2. Abstract Adaptation to chronic hypoxia is in addition to ischemic preconditioning one of the two known cardioprotective mechanisms. The precise molecular basis of these processes is still not fully explained. There are some studies that suggest the possible involvement of the adenosinergic signaling system in this adaptation. In this work, we focused on the characterization of the adenosinergic system in the myocardium of rats adapted to two regimens of chronic hypoxia - a protective continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH) and non-protective intermittent hypoxia (INH/R, 23 h hypoxia and 1 h normoxia). Initially, we compared the total amount of adenosine receptors in samples from different groups of adapted animals. We discovered changes mainly at A2B receptor, which increased at CNH and declined in INH/R. This result suggests the possible involvement of A2B receptors in cardioprotection afforded by adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution of various types of adenosine receptors and transporters in the plasma membrane of cardiac cells. We observed that A2A and A3 localize in membrane microdomains together with membrane enzyme CD73 that produces adenosine in the extracellular space by degrading AMP. A1 and A2B receptors similarly as nucleoside transporters ENT1, ENT2 and...

Les glioblastomes sont des tumeurs fatales du fait de leur agressivité et du manque de traitements efficaces. La prolifération accrue, le caractère invasif et la résistance à la mort cellulaire leur confèrent une croissance rapide et une invasion du parenchyme cérébral environnant, à l’origine de leur systématique récidive. Exprimée par la composante tumorale en hypoxie mais également par la composante vasculaire, l’AM participe de façon autocrine et paracrine au développement des glioblastomes en favorisant la croissance des cellules tumorales et l’angiogenèse tumorale.Il a été montré que des anticorps polyclonaux dirigés contre les récepteurs de l’AM inhibent in vitro la croissance, la migration et la formation de pseudo-capillaires des cellules endothéliales, suggérant une neutralisation par ces anticorps de certaines étapes de l’angiogenèse. De même, il a été montré in vivo que ces anticorps inhibent la croissance tumorale en supprimant l’angiogenèse et la croissance des cellules tumorales suggérant ainsi que les récepteurs de l’AM constitueraient une bonne cible thérapeutique. Des anticorps capables de reconnaître et neutraliser à la fois l’AM, les CLR, RAMP2 et RAMP3 agissant de la même manière sur la croissance tumorale et l’angiogenèse représenteraient un bénéfice thérapeutique majeur. Des anticorps dirigés contre un peptide chimérique constitué de l’enchainement de séquences peptidiques des protéines CLR, RAMP2, RAMP3 et du peptide AM sont en cours. Le traitement par ces anticorps diminue la croissance des cellules tumorales ainsi que leurs migration et invasion. Ces résultats très encourageants nous permettent pour le moment de valider la faisabilité du concept d’anticorps développés à partir d’un peptide chimérique pour neutraliser le système AM/AMR dans le but d’envisager dans le futur une application thérapeutique. / Glioblastoma are fatal tumors because of their aggressiveness and lack of effective treatments. The increased proliferation, the invasiveness and resistance to cell death gives them a rapid growth and invasion of brain parenchyma surrounding the origin of their systematic recurrence. Expressed by the tumoral component in hypoxia but also by the vascular component, the AM participate by an autocrine and paracrine way, the development of glioblastoma by promoting tumor ell growth and tumor angiogenesis.It was shown that polyclonal antibodies directed against the AM receptor inhibit in vitro growth, migration and the formation of pseudo-capillary of endothelial cells, suggesting neutralization by theses antibodies in certain stages of angiogenesis. Similarly, it has been shown in vivo that these antibodies inhibit tumor growth by suppressing angiogenesis and tumor cell growth, suggesting that the AM receptor would be a good therapeutic target. Antibodies that recognized and neutralized both the AM, the CLR, RAMP2 and RAMP3 acting the same way on tumor growth and angiogenesis represent a major therapeutic benefit. Antibodies against a chimeric peptide consisting of peptide sequence of CLR, RAMP2, RAMP3 and AM peptide are in progress. Treatment with these antibodies decreases the growth of tumor cells, their migration and invasion. These encouraging results allow us the time to validate the feasibility of the concept of antibodies developed from a chimeric peptide to neutralize the AM/AMR system in order to consider in the future therapeutic application.

