Les maladies cardiovasculaires représentent un enjeu majeur pour la santé humaine. D'après l'OMS, ce sont même la première cause de mortalité dans le monde. Ces maladies peuvent évoluer en insuffisance cardiaque (IC), c'est-à-dire en incapacité du cœur à fournir aux organes une quantité d'oxygène suffisante. Il n'existe pas de traitement curatif pour l'insuffisance cardiaque. Des traitements de plus en plus performants ont été développés pour prendre en charge les symptômes, améliorer la qualité de vie du patient et ralentir la progression de la pathologie. La Recherche s'oriente également vers des thérapies innovantes, comme stimuler la régénération des cardiomyocytes adultes ou encore la thérapie génique. Un biomarqueur est défini comme " une caractéristique mesurée de manière objective et évaluée comme un marqueur de processus biologiques, physiologiques, pathologiques ou de réponse pharmacologique à une intervention thérapeutique ". Des biomarqueurs de l'insuffisance cardiaque sont déjà communément utilisés, en majorité sous leur forme circulante. De nombreuses études ont établi leur efficacité (diagnostic, pronostic, suivi thérapeutique) mais également leurs limitations (manque de spécificité, variabilité...). La recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs a pour objectif de trouver des molécules performantes sans les limitations des biomarqueurs connus. Notre équipe possède plusieurs cohortes de patients, que nous avons-nous-même constitué en partenariat avec le service de cardiologie de l'hôpital universitaire Toulouse Rangueil ou grâce à des partenariats avec des équipes de recherche étrangères. Nous avons utilisé une approche de criblage sans à priori (protéome urinaire avec EC-SM) pour identifier de nouveaux biomarqueurs de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Nous avons identifié une molécule d'intérêt, l'Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). J'ai étudié les capacités de diagnostic et de pronostic de cette molécule pour l'insuffisance cardiaque. J'ai également contribué à des essais cliniques avec des biomarqueurs déjà connus (Galectine-3 et sST2) avec l'objectif de répondre à des problématiques nouvelles. En parallèle, j'ai participé à une étude sur un modèle murin transgénique avec une surexpression cardiospécifique d'IGFBP2 afin de comprendre le(s) mécanisme(s) d'action de cette molécule et son rôle dans la physiopathologie de l'insuffisance cardiaque. J'ai par ailleurs participé à l'étude d'une molécule découverte par l'équipe, l'apolipoprotéine O (APOO) qui est régulée et participe aux mécanismes physiopathologiques mis en place dans le cœur en cas de stress tel que le diabète ou l'obésité. Les résultats ont montré une corrélation entre l'action de l'APOO et la régulation du métabolisme lipidique, de l'apoptose et de l'autophagie. Ces trois processus jouent un rôle dans le développement de l'insuffisance cardiaque, d'où l'hypothèse de considérer l'APOO comme un biomarqueur potentiel de l'IC. Nous souhaitons utiliser les cohortes de patients IC à notre disposition pour tester/valider la capacité de diagnostic ou pronostic de cette molécule. Nous souhaitons approfondir les études cliniques autour d'IGFBP2, en étudiant des sous-groupes de patients selon l'étiologie de l'insuffisance cardiaque par exemple. En mettant en place une étude prospective, nous pourrions déterminer l'intérêt d'un dosage en série d'IGFBP2 pour le suivi thérapeutique du patient IC. De nouveaux modèles d'étude pour la Recherche fondamentale (modèles murins, lignée de cardiomyocytes H9c2) nous permettront de comprendre le rôle physiopathologique d'IGFBP2. / Cardiovascular diseases are a major concern for human health. According to the health word organization (HWO), they are the first cause of mortality. They can progress into heart failure, which is the inability of the heart to supply enough oxygen quantity for all the organs. There is no cure for heart failure, treatments more and more performing are developed to take care of symptoms, improve quality of life and stop the progression of the disease. Research is heading toward innovative therapies, like stimulating cardiomyocytes regeneration or gene therapy. A biomarker is defined as "a characteristic measured objectively and evaluated as a marker of biological, physiological, pathological processes or therapeutic response". Heart failure biomarkers are commonly used, mainly under circulating form. Several studies established their efficiency (diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic adjustment) and their limitations (limited specificity, variability...). Discovery of new biomarkers aims to find performing molecules without those