Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Charles Barden / Cheryl Boyer / Red elm (Ulmus rubra), grey alder (Alnus incana and A. incana spp. tenuifolia) and buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) are considered important plants for many Native American tribes in the United States. Native Americans have used these three species for a variety of medicinal uses and ceremonial purposes. Currently, Kansas tribal leaders would like to plant more of these species on tribal land, but the plants have been difficult to propagate. While red elm is valued as a ceremonial tree, it is susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease caused by the fungus (Ophiostoma ulmi) and is not grown in many ornamental nurseries. This has led to declining tree populations. The objective of these studies were to evaluate methods to propagate red elm, grey alder and buffaloberry in order to find techniques that can lead to an increase in the production of these species commercially and enable tribes and landowners to increase the presence of these native plants on their lands. In the first study, the use of gibberellic acid (GA3) was investigated to determine the optimum concentration needed for maximum seed germination. Studies were conducted with stratified (cold, moist storage) and non-stratified red elm, grey alder, and buffaloberry seeds soaked in one of four treatments: 0, 250, 500 or 1000 ppm of GA3 in 2010, and 0, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm of GA3 in 2011. Results indicate the use of GA3 in high concentrations promoted germination of unstratified seeds of red elm, though low seed viability in grey alder and buffaloberry resulted in poor germination. In a second study, vegetative cuttings were treated with potassium indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) and Dip ‘N GrowTM containing indole-3-butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid (IBA + NAA). Softwood cuttings for the three species were treated with K-IBA and Dip ‘N GrowTM (plant rooting hormones): K-IBA at 5,000 and 10,000 ppm and Dip ‘N GrowTM at 1:10 ratio solutions. Results of this study showed that only grey alder softwood cuttings had callus formation, root growth, and shoot growth while red elm and buffaloberry did not respond to cutting propagation treatments.

Mit dieser Arbeit sollten, vor anwendungsbezogenem Hintergrund, die Einflüsse endogener und exogener Faktoren auf den Pilocarpingehalt von P. microphyllus Stapf unter natürlichen Bedingungen untersucht werden. Die Bestimmung der Pilocarpingehalte der entsprechenden Proben erfolgte mit Hilfe von HPLC –Analysen der, zuvor durch Festphasenextraktion aufgereinigten, Pflanzenextrakte. Mit dem Ziel, Pflanzenmaterial gleicher genetischer Herkunft untersuchen zu können, wurde versucht, die Pflanzen über Keimlinge und Sprosstecklinge zu vermehren. Während erstere Versuche zu Keimraten von bis zu mehr als 80 Prozent führten, blieben die Bemühungen einer Stecklingsvermehrung trotz unterschiedlicher Ansätze erfolglos. Im Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen zum Einfluß endogener Faktoren auf den Pilocarpingehalt in den Blättern, wurden vegetative Merkmale (Blüten, Knospen, Früchte und Blattaustriebe) den jeweiligen Gehalten gegenübergestellt. In einem Zeitraum von zehn Monaten konnten bei keiner der Versuchspflanzen ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem jeweiligen vegetativen Zustand und der Menge an Pilocarpin in den Blättern festgestellt werden. Während der vegetative Zustand von P.microphyllus Stapf keine offensichtlichen Auswirkungen auf den Pilocarpingehalt der Blätter hatte, ergaben die Versuchsreihen zum Blattalter einen deutlichen Einfluß dieses endogenen Faktors. In zahlreichen Analysen konnte gezeigt werden, daß junge Blätter durchschnittlich 70 Prozent mehr Pilocarpin enthalten als alte Blätter der jeweils selben Pflanze. Pilocarpin wurde in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen in allen Teilen von P. microphyllus Stapf nachgewiesen. In Langzeitbeobachtungen über den Zeitraum eines Jahres, konnten in allen Fällen Schwankungen im Pilocarpingehalt der Blätter beobachtet werden. Bis auf eine Ausnahme verliefen diese Änderungen nach einem ähnlichen Muster, welches sich jedoch nicht mit klimatischen Faktoren in einen logischen Zusammenhang bringen ließ. Als ein exogener Faktor mit deutlichem Einfluß auf den Pilocarpingehalt der Blätter, wurden die Strahlungsverhältnisse identifiziert. Bei vergleichenden Analysen von Versuchspflanzen, welche in einem Schattenbeet wuchsen, mit solchen, die der vollen Sonneneinstrahlung ausgesetzt waren, wurde deutlich, daß die Schattenpflanzen durchschnittlich etwa 37 Prozent mehr Pilocarpin enthielten. In einem Düngungsversuch konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die Nährstoffversorgung entscheidend auf den Pilocarpingehalt auswirken kann. Nach dreimaliger Zugabe eines Düngers, welcher vor allem die Phosphat- und Kaliumversorgung der Pflanzen verbesserte, wurden Mengen an Pilocarpin gefunden, welche um bis zu knapp 300 Prozent über den Werten vor der Düngung lagen. Experimente mit unterschiedlichen Methoden zur Trocknung von geernteten Pilocarpusblättern ergaben, daß die Art der Trocknung einen entscheidenten Einfluß auf den Gehalt an Pilocarpin in den Blättern nach der Ernte hat. Unter günstigen Lagerbedingungen konnten Pilocarpusblätter für mindestens ein Jahr ohne größere Verluste an Pilocarpin aufbewahrt werden. Im Laufe dieser Arbeit ergaben sich aus den Chromatogramspektren der verschiedenen Analysen Hinweise auf verschiedene, möglicherweise chemische, Varietäten innerhalb der Art P.microphyllus Stapf. / In this