PARP-1 has been identified as a major player in apoptotic pathways. Its excessive activation causes mitochondrial dysfunction, permeability, and AIF mitochondrion-to-nucleus translocation. It has been suggested that PARP-1 interacts indirectly with Bnip3, a mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factor. However, the mechanistic linkage is still not well understood. Our lab has shown that cytosolic/nuclear NAD+ depletion is a hallmark for PARP-1 over activation and inhibition of sirtuin activity. Specifically in my project, we think that PARP-1 induced- NAD+ depletion and sirtuin inhibition causes hyperacetylation of the α subunit of the transcription factor HIF-1 allowing increased HIF-1 binding to Bnip3 upstream promoter, and increased Bnip3 expression. Indeed, our PARP-1 Knock out neurons, MNNG and PJ34 treatment, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and HIF-1α loss of function studies strongly confirmed the necessity of HIF-1 to increase Bnip3 expression in hypoxia. Overall, our research suggests a role for HIF-1 in increasing PARP-1 dependent Bnip3 expression in hypoxic models. / May 2016

Hypoxia or dissolved oxygen concentrations < 2 mg/L is a problem in estuaries worldwide. In Lake Pontchartrain, a 250 km2 de-faunated zone exists as a result of salinity stratification and episodic hypoxia. Mature common rangia clams (Rangia cuneata) are not found within this zone. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) are important estuarine predators and may move in and out of the hypoxic zone to feed on hypoxia-stressed rangia clams. To test the effects of hypoxia on predation, rangia clams were exposed experimentally to severe hypoxic conditions (< 0.75 mg/l) for 72-hours and then presented to blue crabs. One hypoxic and one normoxic clam were added to each aquarium containing a blue crab for each trial, and crab feeding choices were observed and recorded. I found prey choice varied among crabs, but in general, the experimental data demonstrates that crabs chose to feed on hypoxia-stressed clams over clams kept under normoxic conditions.

Aquatic hypoxia, or low dissolved oxygen, is a growing environmental concern and has detrimental effects on many fishes. Research on fish responses to hypoxia includes whole animal studies as well as organ culture systems. In this thesis, the gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, was used to determine the interaction between hypoxic exposure and four common euthanasia techniques on selected blood and gill variables and to develop an in vitro gill incubation system. Euthanasia techniques had differential effects on blood and gill, with the common fish anesthetic MS-222 having the greatest effects, but none altered the response to hypoxia. During the development of gill culture, the highest gill viability was measured in isosmotic seawater medium and shorter incubation times. This study provides insight into the applicability of different euthanasia techniques in hypoxia research, as well as preliminary observations on an incubation system for isolated gills.

Thesis advisor: Thomas Seyfried / Lipids, in all their forms from structural components of the membranes (phosphoglycerides, glycolglycerolipids) to signaling molecules (IP3, DAG, prostaglandins, etc.,) post-translational modification of proteins (palmitoylated, farnesylated, prenylated, and GPI anchoring) play an essential role in cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Alteration in structural lipids can impair transport, and signaling cascades. Abnormalities in lipids, such as cardiolipin (Ptd2Gro), impair mitochondrial function, bioenergetics, and could play a role in precipitatting the high incidence of spontaneous tumors in VM/Dk mice. This thesis explores the role of glucose and glutamine in their incorporation into lipids in the VM-M3 murine glioblastoma cell line as well as the inheritance of brain cardiolipin fatty acids abnormalities in VM/Dk mice. I used labeled [14C]-U-D-glucose and [14C]-U-L-glutamine to examine the profile of de novo lipid biosynthesis in the VM-M3 cell line. The major lipids synthesized included phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (EtnGpl), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), sphingomyelin (CerPCho), bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) / phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), cholesterol (C), Ptd2Gro, and the gangliosides. The data show that the incorporation of labeled glucose and glutamine into synthesized lipids was dependent on the type of growth environment, and that the VM-M3 glioblastoma