A tese é uma análise interpretativa do trecho conhecido como símile do Sol na obra República de Platão (508b-509b). Esta análise tem por base dois vieses: i) aquele das questões de relação entre autor e seus personagens, e das questões da relação dos personagens com o próprio drama vigente no diálogo; e ii) aquele das questões relativas à argumentação metafísica apresentada nesta parte do debate, seja quanto aos seus conteúdos, seja quanto aos métodos nela empregados. Estas duas perspectivas de abordagem do símile são atravessadas tendo como fio condutor da exegese o elemento dramático que o próprio autor Platão fez questão que se seguisse à exposição de Sócrates da analogia solar: a reação do personagem Glauco, sobretudo a seguinte passagem: E Glauco muito humorosamente falou: Ah, Apolo, mas que exagero extraordinário! (República VI 509c1-2). O símile do Sol assim é analisado segundo os seus possíveis aspectos de autoria, drama, comicidade e religiosidade, de um lado, e, do outro, segundo os aspectos de sua relação com alguns pontos filosóficos apresentados pelo próprio personagem Sócrates platônico no diálogo e alhures, como a assim chamada Teoria das Ideias, o chamado caminho mais longo, e alguns aludidos métodos de investigação. A partir disso, o presente estudo pretende discutir com, e lançar dúvidas sobre, algumas posições que a tradição da filosofia ocidental construiu nos séculos XX e XXI a respeito da Ideia de Bem dentro do texto da República. / This thesis is an interpretative analysis of the analogy known as simile of the Sun in Plato\'s Republic(508b-509b). The analysis is based on two perspectives: i) that of issues about relationship between author and his characters, and about relationship between the characters and own living drama in the dialogue; and ii) that of issues related to metaphysical argumentation presented in this part of work, whether about its contents or about its methods. In both these approach perspectives of the simile the exegesis\' leitmotiv is the dramatic element that author Plato himself decided put after Socrates\' exposition of analogy of sun: the reaction of character Glaucon, mainly this passage: And Glaucon very comically said: Oh, Apollo, what an extraordinary exaggeration! (RepublicVI 509c1-2). Therefore simile of Sun is analyzed according to its possible features of authorship, drama, comicality and religiosity, on one hand, and, on the other, according to its features about relationship between it and some points made by character Socrates himself in the dialogue and elsewhere, as so called Theory of Ideas, so called longer way, and some alluded to methods of inquiry. With these bases, this study intends discuss with, and cast doubts on, some positions developed at XX and XXI centuries by Western Philosophy tradition about Idea of Good within Republic\'s text.

A presente dissertação busca analisar como a concepção de representação é desenvolvida na filosofia de Leibniz tendo como pano de fundo a crítica que o filósofo faz ao modo como Descartes e Locke compreendem o conceito. Tomaremos como ponto de partida a crítica que Leibniz formula ao conceito de ideia tal como ele se encontra em Descartes, e a reformulação do conceito que ele opera a partir da compreensão da ideia como um gênero expressão. A partir dela, podemos compreender em que sentido Leibniz se vale do paradigma imagético da ideia em um sentido completamente diverso de Descartes. Ademais, ele nos permitirá compreender como, aos olhos de Leibniz, as noções de representação em Descartes e Locke se aproximam, por mais que suas concepções sobre a origem das ideias sejam opostas. Pretendemos com isso mostrar que, apesar da doutrina leibniziana da representação estar implicada em seu sistema, ela é profundamente marcada pela oposição ao cartesianismo e ao empirismo de Locke. / The following thesis aims to study how the concept of representation is developed in the philosophy of Leibniz having as a background the philosophers critic of the way Descartes and Locke understand the concept. We will take as our starting point the critique that Leibniz formulates the concept of idea as it is in Descartes, and the reformulation of this concept understanding the idea as a genre of expression. From this, we can understandin what sense Leibniz make use of the imagetic paradigm to understand the representative content of the idea in a completely diferente sense as Descartes. Furthermore, it will allow us to understand how, in Leibniz point of view, the concept of representation in Descartes and Locke are similar, albeit the description of its origins differ completely in both philosophers. We intend to show that despite the fact that Leibnizian doctrine of representation is implicated in his system, this doctrine is deeply marked by the opposition to cartesianism and Lockes empiricism.

Today the Internet is used more and more as a transportation for information. Much of the information is confidential and should not be read by those not privileged. To protect the information from unauthorized access cryptography can be applied. The cryptography algorithms in use today all have their pros and cons. They are therefore suited for different applications. We've compared three different cryptography algorithms RSA, DES and IDEA. What we've focused on is the level of security the algorithms give. DES and IDEA are symmetrical algorithms and as such they use the same key for encryption and decryption. RSA on the other hand is an asymmetrical algorithm. Asymmetrical algorithms use two keys, one for encryption and the other for decryption. The factor that is most decisive for the algorithms security is the length of the key that is used. What is interesting concerning the keys is that security increases linearly for the symmetrical algorithms, as the key length increases. For asymmetrical algorithms it increases on an expontiell curve. RSA has got a big advantage compared to DES and IDEA. The advantage is key management. RSA can be used to exchange symmetrical keys in a safe way. The big disadvantage of RSA is that it's very slow to use. According to measurements that we have seen it is about 3 to 4 times slower then DES and IDEA during encryption, when using a key length of 1024 bits. At decryption RSA is about 120 times slower using a key length of 1024 bits. DES on the other hand is slower then newer symmetrical algorithms such as IDEA. This makes it uncalled for to use it in it?s original shape as it?s obsolete and insecure. Using DES will only give a false sense of security, unless the information doesn't need to be secure for more then a short time period. IDEA offers high using it's 128 bits key and it's also the fastest of the two symmetrical algorithms, compared to the level of security that it offers. IDEA today has no known weaknesses and it has not been broken. Of the three IDEA is the best choice to use when it concerns cryptography of information, for example information which is stored on a hard disc, or information that is sent in e-commerce.