dissertation the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors that possibly affect on the content of Pilocarpine in P. microphyllus Stapf under natural conditions has been analyzed. An HPLC method was developed to determine the content of Pilocarpine in respective plant extracts, which had been conditioned previously by solid phase extraction. To obtain genetically identical plant material, attempts were made to propagate plants by seedlings and stem-cuttings. The seedling experiments resulted in germination rates of more than 80 per cent, meanwhile various cutting attempts did not lead to any success. In studies regarding the influence of endogenous factors on the content of Pilocarpine in the leaves, vegetative features (flowers, buds, and fruits) were compared with the respective Pilocarpine contents. During a 10 months observation period no correlation could be determined between the vegetative characteristics and the content of Pilocarpine. Unlike vegetative features, the age of the leaves was determined as an endogenous factor with a significant influence on the Pilocarpine content. In numerous analyses it could be shown that young leaves contain in average 70 per cent more Pilocarpine than old ones of the same plant. Pilocarpine was found in all parts of P. microphyllus Stapf. In observations made during a period of time of one year, fluctuations of the Pilocarpine content in the leaves were found in all cases. Besides one exception, those fluctuations showed a similar pattern. However, no correlation with climatic factors could be found. Radiation conditions were identified as an external factor with significant influence on the Pilocarpine content of the leaves. In analysis comparing leaves of plants growing in full sunlight and those growing under shade, the average content of Pilocarpine of the latter was 37 per cent higher. In an experiment with a fertilizer it could be shown that the nutrient supply has a significant importance on the Pilocarpine content. After a three times application of a fertilizer, which mainly improved the phosphate and potassium supply of the plants, up to 300 per cent more Pilocarpine was found compared with contents before the application. Experiments with different drying techniques of harvested leaves revealed that the applied drying method has a decisive influence on the Pilocarpine content of the leaves. Under suitable conditions it has been possible to store dried Pilocarpus leaves for at least one year without important loss in Pilocarpine. Based on the chromatograms obtained during this dissertation, indications for different, possibly chemical, varieties of the species P.microphyllus Stapf were revealed.

8. Experiment pursued stimulators for propagation of Japanese Azaleas. Mother plants of varieties of Japanese Azaleas species 'Oslava' and 'Diamant Alba' were based on three sites : outside, in the coldframe (overshadowed during summer period) and in the greenhouse. 55 pieces of the species 'Oslava' were planted, 19 pieces of the species 'Diamant Alba' were planted in the greenhouse and 35 pieces in the coldframe and outside. During winter time some of the plants got frozen. Simultaneously the experiment was extended in the second vegetation period by new mutation called 'Rubinstern'. The experiment proved the best rooting accomplishments were given by species 'Oslava'. Species 'Diamant Alba' gave quite weak results of rooting caused mainly by low cold resistance. The worst results of rooting were given by the species 'Rubinstern'. The trial confirmed, that the best of the cultivar, from rooting point of view, is mutation 'Oslava'. Cultivar 'Diamant Alba' was showed poor rooting process, because of its lower freeze resistence. The worst results of rooting were given by the species 'Rubinstern'. In the first vegetative period the parent plants from outside of a low growth which is a reason why it's being left without mentioning the quantity. The AS-1 stimulator was used and the experiment was even enhanced to treatment applying IBA and non-stimulating control. The results showed that used IBA, AS -- 1 stimulators and the non -- stimulated control gave very similar results. No statistical difference was found between the first and the second iterancy in 2006. After heaping up some loose soil, the cuttings that had 5 or more roots reached the best fixation. Achieved reproduction yield found at the type termed 'Oslava' proves, that there is a real option of using stimulators for rooting of cuttings in the regular practice of agricultural comp. in Jeseník.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by social deficits and repetitive actions. A communication pathway exists between the brain and gut called the gut-brain axis. It is thought that gut bacteria can secrete signaling molecules, triggering inflammation across the body. These studies attempt to determine if markers are expressed in two mouse models of ASD behaviors, BTBR and a valproic acid model. Immunohistochemistry of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 from male mouse brain tissue showed no microglial activation in any group. Cytokine analysis did exhibit an increase in interleukin 1 (IL-1) in male adult mice only. Sequencing of bacterial profiles demonstrated differences between groups. Altogether, it appears that microbiome differences do not trigger robust differences in inflammatory pathways in these animals in this study. It is imperative that a reliable animal model of behaviors be identified for novel studies that can impact the development of the disorder.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionenbestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert.