cells could acquire lipids, especially cholesterol, from the external environment for growth and proliferation. In addition, this thesis also explores and evaluates the abnormality of Ptd2Gro fatty acid composition in VM mice in comparison to B6 mice. Although previously reported, I confirmed the finding in the abnormal cardiolipin fatty acid composition in the VM mice. The abnormal brain cardiolipin fatty acid composition was found to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in reciprocal B6 x VM F1 hybrids for both male and female. Impaired cognitive awareness under hypoxia observed for the VM mice and reciprocal F1 hybrids is associated with abnormalities in neural lipid composition. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Muitos animais enfrentam situações de baixa pressão parcial de oxigênio (hipóxia) ao longo da vida, seja por condições ambientais (tocas, altas altitudes) ou clínicas (insuficiência cardíaca, respiratória ou metabólica). Sabe-se que a queda regulada da temperatura corporal (Tc), chamada anapirexia, induzida pela hipóxia tem tanto importância fisiológica quanto para a clínica, entretanto apenas nas últimas décadas alguns pesquisadores têm se dedicado mais intensamente ao estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos neste fenômeno. Estes estudos, em geral, não levaram em conta a fase do dia durante a realização dos experimentos nem durante a análise dos resultados. Considerando que a Tc apresenta um ritmo diário e circadiano com padrão robusto, é possível que a anapirexia seja alterada de acordo com o momento do dia em que o animal é exposto à hipóxia. Diante disso, tal hipótese foi testada no presente estudo e, para isso, os animais foram expostos à hipóxia em diferentes fases do dia e foi registrada a Tc, o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e o índice de perda de calor (IPC). Estes protocolos foram realizados sob duas temperaturas ambientes (Tas; 26 e 19&#176;C), pois se sabe que a anapirexia também pode ser alterada pela Ta. Em ambas Tas, foi visto que animais expostos à hipóxia no início da fase de escuro apresentam amplitude maior de queda de Tc em relação àqueles expostos no início da fase de claro e, tal diferença deve-se, ao menos em parte, à inibição induzida pela hipóxia da maior termogênese encontrada nestes animais durante a noite. O IPC mensurado no final do intervalo hipóxico parece não ter muita importância para as diferenças nas respostas anapiréticas. Além disso, todas as amplitudes anapiréticas foram maiores nos animais testados sob o frio, independente da fase do dia. Assim, os resultados indicam que a fase do dia interfere na anapirexia induzida por hipóxia aguda e que essa resposta é maior em menores Tas em qualquer momento do dia. / Several animals face reduced oxygen partial pressure (hypoxia) throughout their lives, due to environmental (burrows, high altitudes) or clinical conditions (cardiac, respiratory or metabolic failures). Its known that the hypoxia-induced decrease in body temperature (Tb), named anapyrexia, is a regulated process of adaptive importance. However only in the past few decades researchers have been studied the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. These studies, in general, did not take the phase of the day into account during the experiments or during the analyses of their results. Considering that Tb shows circadian and diary rhythm with a robust pattern, it is possible that anapyrexia can be altered depending on to the moment of the day in which the animal is exposed to hypoxia. Thus, the present study tested this hypothesis exposing animals to hypoxia in different phases of Day and Tb, oxygen consumption (VO2) and heat loss index (HLI) were measured. These protocols were conducted in two ambient temperatures (Tas; 26&#176;C and 19&#176;C), because it is known that anapyrexia can be altered by Ta. In both Tas, it was observed that animals exposed to hypoxia during the beginning of the dark phase presented bigger anapyrexic amplitude than those exposed during the beginning of the light phase. This difference may be due, at least in part, to the inhibition induced by hypoxia of the biggest thermogenesis found during dark phase. HLI measured at the end of the hypoxia exposure seems to have no influence in the different anapyretic responses. Moreover, the cold condition induced bigger anapyretic responses independent on the phase of day. Thus, the results indicate the phase of day influences the hypoxia-induced anapyrexia and this response is bigger in lower ambient temperatures at any moment of the light-dark cycle.

