No description available.

Lake Urmia (LU), which once had been the second largest hypersaline lake in the world, and greatest in the Middle East, has undergone severe environmental changes during recent years that have led to widespread desiccation. These changes have converted the lakebed into a significant Aeolian mineral source, which promotes aerosol plumes that can seriously impact downwind regions. A question remains as to how significant emissions are from LU as compared to others impacting the West and East Azarbaijan provinces encompassing LU. This study uses daily Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) between 2001 and 2015 to show that AOD levels are significantly larger in the latter half of the study period (2008-2015) with AOD values in the West consistently being lower but approaching those of the East with time owing to a combination of increasing emissions from the West province and neighboring areas. While the interannual AOD profile over Azarbaijan resembles that of Iraq owing to transported dust, signatures of the local impact of increasing emissions is evident over the 15-year time period, especially in the months outside of the peak dust season (January, February and October) and on the immediate periphery of LU. Consequently, the spatial profile of AOD over Azarbaijan is not uniform but with distinct hot spot. The onset of the spring AOD ramp-up over Azarbaijan is shown to have started earlier (in February) when comparing 2009-2015 versus earlier years. Correlative analysis confirms that AOD is related to factors promoting dust emissions but also reveals that smoke contributes to AOD over Azarbaijan during the summer months.

The contribution of phytoplankton productivity to higher trophic levels in salt marshes is not well understood. My study furthers our understanding of possible mechanisms controlling phytoplankton productivity, abundance, and community composition in salt marshes. Across three consecutive springs (2001 to 2003), I sampled the upper Nueces Delta in south Texas, a shallow, turbid, salt marsh system stressed by low freshwater inflow and wide ranging salinity (<15 to >300 ppt). Water column productivity and respiration were estimated using a light-dark bottle technique, and phytoplankton biovolume and community composition were determined using inverted light microscopy. To determine their effect on the phytoplankton community, zooplankton and bacterioplankton abundance and several physical parameters were also assessed. Meaningful relationships among the numerous variables evaluated in this study were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Despite high turbidity, phytoplankton productivity and biovolume were substantial. Resuspension appeared to play a major role in phytoplankton dynamics, as indicated by a positive relationship between ash weight and biovolume that explained up to 46% of the variation in the PCA. Negative relationships between zooplankton grazers and pennate diatoms of optimal sizes for these grazers suggested a functional grazing food chain in this system. Salinity also may have been important in phytoplankton dynamics, whereas nutrients appeared to play a minor role. Salinity increases may have been responsible for a decoupling observed between phytoplankton and grazers during late spring. Findings suggest hypotheses for future studies focused on the role of phytoplankton in salt marshes, particularly those stressed by reduced freshwater inflow and high salinities.

The contribution of phytoplankton productivity to higher trophic levels in salt marshes is not well understood. My study furthers our understanding of possible mechanisms controlling phytoplankton productivity, abundance, and community composition in salt marshes. Across three consecutive springs (2001 to 2003), I sampled the upper Nueces Delta in south Texas, a shallow, turbid, salt marsh system stressed by low freshwater inflow and wide ranging salinity (<15 to >300 ppt). Water column productivity and respiration were estimated using a light-dark bottle technique, and phytoplankton biovolume and community composition were determined using inverted light microscopy. To determine their effect on the phytoplankton community, zooplankton and bacterioplankton abundance and several physical parameters were also assessed. Meaningful relationships among the numerous variables evaluated in this study were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Despite high turbidity, phytoplankton productivity and biovolume were substantial. Resuspension appeared to play a major role in phytoplankton dynamics, as indicated by a positive relationship between ash weight and biovolume that explained up to 46% of the variation in the PCA. Negative relationships between zooplankton grazers and pennate diatoms of optimal sizes for these grazers suggested a functional grazing food chain in this system. Salinity also may have been important in phytoplankton dynamics, whereas nutrients appeared to play a minor role. Salinity increases may have been responsible for a decoupling observed between phytoplankton and grazers during late spring. Findings suggest hypotheses for future studies focused on the role of phytoplankton in salt marshes, particularly those stressed by reduced freshwater inflow and high salinities.