During several decades of research and development in the field of Magnetically Confined Fusion (MCF) the preferred selection of materials for Plasma Facing Components (PFC) has changed repeatedly. Without doubt, endurance of the first wall will decide research availability and lifespan of the first International Thermonuclear Research Reactor (ITER). Materials erosion, redeposition and mixing in the reactor are the critical processes responsible for modification of materials properties under plasma impact. This thesis presents several diagnostic techniques and their applications for studies of materials transport in fusion devices. The measurements were made at the EXTRAP T2R Reversed Field Pinch operated in Alfvén laboratory at KTH (Sweden), the TEXTOR tokamak, recently shut down at Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) and in the JET tokamak at CCFE (UK). The main outcomes of the work are: Development and application of a method for non-destructive capture and characterization of fast dust particles moving in the edge plasma of fusion devices, as well as particles generated upon laser-assisted cleaning of plasma exposed surfaces.  Advancement of conventional broad beam and micro ion beam techniques to include measurement of tritium in the surfaces exposed in future D-T experiments.  Adaption of the micro ion beam method for precision mapping of non uniform elements concentrations on irregular surfaces.  Implementation of an isotopic marker to study the large scale materials migration in a tokamak and development of a method for fast non destructive sampling of the marker on surfaces of PFCs. / <p>QC 20140508</p>

Foi estudado o mecanismo da hidrólise de benzoatos de fenila substituídos catalisada pela 1-oxi-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-ona (ânion o-iodosobenzoato, IBA-), em microemulsão água/óleo (mE A/O) de cloreto de benzil-hexadecil-dimetil-amônio (CBzCl) em benzeno. Duas séries de ésteres foram utilizadas: 4-X-benzoatos de 4-nitrofenila (X= NO2, CN, Cl e H) e 4-nitrobenzoatos de Y-fenila (Y= 4-NO2, 3-NO2, 4-CN, 3-CN, 4-Cl e H). Os resultados de IV (detecção do intermediário 1-(4-X-benzoiloxi)-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-ona, benzoil-IBA), ausência de catálise pelo grupo abandonador, e efeito isotópico cinético de solvente inverso mostraram que a catálise pelo IBA- é nucleofílica, ocorrendo em duas etapas: - ataque do IBA- sobre o éster produzindo o intermediário benzoil-IBA e o fenol correspondente; - hidrólise desse intermediário formando os produtos finais da reação, ácido benzóico substituído e IBA-. A intensa absorção do solvente (benzeno) no UV impediu a observação do intermediário benzoil-IBA, por isso somente a primeira etapa da reação (ataque do IBA- sobre o éster, formando o intermediário benzoil-IBA) foi estudada nesta Dissertação. A natureza da etapa lenta da reação, o ataque do IBA- para formar o intermediário tetraédrico éster-IBA, foi determinada pela aplicação da equação de Hammett. Uma comparação entre os dados obtidos em mE A/O e em misturas binárias de solventes orgânicos e água mostrou que a reação aparentemente é pouco sensível a efeitos do meio. As constantes catalíticas de velocidade em mE A/O, em 14% CH3CN/H2O, em 35,1% CH3CN/H2O e em 56,5% CH3OH/H2O são similares. A entalpia de ativação para a reação micelar é cerca de 3 kcal.mol-1 menor que para as reações em meio aquoso, mas isso é compensado por uma diminuição da mesma ordem no termo entrópico. A sensibilidade da reação à substituição no grupo acila aumenta ao se transferir a reação das misturas binárias aquosas para a mE A/O, ao passo que aos substituintes no grupo fenila permanece praticamente igual em todos os meios. Esses efeitos aparentemente são ocasionados por uma dessolvatação parcial tanto do IBA- (em maior intensidade) como do estado de transição (em menor intensidade) na região interfacial da mE A/O. O mecanismo de catálise pelo IBA- parece ser o mesmo, com a mesma etapa lenta (ataque do IBA- sobre o éster) em todos os meios estudados. As diferenças observadas para a reação na mE A/O (maior sensibilidade à substituição no grupo acila do éster, entalpias e entropias menores que nos outros meios) devem ser resultantes da dessolvatação parcial do IBA- nesse meio. / The mechanism of hydrolysis of the following two series of phenylbenzoate esters catalyzed by 1-oxi-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (o-iodosobenzoate anion, IBA-), was studied in water-in-oil microemulsion (W/O mE) of benzylhexadecyl- dimethylammonium chloride (CBzCl) in benzene. 