limitations. Our team has access to several cohorts of heart failure patients, our cohort (IBLOMAVED) recruited with our partnership with the cardiology unit of Toulouse University hospital and other cohorts furnished by partner teams. We use a screening approach (urinary proteome with CE-MS) to discover new biomarkers for heart failure. We identified a potential target, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). I studied diagnostic and prognostic capacity of IGFBP2 in our cohorts. I participated to clinical trials with known heart failure biomarkers (Galectin-3 and sST2) in order to respond to new problematics. I also worked with transgenic mice over expressing IGFBP2 in the heart to obtain data on the possible role of IGFBP2 in the physiopathology of heart failure. The study of the apolipoprotein O (APOO) is a major research topic of the team. APOO is up-regulated in the heart during obesity or diabetes and participates to physio pathological mechanisms taking place in the heart in response to stress. The results showed a correlation between APOO function and the regulation of lipid metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. These processes are involved in the development of heart failure, which suggests that APOO is as a potential biomarker. We intend to test/validate the diagnostic or prognostic capacity of APOO in our cohorts. We will continue our clinical trials with IGFBP2, by example investigating the prognostic capacity according to the etiology of heart failure or to the treatments received by the patients. With a prospective study, we could validate the usefulness of serial measurements of IGFBP2 for therapeutic adjustment. Novel models for fundamental research (mice, cell lines) will be used to get more information about the physio pathological role of IGFBP2.

La leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique (LMMC) est une hémopathie myéloïde rare du sujet âgé. Les caractéristiques cliniques, génétiques et moléculaires de la maladie sont bien connues. L’expression très hétérogène de la maladie ne peut être expliquée par la seule hétérogénéité génétique du clone leucémique. Les altérations épigénétiques jouent manifestement un rôle important. Le rôle de facteurs extrinsèques issus du microenvironnement est plus obscur. La niche hématopoïétique est le siège d’interactions entre cellules. Deux schémas non-exclusifs d’altération primaire ou secondaire de la niche sont proposés. Le premier implique que l’émergence d’un clone hématopoïétique modifie son environnement. Le second postule que le premier évènement dans l’émergence d’une hémopathie clonale est une altération de l’environnement. Mon travail de thèse a étudié les altérations du microenvironnement médullaire chez les patients et leur impact sur la physiopathologie de la maladie selon 2 axes: 1) la mise au point d’un modèle murin de reconstitution de la niche hématopoïetique humaine et 2) la caractérisation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses des patients. Dans une première partie, j’ai transposé un modèle rapporté en 2016 à l’étude de la LMMC. Ce modèle de greffe de cellules médullaires humaines chez la souris immunodéprimée s’est avéré difficilement reproductible. Dans la seconde partie, j’ai analysé les cellules souches mésenchymateuses de patients atteints de LMMC. J’ai identifié la production excessive d’IGFBP2 (Insuline-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2), conséquence probable d’une dérégulation épigénétique. Le séquençage des CSM à l’échelle unicellulaire a révélé une restriction de l’hétérogénéité de ces cellules dont une fraction seulement produit IGFBP2. Finalement, j’ai montré qu’IGFBP2 favorise la différenciation des progéni-teurs myéloïdes vers la lignée monocytaire. IGFBP2 pourrait donc contribuer à amplifier la monocytose caractéristique de cette maladie.En conclusion, la LMMC s’accompagne de modifications des cellules de la niche hématopoÏétique dont certaines produisent des quantités excessive d’IGFBP2. La recherche de l’origine de ce dérèglement et de son importance dans la progression de la maladie permettra d’évaluer l’intérêt potentiel d’une neutralisation de cette cytokine à des fins thérapeutiques. / Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML, is a rare myeloid hemopathy of the elderly. Clinical, genetic and molecular characteristics of the disease are well-known. The highly heterogeneous expression of the disease can’t be solely explained by genetic heterogeneity of the leukemic clone. Epigenetic alterations obviously play an important role. However, the role of extrinsic factors from the medullar microenvironment in CMML physiopathology is still poorly understood. The