Both myths and theories have, over time, been involved in shaping the importance of what leadership can mean. The depth devoted to leadership, the more complex the concept becomes. Power is also an abstract concept and should be included when studying leadership. Furthermore, several researchers ask the question whether a female leader can be considered without being related to the man. With this as a background, the purpose of the study has been founded, which is to study the beliefs that leaders in a managerial position have about leadership and power. We also want to illustrate whether these performances differ depending on whether the leader in the management position is a man or woman. In order to be able to answer this, the concepts of leadership, power and gender are concretized in the theoretical frame of reference. Furthermore, the previous research focuses on studies carried out with the aim of highlighting gender differences within organizations. The study is based on a qualitative method based on six semi-structured interviews. The results of the study show that there is a context that determines which leadership should prevail and that differences in beliefs about leadership and power exist between male and female leaders in a management position. / Såväl myter som teorier har genom tiden varit med och format betydelsen av vad ledarskap kan innebära. Ju mer fördjupning som ägnas åt ledarskap, desto mer komplex blir begreppet. Makt är även det ett abstrakt begrepp och bör inkluderas när ledarskap studeras. Vidare ställer flertal forskare frågan om en kvinnlig ledare kan beaktas utan att sättas i relation till mannen. Med detta som bakgrund har studiens syfte grundats, vilket är att studera föreställningar som ledare i en chefsposition har kring ledarskap och makt. Vi vill även åskådliggöra om dessa föreställningarna skiljer sig åt beroende på om ledaren i chefspositionen är en man eller kvinna. För att kunna besvara detta konkretiseras begreppen ledarskap, makt och kön i den teoretiska referensramen. Vidare fokuserar den tidigare forskningen på studier som utförts i syfte att belysa könsskillnader inom organisationer. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod som bygger på sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens resultat visar på att det är kontext som bestämmer vilket ledarskap som skall råda samt att skiljaktigheter i föreställningar om ledarskap och makt finns mellan manliga- och kvinnliga ledare i en chefsposition.

Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på hur lärare på gymnasiet ser på undervisning i linjär ekvationslösning och hur de utvecklar elevers förståelser och förmågor. Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem lärare på tre olika gymnasieskolor i södra Skåne.  De intervjuade lärarna använder en mängd olika metoder för att undervisa linjär ekvationslösning, t ex god metod, konkretisering och balansmodellen för att nämna några exempel.

El mundo digital está en continuo desarrollo y cada vez nos presenta un cumulo de opciones que satisfacen las necesidades de los usuarios. Una de estas necesidades es la adquisición de útiles escolares y de oficina de manera rápida y segura. A todos nos ha sucedido que requerimos de un material escolar de forma inmediata y no tenemos un lugar cercano donde comprarlo, es por ello que se creó una idea de negocio que satisfaga esa necesidad. Esta idea fue llamada UtilYa. El objetivo de este proyecto es proveer al mercado limeño de una opción válida de compra y reparto de útiles escolares y de oficina de manera virtual. Con ello les presentamos un formato didáctico para comprar útiles y les ofrecemos nuestro servicio de entrega a sus domicilios. Para la sustentación de este proyecto se han realizado múltiples experimentos. En primer lugar, se ha validado que de verdad existe la necesidad antes comentada. Luego, se validó las posibles soluciones y los concierge del proyecto. Finalmente, lo que nos resultó más importante fue validar el canal de atención y comunicación con nuestros clientes; al igual que validar las intenciones de compra. Teniendo esto en cuenta, ponemos a disposición de los lectores tomar como ejemplo nuestro proyecto para futuras ideas de negocio que puedan ser sostenibles en el tiempo y que sean innovadoras en todo sentido. / The digital world is in continuous development and every time it presents us with a series of options that satisfy the needs of the users. One of these needs is the acquisition of school and office supplies quickly and safely. It has happened to all of us that we require a school material immediately and we do not have a nearby place to buy it, which is why we created a business idea that satisfies that need. This idea was called UtilYa. The objective of this project is to provide Lima´s market with a valid option to purchase and distribute school and office supplies in a virtual way. With this we present a didactic space to buy supplies and we also offer our delivery service. Multiple experiments have been carried out to support this project. First of all, it has been validated that the need mentioned above really exists. Then, the possible solutions were validated and the way the project could be presented. Finally, what was most important to us was to validate the customer service and the communication channel; as well as validate purchase intentions. With this in mind, we make it available to readers to take as an example our project for future business ideas that can be sustainable over time and that are innovative in every way. / Trabajo de investigación

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The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between parents of children with exceptionalities and educational professionals. The guiding question of this study was: How do parents of children with exceptionalities describe their relationships with educational professionals? Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological theory and Crockett's (2002) star model for Special Education Planning provided the framework for this qualitative inquiry. Methods included a content analysis of four decades of journal abstracts depicting the past voices of parents of exceptional children. This historical review spanned articles about the following topics: a child's exceptionality being the result of physical or social heredity; educators as experts who train parents; the involvement of parents sought in certain instances; and, finally, professionals seeking out parental impressions and perspectives of educational practices. Current voices of 14 parents of children with exceptionalities were captured by individual and group interviews, as well as observations at an open parent meeting led by state officials. The constant comparative method was used to analyze the qualitative data. The study found current parental dissatisfaction, mainly concerning their relationships with general education professionals. The study's findings were grouped into four thematic categories: Communication, Caring, Competence, and Continuity. A model of parent-professional relationships depicting these categories was developed to inform both special and regular educators of parents' concerns, and, to assist in the establishment and maintenance of ongoing positive relationships. / Ph. D.