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T14:45:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Monalisa dos Santos Olímpio.pdf: 18468264 bytes, checksum: 5000524a5089d48e8dd25e6b589bca98 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T16:49:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Monalisa dos Santos Olímpio.pdf: 18468264 bytes, checksum: 5000524a5089d48e8dd25e6b589bca98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Monalisa dos Santos Olímpio.pdf: 18468264 bytes, checksum: 5000524a5089d48e8dd25e6b589bca98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One way of understanding how factors and ecological processes shape the biological communities along the environmental gradients is by their taxonomic and functional structure. Such diversity measures describe an independent aspect of community structure in order to provide a broader view of the processes that govern local diversity (alpha diversity) and regional diversity (beta diversity). Therefore, this work proposes to evaluate (i) the relationship between environmental factors and abundances within the traits in order to understand the responses of the genera of molluscs, and (ii) the ecological processes (deterministic and / or stochastic) acting (iii) the influence of the environmental heterogeneity of hypersaline environments on the structure and taxonomic and functional diversity of the mollusc community. The study was carried out in three hypersaline environments, located in Rio Grande do Norte. In each hypersaline environment two upstream subtidal zones (zones I and II) and two subtidal downstream (foz) were defined (zones III and IV). In each zone three points were sampled, with three sample units each. Physical, chemical, sedimentological and biological (malacophauna) parameters were collected at each point. Thus, the main patterns demonstrated in this study were the absence of significant relations of taxonomic and functional indexes (alpha and beta) with environmental gradients, although the environmental variation has explained the taxonomic distribution of the mollusc community. Moreover, both approaches, Taxonomy and functional, were strongly correlated. When assessing ecological process which governs the community in α and β-functional components, it was observed that it is predominantly governed by the stochastic process. Therefore, it is concluded that functional measures do not respond to environmental variation in hypersaline environments, but the taxonomic ones responded. / Uma das formas de compreender como os fatores e os processos ecológicos moldam as comunidades biológicas ao longo dos gradientes ambientais é através da sua estrutura taxonômica e funcional. Tais medidas de diversidade, descrevem um aspecto independente da estrutura da comunidade, de modo a proporcionar uma visão mais abrangente dos processos que governam a diversidade local (diversidade alfa) e regional (diversidade beta). Diante disso, esta dissertação propõe avaliar (i) as relações entre os fatores ambientais e a abundâncias dentro dos traços a fim de entender as respostas dos gêneros dos moluscos, bem como (ii) os processos ecológicos (determinísticos e/ou estocásticos) que atuam na montagem dessa comunidade e (iii) a influência da heterogeneidade ambiental dos ambientes hipersalinos na estrutura e na diversidade taxonômica e funcional da comunidade de moluscos. O estudo foi realizado em três ambientes hipersalinos, localizados no Rio Grande no Norte. Em cada ambiente hipersalino foram definidas duas zonas subtidais a montante (zonas I e II) e duas subtidais a jusante (foz) (zonas III e IV). Em cada zona foram amostrados três pontos, com três unidades amostrais cada. Foram coletados em cada ponto os parâmetros físicos, químicos da água, sedimentológicos e biológico (malacofauna). Assim, os principais padrões demostrados neste estudo foi a ausência de relações significativas dos índices taxonômicos e funcionais (alfa e beta) com os gradientes ambientais. Embora, a variação ambiental tenha explicado a distribuição taxonômica da comunidade dos moluscos. Além disso, as duas abordagens, taxonômica e funcional, foram fortemente correlacionadas. Ao avaliar qual processo ecológico rege a comunidade em componentes α e β-funcional, foi observado que predominantemente ela é regida por processo estocástico. Portanto, conclui-se que as medidas funcionais não respondem a variação ambiental nos ambientes hipersalinos, mas as taxonômicas responderam.