristiques de crue et d’étiage. 4) Nous avons enfin utilisé un modèle hydrologique permettant de synthétiser le comportement du bassin versant au cours e son urbanisation.Les résultats ont montré que l’approche par modélisation hydrologique permettait de quantifier d’une façon satisfaisante l’impact du changement d’occupation du sol. Cette approche par modélisation donne des résultats proches de celle par bassins appariés. La thèse met également en évidence que l'impact de l'urbanisation sur la réponse hydrologique du bassin versant reste difficile à généraliser. En effet, une majorité de bassins versants urbains ne présente pas de tendance significative sur les caractéristiques hydrologiques analysées (débits caractéristiques de crue et d’étiage). Enfin, les caractéristiques de fragmentation du paysage urbain fournissent des éléments complémentaires aux mesures plus classiques de l’urbanisation. / Urbanization and population concentration are suspected of having multiple impacts on the catchment’s hydrologic response. It is difficult to synthetize the results from the numerous case studies related to the impact of urbanization on catchment’s hydrologic response. The main objective of this study is to compare the flow changes detected by urbanization. The change flow quantification is impacted simultaneously by climate variability and urbanization, which makes it difficult to distinguish the causal effects of change. To cope with this climate confusing effect and determination a useful measure of urbanization for catchment hydrological response several approach have been tested: 1) We are looking for changes in the hydrological signal time-series in urbanizing catchments and then identifying repeatedly model parameters on successive time periods. The conceptual modelling (top-down) approach was used to calibrate model on the urbanized catchments and simulated the non-urban condition. 2) In addition to traditional urban measures (total impervious area) the urban area were characterized by landscape metrics, which enable analyzing the patterns of historical urban growth. 3) We combine a hydrological model, catchments characteristics and landscape metrics to quantify the explaining variables for the hydrologic response change. 4) We were used the hydrological model to evaluate the catchment behavior over time. Results confirmed that the hydrological model is useful to quantify the impact of land use change. The results show the good agreement between conceptual modelling approaches and the paired catchments approaches change detections.The impact of urbanization on the catchment hydrological response remains difficult to generalize. The most of catchment show the no significant trend on hydrological response over the study. However, results confirmed that the urban fragmentation and landscape metrics provide additional elements compared to the total impervious study.
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Régionalisation d'un modèle hydrologique distribué pour la modélisation de bassins non jaugés. Application aux vallées de la Loire et de la Durance / Regionalization of a distributed hydrological model for the modelling of ungauged basins. Application to the Loire and Durance valleys

Rouhier, Laura 22 October 2018 (has links)
Pour fournir des simulations fiables, les modèles hydrologiques nécessitent usuellement le calage de leurs paramètres sur des données de débit. Toutefois, ces dernières sont limitées et la plupart des bassins versants sont non jaugés. Des méthodes alternatives regroupées sous le terme de 'régionalisation' sont alors nécessaires pour estimer les paramètres des modèles. La thèse propose de combiner les trois méthodes les plus classiques afin de régionaliser les paramètres d'un modèle distribué sur deux grands bassins versants français : la Loire à Gien et la Durance à Cadarache. À partir des trois méthodes de régionalisation, le degré de spatialisation est adapté aux différents paramètres du modèle d'après leurs caractéristiques et leur rôle hydrologique. In fine, l'approche multi-méthode et multi-motif proposée (i) réduit considérablement le nombre de degrés de liberté du modèle, (ii) améliore la représentation de la variabilité physique du bassin et (iii) améliore très nettement les performances des simulations. En contexte non jaugé, la spatialisation des paramètres permet un gain d'environ 10 %, l'approche multi-méthode et multi-motif apportant en particulier un gain d'environ 7 % par rapport à une méthode de régionalisation unique. Malgré ces gains, l'impact de la spatialisation des forçages météorologiques demeure 6 fois plus important que spatialisation des paramètres. / To provide reliable simulations, hydrological models usually require the calibration of their parameters over streamflow data. However, the latter are limited and most of the catchments remained ungauged. Consequently, alternative methods termed ‘regionalization’ are needed to estimate model parameters. The thesis proposes to combine the three classical methods in order to regionalize the parameters of a distributed model over two large French catchments: the Loire catchment at Gien and the Durance catchment at Cadarache. On the basis of the three regionalization methods, the degree of spatialization is adapted to the different model parameters according to their characteristics and their hydrological role. In fine, the proposed multi-method and multi-pattern approach (i) significantly reduces the number of degrees of freedom, (ii) improves the representation of the catchment physical variability, and (iii) significantly improves the performance of the simulations. In the ungauged context, the parameter spatialization allows an improvement of about 10%, and in particular, the multi-method and multi-pattern povides an improvement of about 7% compared to a single regionalization method. Despite these improvements, the impact of the climatic input spatialization remains 6 times greater than th parameter spatialization.
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Hydraulic- hydromorphologic analysis as an aid for improving peak flow predictions

Åkesson, Anna January 2010 (has links)
Conventional hydrological compartmental models have been shown to exhibit a high degree of uncertainty for predictions of peak flows, such as the design floods for design of hydropower infrastructure. One reason for these uncertainties is that conventional models are parameterised using statistical methods based on how catchments have responded in the past. Because the rare occurrence of peak flows, these are underrepresented during the periods used for calibration. This implies that the model has to be extrapolated beyond the discharge intervals where it has been calibrated. In this thesis, hydromechanical approaches are used to investigate the properties of stream networks, reflecting mechanisms including stage dependency, damming effects, interactions between tributaries (network effects) and the topography of the stream network. Further, it is investigated how these properties can be incorporated into the streamflow response functions of compartmental hydrological models. The response of the stream network was shown to vary strongly with stage in a non-linear manner, an effect that is commonly not accounted for in model formulation. The non-linearity is particularly linked to the flooding of stream channels and interactions with the flow on flood-plains. An evaluation of the significance of using physically based response functions on discharge predictions in a few sub-catchments in Southern Sweden show improvements (compared to a conventional model) in discharge predictions – particularly when modelling peak discharges. An additional benefit of replacing statistical parameterisation methods with physical parameterisation methods is the possibility of hydrological modelling during non-stationary conditions, such as the ongoing climate change. / QC 20101022

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