A osteoartrose (OA) de joelho é uma das doenças osteomioarticulares mais comuns no mundo, afetando 2693 em cada 100.000 mulheres e 1770 em cada 100.000 homens. Embora o treinamento de força (TF) seja amplamente recomendado para a melhoria das debilidades físicas encontradas em pacientes com OA, o uso de cargas entre 70-85% da força dinâmica máxima (FDM) pode ser limitado não somente pela dor, mas também pela própria etiologia da doença, representando uma limitação para esta prática. O treinamento de força associado à oclusão vascular (TFOV) baseia-se na execução do TF em intensidades entre 20 e 50% da FDM, combinado à oclusão do fluxo sanguíneo através do uso de torniquetes. Estudos têm mostrado que a magnitude das mudanças na força e massa musculares após um período de treinamento com esta técnica é similar as causadas pelo TF de alta intensidade (70-85% FDM) sem adição da oclusão vascular. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a eficácia da associação da oclusão vascular ao TF como modelo de intervenção não farmacológica para melhoria da dor, força muscular, funcionalidade e qualidade de vida em pacientes diagnosticadas com OA de joelho. Diante disso, 48 participantes mulheres foram randomicamente distribuídas em três grupos: treinamento de força de baixa intensidade (TFB), treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFA) ou treinamento de força de baixa intensidade associado à oclusão vascular (TFOV) e receberam treinamento duas vezes por semana durante doze semanas. No período basal e após a intervenção, as pacientes passaram por avaliações físicas (testes de funcionalidade e força), responderam questionários de qualidade de vida e de dor (índice WOMAC \"Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index\" e SF-36 \"The Short Form 36 Health Survey\") e exame de imagem da área da secção transversa (AST) do músculo quadríceps por meio de tomografia computadorizada. Durante o período de treinamento, quatro pacientes do grupo TFA foram excluídas do protocolo por dor no joelho. Após a intervenção, no WOMAC, apenas os grupos TFOV e TFB apresentaram diminuições significativas na dor (p=0,0358 e p=0,0044, respectivamente), nos demais domínios, o único grupo que apresentou diminuições significativas de escore foi o TFOV (rigidez: p=0,0167 e funcionalidade p=0,0358). Nos testes de funcionalidade, os grupos TFOV e TFA apresentaram aumentos significativos no desempenho do \"Timed-stands test\" (p=0,0251 e p=0,003), no \"Timed-up-and-go\" não foram encontradas melhoras significantes nos grupos. Com relação a força, apenas os grupos TFOV e TFA aumentaram significativamente os valores no leg-press (p<0,0001) e na extensão de joelhos (p<0,0001). Comportamento similar foi encontrado no aumento da AST, grupos TFOV e TFA apresentaram aumentos significativos (p<0,0001). A melhora de qualidade de vida foi significante nos três grupos quando analisamos a somatória dos domínios do WOMAC (TFOV: p=0,0173; TFA: p=0,0438; TFB: p=0,0301), porém o SF-36 não foi capaz encontrar melhoras significativas nos grupos. Dessa forma, concluímos que o TFOV apresenta-se como uma estratégia relevante e segura de intervenção não farmacológica para mulheres acometidas por OA sintomática de joelhos, constituindo um modelo de tratamento capaz de induzir adaptações funcionais e morfológicas de grande interesse para esta população / Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is one of the most common articular disease worldwide, affecting 100,000 women in 2693 and 1770 in every 100,000 men. Although strength training (ST) is widely recommended for improving the physical weaknesses found in patients with OA, using loads between 70-85% of maximal dynamic strength (MDS) can be limited not only by pain, but also by the own etiology of the disease, representing a limitation of this practice. Strength training associated with vascular occlusion (STVO) is based on the execution of the ST at intensities between 20 and 50% of MDS, combined with the occlusion of blood flow through the use of tourniquets. Studies have shown that the magnitude of changes in strength and muscle mass after a period of training this technique is similar to those caused by high-intensity ST (MDS 70-85%) without the addition of the vascular occlusion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the combination of vascular occlusion to the ST as non pharmacologic intervention model for improving pain, muscle strength, functionality and quality of life in patients diagnosed with knee OA. Thus, 48 women participants were randomly divided into three groups: strength training low intensity (STL), strength training, high intensity (STH) or low-intensity strength training associated with vascular occlusion (STVO) and trained two times per week for twelve weeks. At baseline and after the intervention, the patients underwent physical assessments (tests of functionality and strength), answered questionnaires on quality of life and pain (WOMAC index \"Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index\" and SF-36 \"The Short form 36 Health Survey \") and the cross section area (CSA) of the quadriceps muscle was assessed using computed tomography. During the training period the STH group, four patients were excluded from the protocol due to knee pain. After the intervention, the WOMAC, only the STVO and STL groups showed significant decreases in pain (p=0.0358 and p=0.0044, respectively), in other domains, the only group that showed significant decreases in score was the STVO (stiffness: p= 0.0167 and p = 0.0358 functionality). In