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TATIANNE SOUSA BARBOSA.pdf: 1737365 bytes, checksum: b91ac80d58022723ba571eae21b631e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Anomalocardia brasiliana is a bivalve mollusk widely found from the Caribbean to Uruguay. Although A. brasiliana is widely studied in several estuaries along the Brazilian coast, information about this species in hypersaline habitats are still lacking. In this context, this study evaluates spatiotemporal variation of this species in the estuary of the hypersaline Rio Tubarão, northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte state. It also verifies whether abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and substrate characteristics may be influencing the distribution of the species. Specimens collection occurred monthly between July/2005 and June/2006 in six sampling sites distributed from the mouth to the upper portions of the estuary. At each sampling site, two samples collected with a sampler of 0.25 x 0.25 m randomly placed along a transect of 25 m in length. The specimens were sorted, measured and weighed. Abiotic data (e.g. salinity, temperature, substrate grain and precipitation) were also obtained. The density of A. brasiliana (ind/0.0625 m 2 ) exhibited spatial variations during the studied period. The average density was higher in the points located farthest from the mouth of Rio Tubarão, the same was observed for biomass. In relation to the hydrological cycle, there was no significant difference in the density of A. brasiliana (F = 1.081 and p = 0.302). Temporally, the highest biomass of the species was recorded during the rainy season. Statistically, no significant spatial difference in biomass (F = 1.314 and p = 0.269) were observed. The presence of individuals in shell length <15 mm and 15-20 mm suggests that recruitment of young is occurring throughout the year. An evident peak of recruitment was not observed. Among the abiotic parameters analyzed, salinity was the only one who had a slight influence on the distribution and density of Anomalocardia brasiliana. The seasons had no influence on the occurrence and density of A. brasiliana in an annual cycle. The data presented here may support programs to fisheries management in the studied area. It also provides relevant information about the distribution, density and biomass of Anomalocardia brasiliana in hypersaline habitats. / Anomalocardia brasiliana é um molusco bivalve amplamente encontrado desde o Caribe até o Uruguai. Embora A. brasiliana seja bastante estudada em diversos estuários ao longo da costa brasileira, informações sobre esta espécie em habitats hipersalinos ainda são inexistentes. Nesse contexto, o presente avalia a variação espaço-temporal desta espécie no estuário hipersalino do rio Tubarão, litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, e verifica se determinados fatores abióticos podem estar influenciando a distribuição da espécie. A coleta de espécimes ocorreu mensalmente entre julho/2005 e junho/2006 em seis pontos de amostragem distribuídos desde a desembocadura até as porções superiores do estuário. Em cada ponto, duas amostras foram coletadas com um amostrador de 0,25 x 0,25 m em ponto sorteado ao longo de um transecto de 25 m de comprimento. Os exemplares foram triados, medidos e pesados. Dados abióticos de salinidade, temperatura, granulometria do substrato e precipitação também foram obtidos. A densidade e biomassa da espécie foram correlacionados com os fatores abióticos. A densidade de A. brasiliana (ind/0,0625m ) exibiu variações espaciais durante os meses de estudo. A densidade média foi maior nos pontos situados na parte superior e intermediária do Rio Tubarão, o mesmo sendo observado para a biomassa. Em relação ao ciclo hidrológico, não se observou diferença significativa para a densidade de A. brasiliana (F=1,081 e p=0,302). Temporalmente, as mais altas biomassas da espécie foram registradas durante o período chuvoso. Estatisticamente, a biomassa não apresentou diferenças significativas espacialmente (F=1,314 e p=0,269). A presença de indivíduos com comprimento da concha <15 mm e entre 15-20 mm sugere que há recrutamento de jovens na população ao longo de todo o ano, não sendo perceptível um período marcante de pico de recrutamento. Entre os parâmetros abióticos analisados, a salinidade foi o único que apresentou influência sobre a distribuição e densidade de Anomalocardia brasiliana no estuário do Rio Tubarão. Os períodos sazonais não apresentaram influência na ocorrência e densidade de Anomalocardia brasiliana em um ciclo anual. Os dados ora apresentados poderão subsidiar ações de manejo da pesca na área estudada, além de fornecer informações inéditas acerca da distribuição, densidade e biomassa de Anomalocardia brasiliana de habitats hipersalinos.