4-nitrophenyl 4-X-benzoates (X= NO2, CN, Cl and H) and Y-nitrophenyl 4-nitrobenzoates (Y= 4-NO2, 3-NO2, 4-CN, 3-CN, 4-Cl and H). The following results show that IBA- is acting as a nucleophilic catalyst: detection of the intermediate 1-(4-X-benzoyloxi)-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (benzoyl-IBA) by FT-IR; absence of catalysis by the leaving group; and inverse kinetic solvent isotopic effect. The reaction proceeds by a two-step mechanism: - nucleophilic attack of IBA- on the ester, resulting in the formation of benzoyl-IBA and liberation of the corresponding phenol; - hydrolysis of this intermediate, giving the final products of the reaction, substituted benzoates and IBA-. Absorbance by the solvent precluded observation of the reaction intermediate, consequently only the first part of the reaction (i.e., micellar attack of IBA- on the ester) was studied in this Dissertation. The nature of the rate determining step, formation of the tetrahedral intermediate (Ester-IBA), was determined from application of the Hammett equation. A comparison between the data in W/O microemulsions and in binary organic solvent-water mixtures showed that the reaction is rather insensitive to medium effects. The catalytic rate constants in W/O microemulsion, in 14% CH3CN/H2O, in 35,1% CH3CN/H2O, and in 56,5% CH3OH/H2O are very similar. The activation enthalpy of the micellar reaction is 3 kcal.mol-1 lower than the value in aqueous media, but this is compensated by a decrease of the same order in the entropic term. The sensitivity of the reaction to substitution in the acyl group increases in going from aqueous media to the W/O microemulsions, while the sensitivity to substitution in the phenyl moiety is almost the same in all media. These effects are apparently caused by a partial desolvation of both IBA- and the transition state in the interfacial region, the former desolvation being more pronounced. The catalysis mechanism by IBA- seems to be the same, with the same rate determining step (nucleophilic attack of IBA- on the ester), for all the studied systems. The differences observed for the reaction in W/O mE (greater sensitivity to substitution in the ester acyl group, lower values of enthalpy and entropy) are a result of the partial desolvation of IBA- in this system.

Submitted by Rafael Augusto Ferraz null (rafaelferraz86@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-29T22:48:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Rafael Augusto Ferraz.pdf: 2156849 bytes, checksum: 2ff32bd21e6af4988c241fd748dc37a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T18:31:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferraz_ra_dr_bot.pdf: 2156849 bytes, checksum: 2ff32bd21e6af4988c241fd748dc37a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferraz_ra_dr_bot.pdf: 2156849 bytes, checksum: 2ff32bd21e6af4988c241fd748dc37a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, a figueira (Ficus carica L.) é cultivada com o emprego de praticamente uma única variedade, a Roxo de Valinhos, e sua colheita ocorre num período de entressafra da produção da fruta fresca no Hemisfério Norte. Sendo assim, são amplas as possibilidades de exportação do fruto brasileiro, pois ele entra no mercado internacional a partir de dezembro, logo após a safra dos países mediterrâneos, que são os maiores produtores. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho propagativo e agronômico e a qualidade dos frutos de quatro variedades de figueira com potencial de cultivo no estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu/SP, situada a 22° 51’ 55” S e 48° 26’ 22” O e a 810 m de altitude. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, correspondentes às variedades Roxo de Valinhos, White Genova, PI – 189 e Troiano, quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela experimental para a análise do desempenho agronômico. Após a poda drástica de produção, as estacas foram usadas para a análise do desempenho propagativo, onde o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (variedades x com e sem aplicação do ácido indolbutírico a 2000 mg L-1), com quatro repetições e dez estacas por parcela experimental. No que se refere à avaliação propagativa, as estacas que não receberam tratamento com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) tiveram maior porcentagem de estacas vivas e enraizadas, com exceção da variedade Troiano, que não apresentou diferença na aplicação, além de obter os maiores valores de comprimento da maior raiz ao lado de ‘PI – 189’. A variedade Roxo de Valinhos, ao lado de White Genova, foi a variedade que brotou mais rápido e a que apresentou maior número de brotações em todas as avaliações após a poda. A variedade Troiano obteve os maiores valores de diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos, além de ter produzido mais frutos por planta, sendo