functionality testing, the STVO and STH groups showed significant increases in performance \"Timed-stands test\" (p=0.0251 and p=0.003), the \"Timed-up-and-go\" were not significant improvements found in groups. Regarding strength, only the STVO and STH groups significantly increased values in leg press (p<0.0001) and knee extension (p<0.0001). Similar behavior was found in increased AST and STH STVO groups showed significant increases (p<0.0001). The improvement of quality of life was significant in all three groups when analyzing the sum of the domains of WOMAC (STVO: p=0.0173; STH: p=0.0438; STL: p=0.0301), but the SF-36 was not able to find significant improvements in groups. Thus, we conclude that the STVO presents itself as a relevant and safe strategy of non-pharmacological intervention for women suffering from symptomatic knee OA, constituting a model of treatment capable of inducing functional and morphological adaptations of great interest to this population

Glicose e oxigênio desempenham um importante papel na regulação do metabolismo celular. Dada a importância de ambos no metabolismo - o primeiro como fonte de carbono preferencial da maior parte das células, e o segundo como aceptor final de elétrons na cadeia respiratória, em diversos organismos desenvolveram-se métodos adequados para detectar sua presença de modo a ajustar o metabolismo em função de sua disponibilidade. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo da expressão, no nível transcricional, dos genes envolvidos nas vias metabólicas primárias e genes envolvidos em morte celular, em células humanas, com o intuito de determinar as alterações no metabolismo energético em resposta a condições de hipóxia e anóxia, por meio da técnica de microarrays de cDNA. Utilizamos, inicialmente, células normais de fibroblasto humano ASl98 e células de fibroblasto humano MRC-5 imortalizadas por transfecção por SV40, e por fim células provenientes de ilhotas pancreáticas humanas, para a elaboração de um protocolo de cultura celular em que as mesmas crescessem aderidas a microcarregadores Cytodex I. Numa segunda etapa, células de ilhotas pancreáticas humanas foram cultivadas em suspensão, aderidas aos microcarregadores, num biorreator, sendo então realizada a análise do perfil transcricional dos genes escolhidos, frente às condições de baixa tensão de oxigênio. É apresentada a análise da expressão gênica de aproximadamente 160 genes na qual foram verificados um comportamento de indução daqueles envolvidos no metabolismo de lipídios e alguns na morte celular e um comportamento inicial de indução, e posterior inibição, do metabolismo primário como um todo. Em vista dos dados obtidos é de interesse ressaltar que essas células deveriam ser mantidas em saturações de oxigênio acima de 5% para evitar o efeito deletério observado na baixa concentração de oxigênio sobre a viabilidade celular, em termos da indução de alguns genes envolvidos na morte celular e da repressão geral dos relacionados ao metabolismo energético. Também foi verificado que, em saturações de oxigênio de até 10%, as células adotaram um padrão transcricional que indicou uma resposta ao estresse por falta de oxigênio, este por sua vez reflete-se na viabilidade celular, característica crucial para o sucesso do transplante clínico de ilhotas. / Glucose and oxygen have important roles on the regulation of cellular metabolism. Due to their importance in metabolism, the former as the preferential carbon source and the later as the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, many organisms have developed suitable processes to detect their presence in order to adjust the cellular metabolism to their availability. In this work, we have studied, in human cells and at the transcriptional level, the expression of genes involved in primary metabolism pathways and some of those related to cell death, aiming to resolve alterations in the energetic metabolism as a response to hypoxic and anoxic conditions, by means of cDNA microarrays. We initially used AS198 human fibroblastic normal cells and MRC-5 human fibroblastic cells immortalized by SV40, and later on cells from human pancreatic islets, to develop a cell culture protocol in which they would grow on the surface of Cytodex 1 microcarriers. As a second step, cells from human pancreatic islets were cultured on microcarriers in suspension inside a bioreactor. This culture was then used to carry out the transcriptional profile analysis of selected genes in response to low levels of oxygen. This work presents the analysis of gene expression of approximately 160 genes that can be divided into two distinct groups. The first group, the expression of which is induced, comprises genes involved in lipid metabolism and some of those related to cell death. The expression of the second group, consisting of diverse genes of the primary metabolism, suffers an initial induction followed by repression. Given the data acquired it is interesting to note that the human pancreatic islets should be maintained under at least 5% dissolved oxygen to avoid the deleterious effects on cell viability observed at lower oxygen concentrations, resulting in the induction of some genes involved in cell death and the repression of those related to energetic metabolism. It was also verified that, under oxygen saturation of at least 10%, these cells adopted a transcriptional profile that indicated a response to the stress created by the lack of oxygen, which would in turn reflect on cell viability, a crucial characteristic for success in clinical islet transplantation.