Deep-sea anoxic brine pools are one of the most extreme ecosystems on Earth, which are characterized by drastic changes in salinity, temperature, and oxygen concentration. The interface between the brine and overlaying seawater represents a boundary of oxic-anoxic layer and a steep gradient of redox potential that would initiate favorable conditions for divergent metabolic activities, mainly methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of Bacteria, particularly sulfate-reducing communities, and their ecological roles in the interfaces of five geochemically distinct brine pools in the Red Sea. Performing a comprehensive study would enable us to understand the significant role of the microbial groups in local geochemical cycles. Therefore, we combined culture-dependent approach and molecular methods, such as 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene, phylogenetic analysis of functional marker gene encoding for the alpha subunits of dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrA), and single-cell genomic analysis to address these issues. Community analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated high bacterial diversity and domination of Bacteria over Archaea in most locations. In the hot and multilayered Atlantis II Deep, the bacterial communities were stratified and hardly overlapped. Meanwhile in the colder brine pools, sulfatereducing Deltaproteobacteria were the most prominent bacterial groups inhabiting the interfaces. Corresponding to the bacterial community profile, the analysis of dsrA gene sequences revealed collectively high diversity of sulfate-reducing communities. Desulfatiglans-like dsrA was the prevalent group and conserved across the Red Sea brine pools. In addition to the molecular studies, more than thirty bacterial strains were successfully isolated and remarkably were found to be cytotoxic against the cancer cell lines. However, none of them were sulfate reducers. Thus, a single-cell genomic analysis was used to study the metabolism of uncultured phyla without having them in culture. We analysed ten single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) of the uncultivated euryarchaeal Marine Benthic Group E (MBGE), which contain a key enzyme for sulfate reduction. The results showed the possibility of MBGE to grow autotrophically only with carbon dioxide and hydrogen. In the absence of adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate reductase, we hypothesized that MBGE perform sulfite reduction rather than sulfate reduction to conserve energy.

Environmental gradients exist at global and local scales and the variable conditions they encompass allow the coexistence of different microbial assemblages. Studying gradients and the selection forces they enclose can reveal the spatial succession and interactions of microorganisms and, therefore, how they are assembled in functionally stable communities. By combining high-throughput sequencing technology and laboratory experimental approaches, I investigated the factors that influence the microbial community assemblages in two types of environmental gradients in the Red Sea. I have studied the communities in the chemoclines occurring at the transition zones along the interfaces between seawater and the Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Brines (DHABs) at the bottom of the Red Sea. Across these chemoclines salinity increases of 5-10 times respect to the overlying seawater. I compared the microbial community diversity and metabolisms in the chemoclines of five different DHABs, finding different microbial community compositions due to the different DHABs characteristics, but the same succession of metabolisms along the five interfaces. From the Suakin Deep brine, I assembled the genome of a novel bacterial phylum and revealed the metabolic features that allow this organism to cope with the challenging variable conditions along the chemocline. In an alternative environmental system, I studied the effect of different thermal regimes on the microbiome of coastal sediment exposed to different yearly ranges of temperature variation. Sediment bacterial communities living under larger temperature variations are more flexible and can grow under a larger range of thermal conditions than communities experiencing narrower temperature ranges. My results highlight the large metabolic flexibility of microorganisms and their capacity to efficiently self-organize in complex functional assemblages under extreme ranges of environmental conditions.

No description available.