hematopoietic niche hosts a lot of bi-directionnal interactions between cells. Two non-exclusive schemes of primary and secondary alterations of the niche can be proposed. First postulate implies that the emergence of a hematopoietic clone alters its environment. The second one supposes that the first event causing the emergence of a clonal hemopathy is an alteration of the environment. My PhD work consisted of studying medullar alterations in patients and their impact on CMML physiopathology upon 2 axes: 1) to set up a murine model of human hematopoietic niche reconstitution 2) to caracterise mesenchymal stem cells from CMML patient ex vivo. During the first part of my PhD, I adapted a model published in 2016 to CMML. This model of human MSC graft in immunodeficient mice proved to be hardly reproducible. During the second part, I analysed of CMML patients MSC. I identified an excessive production of IGFBP2 (Insuline-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2) probably secondary to an epigenetic disregulation. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed a restriction of MSC heterogeneity of which only a fraction produces IGFBP2. Finally, I showed that IGFBP2 favors myeloid progenitors differenciation towards monocytic lineage. IGFBP2 could therefore contribute to the amplification of CMML characteristic monocytosis.To conclude, CMML goes along with modifications of hematopoietic niche cells, some of which produce excessive amounts of IGFBP2. Investigation on the origin of this alteration and its significance in disease progression should allow to evaluate the potential interest of its neutralization for therapeutic strategies.

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the bioavailability of IGFs in circulation. IGFBPs 1-6 bind IGFs with high affinity and can either potentiate or inhibit IGF signaling in a context dependent manner. IGFBP2 is a 36 kDa protein and the second most abundant IGFBP in serum. Numerous studies in the recent past have implied a pro-tumorigenic role of IGFBP2. Elevated expression of IGFBP2 has been observed in multiple malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), ovarian, pancreatic, gastric, prostate, colon, breast, thyroid cancer and leukemia. In addition, increased expression of IGFBP2 in both tissues and serum of patients has been correlated with poor prognosis in prostate, glioblastoma and colon cancers. Pro-tumorigenic actions of IGFBP2 have been supported by in vitro studies, where IGFBP2 increases the tumorigenic potential of adrenocortical tumor cells, epidermoid carcinoma cells, glioma cells and ovarian cancer cells. Further, using xenograft animal models, the role of IGFBP2 in the progression of glioma has been established. In breast cancer, IGFBP2 was found to be over expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer samples. IGFBP2 over expression has been shown to confer drug resistance and an increased expression has been reported to correlate with lymph node metastasis in T1 breast carcinomas. These reports implicate IGFBP2 in breast cancer biology. However, its role in breast cancer progression is not well defined. With this background, the following objectives were set for the current study: Functional characterization of IGFBP2 with respect to its possible role in breast cancer progression. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of IGFBP2 actions. Towards this, immunohistochemistry was performed on 132 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) grade III tumors using IGFBP2 specific antibody. It was observed that IGFBP2 expression was significantly higher in tumors in comparison to normal tissues that showed no detectable staining for IGFBP2. It was also observed that expression of IGFBP2 significantly correlated with the expression of ER. To understand the functional significance of IGFBP2 over expression in breast cancer, IGFBP2 was characterized with respect to proliferation, survival and tumor forming ability (in vitro and in vivo) in BT474 breast cancer cells. The knockdown of IGFBP2 expression resulted in suppression of colony formation (nearly 70%) in these breast cancer cells, which could be partially reversed upon exogenous addition of IGFBP2 protein. Proliferation assays using stable clones with knockdown of IGFBP2 in BT474 cells showed a significant decrease in proliferation as compared to vector transfected cells in the presence of serum. Culturing of IGFBP2 knockdown breast cancer cells in serum free medium resulted in their growth arrest in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle as compared to control cells, which progressed through the cell cycle. Prolonged culturing of IGFBP2 