Orientador: Luciane Helena Gargaglioni Batalhão / Coorientador: Lilian Francisco Arantes de Souza / Banca: Lizandra Amoroso / Banca: Mirela Dias Barros / Resumo: A temperatura é um dos requerimentos fisiológicos fundamental para o bom desenvolvimento embrionário de aves. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de alterações da temperatura de incubação sobre parâmetros da incubação (perda de peso dos ovos, eclosão e eclodibilidade, bicagem interna, externa e nascimento e avaliação dos neonatos), ventilação (VE), temperatura corporal (TC) e peso do pulmão e peso do coração em condições basais, e após a exposição à hipóxia (10%O2) ou à hipercapnia (7%CO2) de frango de corte. Foram incubados ovos férteis de matrizes da linhagem Cobb®, com 44 semanas de idade, procedentes de incubatório comercial, de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: ovos incubados em condições normais de temperatura (37,5ºC); com temperatura elevada (38,5ºC) por 10 dias finais de incubação e com temperatura reduzida (36,5ºC) por 10 dias finais da incubação. Durante a incubação foi observado que a temperatura não afetou eclosão e eclodibilidade. A perda de peso foi maior nos animais incubados em temperatura quente e menor em temperatura fria. A temperatura não influenciou na qualidade dos pintainhos, contudo, ovos incubados em temperatura quente apresentaram redução no tempo de nascimento diferente da temperatura fria que prologa o tempo. Após a eclosão, os animais foram mantidos à temperatura 37,5ºC no 10º e 20º dias de idade e foram avaliados os parâmetros respiratórios e peso do pulmão e coração. Os animais de 10 dias incubados em temperatura fria apresentaram maior resposta ventilatória à hipóxia do que animais incubados em temperatura quente, o que não ocorreu nos animais de 20 dias. Em hipercapnia houve diferença entre os tratamentos tantos em animais de 10 e 20 dias, sendo que animais incubados em temperatura fria apresentaram maior resposta ventilatória com 10 dias e 20 dias comparados ao controle. A hipóxia causou ... / Abstract: The physiological requirements, like temperature, are essential for adequate embryonic development of birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of changes in temperature on incubation and hatching parameters (eggs' weight loss, hatch and hatchability, internal and external pipping and birth and evaluation of newborns), ventilation (VE), body temperature (Tc) and weight of lungs and heart of broilers in basal conditions and after exposure to hypoxia (10%O2) or hypercapnia (7%CO2). Fertile eggs were incubated arrays Cobb® with 44 weeks old, coming from commercial hatchery, according to the following treatments: eggs incubated at normal temperature (37.5°C), high temperature (38.5°C) and reduced temperature (36.5°C) at 10 final days of incubation. It was observed during incubation that the temperature did not affect hatchability and hatching. The weight loss was greater in animals incubated in high temperature and smaller in warm temperature. The temperature did not affect the quality of the chicks; however, incubated eggs in high temperature decreased the time of birth and cold temperature prolong that time. After hatching, the animals were kept at thermoneutral temperature and between 10 and 20 days old respiratory parameters, the weight of heart and lungs were assessed. Animals of 10 days old incubated in cold temperature had higher ventilatory response to hypoxia than animals incubated in warm temperature, which did not occur in animals of 20 days old. In hypercapnia, there was no difference between treatments in animals of 10 and 20 days old, whereas animals incubated in cold temperature had higher ventilatory response in 10 days and 20 days old compared to control. Hypoxia caused a decrease in Tc in all groups, but the fall was lower at 30 min in animals incubated in warm temperature. Hypercapnia Tc caused to the animals 10 days of age. The weight of lungs and heart ... / Mestre