Les microbialithes sont des dépôts organosédimentaires benthiques résultant de la minéralisation et de la lithification de tapis microbiens, et dont les plus anciennes formes, se développant il y a 3.4 Ga, constituèrent les premiers écosystèmes terrestres. Ils forment alors une archive sédimentaire unique incluant des périodes clés de l’histoire géologique. Ce travail de thèse se propose d’analyser et de comparer les processus et produits de minéralisation dans les tapis microbiens actuels de deux environnements contrastés : un exemple de lac intracontinental hypersalin, le Grand Lac salé (GSL) aux USA ; une lagune hypersaline à alimentation marine, à Cayo Coco (Cuba) (CCLN). Le devenir des minéraux au cours de la diagenèse précoce, ainsi que leur potentiel d’enregistrement de biosignatures seront particulièrement analysés. Cette thèse se focalisera spécialement sur l’influence de trois facteurs majeurs contrôlant la minéralogie et la fabrique des microbialithes : (i) le rôle de la chimie du milieu (ii) le rôle des métabolismes microbiens (le moteur de l’alcalinité) ; (iii) le rôle de la production et de la dégradation des matrices organiques extracellulaires (EOM). Les deux cas d’études démontrent un rôle prépondérant de la production d’EOM par les cyanobactéries et leur dégradation par les bactéries hétérotrophes dans la minéralisation : (1) Dans les deux systèmes, la première phase minérale a précipiter sur les EOM alvéolaires est une phase riche en magnésium et en silicium. Ce type de minéraux nécessite des pH>8.6-8.7 pour cristalliser. (2) Une autre observation commune est que les carbonates cristallisent souvent dans des zones de forte activité des bactéries sulfato-réductrices (SRB). Notre hypothèse est que les SRB dégradent les EOM, libérant des cations (Mg2+ et Ca2+) disponibles pour la cristallisation des carbonates. Dans les tapis du CCLN et contrairement au GSL, nos résultats démontrent une forte activité de photosynthèse anoxygénique par les bactéries pourpres sulfureuses (PSB). La limite entre la zone oxique et la zone anoxique est caractérisée par un pH maximum et coïncide avec la formation d’une lamine de carbonates. Deux différences majeures sont observées entre les paragenèses du GSL et du CCLN : (1) le locus initial de la précipitation des carbonates. Dans le GSL, l’aragonite précipite dans les cyanobactéries, perminéralise leur paroi et enfin la matrice organique. Pour Cuba, une calcite magnésienne péloïdale précipite sur les EOM puis rempli les bactéries ; (2) la minéralogie et l’évolution des carbonates lors de la diagenèse précoce. Les microbialithes du GSL montrent une aragonite partiellement dissoute et une dolomite venant se développer à sa périphérie. Au CCLN, de l’aragonite se développe en surcroissance des peloïdes de HMC précédemment formés. Les différences minéralogiques des carbonates entre les deux systèmes pourraient s’expliquer par un changement du rapport Mg/Ca. Les résultats pourront être utilisés afin de mieux interpréter les conditions paléoenvironnementales et les processus microbiens en jeu dans des microbialithes de registres fossiles analogues. / Microbialites are benthic organosedimentary deposits resulting of the mineralization and lithification of the microbial mats, and the most ancient forms, developing there are 3.4 Ga, are the first earthly ecosystem. They form a unique sedimentary archive including key periods of the geological history. This study proposes to analyze and compare the processes and the products of mineralization in the modern microbial mats of two different environments: an example of intracontinental modern lake, the Great Salt Lake (USA; GSL); a lagoonal marine sea fed in Cayo Coco (Cuba; CCLN). The mineral product during of the primary diagenesis, as that them potential of biosignatures recording will be particularly detailed. This work will focus on the influence of three major factors controlling the mineralogy and the fabric of the microbialites: (i) environment chemistry role, (ii) microbial metabolisms role, (iii) role of the production and degradation of the extracellular organic matrix (EOM). Both environments studied show a high role of the EOM production by cyanobacteria and them degradation by the heterotrophic bacteria in the mineralization: (1) In both systems, the first phase to precipitate on the alveolar EOM is a rich magnesium and silica phase. This type of mineral needs pH around 8.6/8.7 to precipitate. (2) An other common observation is that carbonate precipitate generally in the high sulfate-reducing activity zones. Our hypothesis is that the sulfato-reducing bacteria (SRB) degrade the EOM, releasing cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) available for carbonate crystallization. The limit between the oxic and anoxic zones is characterized by maximum pH coinciding with the precipitation of carbonate lamina. Two mains differences have been observed between the paragenesis both systems: (1) initial locus of the carbonate precipitation. In the GSL, the aragonite precipitates in the bacteria and then permineralizes the wall of bacteria and then the EOM network. In Cuba, the peloidal magnesian calcite precipitates on the EOM then fill the bacteria; (2) the mineralogy and the evolution of the carbonate during the preliminary diagenesis. The microbialithes of GSL show the aragonite partly dissolved and a dolomite developing next to the aragonite. In the CCLN, aragonite developing around the magnesian calcite peloids. The mineralogical carbonate differences between both systems could explain by a change of the Mg/Ca. The results could be used to better understand and interpret the paleoenvironmental conditions and the microbial processes stake in ancient microbialite analogs.