estes de baixo diâmetro, comprimento e massa, tornando-se possível seu fornecimento, principalmente para a indústria, em um período já de entressafra no estado de São Paulo, devido à sua colheita mais tardia. As variedades Roxo de Valinhos e White Genova obtiveram frutos com maior massa, diâmetro e comprimento, sendo grandes as chances de exportação dos frutos dessas variedades para consumo in natura. / In Brazil, virtually is cultivated an only variety of fig, Roxo de Valinhos, and its harvest occurs in a period of off-season of fresh fruit production in the Northern Hemisphere. So, are large the export possibilities because the Brazilian product enters in the market from December after the harvest of Mediterranean countries, which are the largest producers. In this context, the aim of this project is evaluate the propagative and agronomic performance and quality of fruits in four varieties of fig tree with cultivation potential in São Paulo state. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Lageado of School of Agriculture of São Paulo State University at Botucatu/SP, located at 22° 51’ 55” S e 48° 26’ 22” O and 810 m altitude. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments, corresponding to the varieties Roxo de Valinhos, White Genova, PI – 189 and Troiano, with four repetitions and six plants per plot for the agronomic performance analysis. After drastic production pruning, the cuttings were used for propagation performance analysis, where the experimental design used was entirely at random, in factorial scheme 4 x 2 (varieties x whith or without application of índole-butyric acid to 2000 mg L-1), with four repetitions and ten cuttings per plot. As resgards the propagation performance, the cuttings that did not receive treatment with indole-butyric acid (IBA) had a higher percentage of live and rooted cuttings, except the Troiano variety, which showed no difference in the application, besides obtaining the highest root length values next to ‘PI – 189’. The Roxo de Valinhos variety, next to White Genova, was the variety that sprouted faster and which showed higher number of shuts al all evaluations after pruning. The Troiano variety obtained the highest values of diameter and length of branches, besides having produced more fruits per plant, being these of low diameter, length and mass, making it possible to supply, mainly for the industry, in a period already off-season in the state of São Paulo, due to its later harvest. The Roxo de Valinhos and White Genova varieties obtained fruits with higher mass, diameter and length, being great the chances of exporting the fruits of these varieties for consumption in natura.

The Wilhelmsburg neighbourhood of Hamburg, Germany is characterized in local media as a problem neighbourhood. Many of its residents are racialized people struggling with low incomes, unemployment, and less formal education than average in the city as a whole, exemplifying what Razack (2002, p. 6) calls the “spatiality of the racial order in which we live.” Wilhelmsburg is also the focus of a massive urban planning and architectural project, the Internationale Bauaustellung (International Building Exhibition, or IBA) Hamburg 2007-2012, comprising 50 building projects that aim to transform the neighbourhood. In this thesis I use Foucauldian discourse analysis to explore IBA Hamburg’s public education materials, arguing that IBA Hamburg produces Wilhelmsburg and its residents as racialized, problematic, and in need of intervention to bring them into the future metropolis. Residents are targeted for integration through education, the effects of which are disciplinary and reproduce an unequal racial order of citizenship.

The Wilhelmsburg neighbourhood of Hamburg, Germany is characterized in local media as a problem neighbourhood. Many of its residents are racialized people struggling with low incomes, unemployment, and less formal education than average in the city as a whole, exemplifying what Razack (2002, p. 6) calls the “spatiality of the racial order in which we live.” Wilhelmsburg is also the focus of a massive urban planning and architectural project, the Internationale Bauaustellung (International Building Exhibition, or IBA) Hamburg 2007-2012, comprising 50 building projects that aim to transform the neighbourhood. In this thesis I use Foucauldian discourse analysis to explore IBA Hamburg’s public education materials, arguing that IBA Hamburg produces Wilhelmsburg and its residents as racialized, problematic, and in need of intervention to bring them into the future metropolis. Residents are targeted for integration through education, the effects of which are disciplinary and reproduce an unequal racial order of citizenship.