knockdown cells in serum free condition (up to 72 h) resulted in the increase of cells in sub G1 phase of the cell cycle. Prolonged depletion of growth factors (serum free conditions) could result in apoptosis of these G1 arrested IGFBP2 knockdown cells. When serum starved IGFBP2 knockdown cells were treated with IGFBP2 protein, the cells arrested in G0/G1 phase were able to progress through the cell cycle and concomitant decrease in sub G1 fraction was observed. Knockdown of IGFBP2 resulted in significantly decreased number and visibly smaller colonies in anchorage independent conditions in vitro. Consistent with this observation, in vivo tumor xenograft formation with IGFBP2 knockdown cells also showed significant reduction in tumor weight as compared to vector generated tumors. These results imply that IGFBP2 has potent growth promoting effects on breast cancer and acts as a mitogen/survival factor for breast cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-tumorigenic effects of IGFBP2, the transcriptome profile following IGFBP2 perturbation in breast cancer cells was determined. IGFBP2 knockdown resulted in significant changes in the expression of genes associated with cellular proliferation and tumorigenicity. The down regulated genes were found to be associated with several events, notably cell cycle, p53 and Wnt signaling, as revealed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). To further validate these results in breast cancer tissues, whole genome expression analysis was performed in 19 breast tumor samples which were categorized as IGFBP2 positive or negative based on immunohistochemical staining pattern. In comparison to IGFBP2 negative tumors, IGFBP2 positive tumors showed increased expression of genes belonging to MAPK, focal adhesion and Wnt signaling pathway. In order to identify the genes commonly regulated by IGFBP2 in cell lines and tumors, the gene expression profiles of IGFBP2 positive versus IGFBP2 negative tumors and IGFBP2 knockdown breast cancer cells were compared. 347 genes were found to be common among IGFBP2 regulated genes in tumors and cell line. The most significant networks representing the web of interactions among these genes were found to be associated with cellular growth and proliferation, cellular movement and nucleic acid metabolism, indicating an association of IGFBP2 expression phenotype to the distinct changes in expression of genes associated with the regulation of cellular growth and migration. Silencing of IGFBP2 in BT474 cells resulted in a reduced IGF signaling as evidenced by the reduced phosphorylation of IGF1R and concomitantly that of ERK. This effect could be reversed upon addition of the IGFBP2 protein, implying that IGFBP2 potentiates IGF signaling in breast cancer cells. Besides IGF ligand and their receptors, regulation of proliferation associated genes like CENPF, TOP2A, CCND1 and FOXM1 by IGFBP2 was observed, thus providing a molecular basis for the pro-proliferative effects of IGFBP2 on breast cancer cells. Addition of IGFBP2 to immortal breast cells resulted in reduced IGF1R signaling and reduced pERK and pAKT signaling. Additionally, the genes involved in cellular proliferation were down regulated upon IGFBP2 treatment in immortal cells. IGFBP2 knockdown clones had reduced expression of FOXM1, a key regulator of cell cycle for G1/S and G2/M transition, and M phase progression. The regulation of CENPF and CCND1 genes was established following over expression of FOXM1 in IGFBP2 knockdown cells. One of the important and novel finding of this study is the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway genes such as CCND1, MMP7, FGF18, MYCBP, FN1 and survivin by IGFBP2. In support of this, β-catenin protein was found to be regulated by IGFBP2 in breast cancer and GBM cells, as evidenced by knockdown and over expression studies. Furthermore, regulation of β-catenin by IGFBP2 was found to involve integrin-FAK and IGF1R signaling. Another important finding of this study is the correlation of IGFBP2 over expression with elevated β-catenin levels in breast tumors. When expression of both IGFBP2 and β-catenin was correlated with the lymph node status of breast cancers, a significant association of IGFBP2 and β-catenin staining with increased lymph node metastasis was observed in comparison with tumors that did not show staining for either protein. Altogether, in this study employing genomic, cellular and molecular approaches, a pro- tumorigenic role for IGFBP2 in breast cancer has been established. Furthermore, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms employed by IGFBP2 involving IGF1R, FAK and Wnt signaling pathways during breast cancer progression.