Denna uppsats behandlar historieskrivningen rörande Gustav III i skolans läroböcker i historia. Studiens syfte är att undersöka och redogöra för hur framställningen av Gustav III i svenska läroböcker riktade till mellanstadiet har sett ut och förändrats under åren 1902-2005. Vidare är syftet att studera huruvida denna framställning är redovisad som en beskrivande, berättande eller som en argumenterande historia efter Tom Wikmans teori om historieskrivning i läroböcker. Uppsatsens slutliga syfte är att undersöka hur Gustav III har framställts som person och som regent, samt hur hans politik och politiska beslut har blivit presenterade. Det källmaterial som studien bygger på är sju läroböcker tryckta mellan åren 1902-2005. Dessa har detaljstuderats för att ta reda på hur historieskrivningen rörande kungen har sett ut och förändrats. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att framställningen av kungen har varierat genom den dryga hundraårsperioden med olika sorters texttyper där både beskrivande och berättande texter har förekommit. Vidare har även resultatet visat att det förekommit texter som varken har kunnat karakteriseras som beskrivande, berättande eller argumenterande, och som därför har blivit tilldelade en egen kategori. Inga argumenterade texter har funnits i de undersökta läroböckerna. Gustav III har i huvudsak framställts som en intelligent och upplyst regent som var influerad av den franska kulturen.

El estrés laboral es uno de los problemas más frecuentes que se dan en la actualidad, muchos especialistas estudian, clasifican y además recomiendan acciones o respuestas para evitar un nivel de estrés elevado, sin embargo; esto no se puede evitar ya que el origen y consecuencias de este estrés varía mucho de un individuo a otro, este riesgo laboral también lo presenta el profesional de enfermería, teniendo en cuenta a los estresores que se enfrentan en cada jornada laboral. Es por ello que el presente trabajo “Nivel de Estrés de las Enfermeras de Centro Quirúrgico Del Hospital III Salcedo — Puno – 2011”, tuvo como objetivo principal: Determinar el nivel de estrés laboral de la enfermera que labora en Centro Quirúrgico del Hospital III Salcedo. El propósito estuvo orientado a brindar información actualizada y relevante a la institución a fin de que formule estrategias orientadas a fortalecer el manejo y afrontamiento de dicho estrés. El estudio es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 16 enfermeras asistenciales que laboran en esta área. El instrumento utilizado fue el inventario de Maslach. Los resultados y las conclusiones a las que se llegaron fueron: que 10 (62.5%) enfermeras presenta un nivel de estrés laboral moderado. Con respecto a las sub escalas en la dimensión de cansancio emocional presentan nivel moderado 10 (62.5%) enfermeras; en la dimensión de despersonalización 8 (50.0%) enfermeras presentan nivel moderado seguido de 07 (43.75%)enfermeras que presentan un nivel leve; en la dimensión de realización personal 08 (50%)enfermeras presentan un nivel moderado, 01 (6.25%) enfermera presenta un nivel alto; siendo estos resultados motivo para que se tome medidas con respecto a este tema ya que esto puede llegar a repercutir en la calidad de atención que se brinda al usuario.

<i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Enteritidis (<i>S.</i> Enteritidis) is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans worldwide that is mainly associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs. During the course of infection, <i>S.</i> Enteritidis uses two Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS), one of which is encoded by <i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1). SPI-1 plays a major role in the invasion process.<p> In order to study the role of SPI-1 in the colonization of chickens, we constructed deletion mutants affecting either the complete SPI-1 region (40 kb) or <i>invG</i>, a single gene located on this pathogenicity island. The mutants were impaired in the secretion of effector proteins and were less invasive compared to the wild type strain in polarized Caco-2 cells. Similarly, when chicken cecal and small intestinal explants were co-infected with the wild type and ÄSPI-1 mutant strains we found that the ÄSPI-1 mutant strain was less invasive relative to the wild type strain. Oral challenge of 1-week-old chickens with the wild type or ÄSPI-1 strains demonstrated that there was no difference in chicken cecal colonization. However, systemic infection, measured as levels of <i>Salmonella</i> in the liver and spleen, was delayed in birds that were challenged with the ÄSPI-1 strain. This demonstrates that SPI-1 facilitates systemic infection but is not essential for invasion and systemic spread of S. Enteritidis in chickens.<p> Based on the above results, we examined the effect of sera against SPI-1 T3SS components to <i>S.</i> Enteritidis invasion. Anti-SipD serum protected Caco-2 cells against entry of wild type <i>S.</i>Enteritidis, but not against invasion of a mutant strain lacking sipD. On the other hand, sera against InvG, PrgI, SipA, SipC, SopB, SopE and SopE2 did not affect S. Enteritidis entry. To illustrate the specificity of anti-SipD mediated inhibition, SipD specific antibodies were depleted from the serum. Depleted serum restored the invasion of S. Enteritidis, demonstrating that the SipD protein may be an important target in blocking SPI-1 mediated virulence.<p> To determine if SPI-1 T3SS proteins were protective against <i>S.</i> Enteritidis oral challenge, chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously twice at 14 and 28 days of age with PrgI and SipD. The results indicate that these proteins induce strong IgG antibody responses and confer significant protection against infection of the livers in vaccinated birds. In another study, we vaccinated hens with selected SPI-1 T3SS proteins to determine if their progeny could be protected from <i>S.</i> Enteritidis oral challenge. The proteins induced strong antibody responses but did not affect the levels of the challenge strain in the ceca or internal organs of the vaccinates. Taken together, our results establish that <i>S.</i> Enteritidis SPI-1 is an important virulence factor in chickens and that the proteins associated with this T3SS may form components of a subunit vaccine used for protection against colonization by <i>S.</i> Enteritidis in poultry.

The use of molecular biology as a means to advance agriculture has proven beneficial in many fields. However, the development lentiviral vectors that utilize a livestock promoter to express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) has been limited to date. The goal of this research project was to develop and characterize lentiviral bovine Pol III mir30 shRNA expression vectors for future use in livestock research. The bovine Pol III promoter (7sk, U6-2, or H1) was inserted directly upstream of a mir30 shRNA expression sequence in the lentiviral vector pNef-GT. A transient luciferase knockdown assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells was used to compare the functionality of these vectors. The bPol III mir30 shRNA expression vector was co-transfected with the pGL3 luciferase expression vector and the renilla expression vector pLB at a ratio of 5:10:1 respectively. The vectors were allowed 48 hrs to produce their respective products before luciferase activity was measured with the Stop-n-Glo Assay (Promega). Each bPol III promoter was able to express a functional shRNA resulting in a reduction of luciferase activity greater than 68 percent. The bH1 and bU6-2 Luc shRNA vectors were the most effective vectors when transfected with >76 percent (p-value <0.05) reduced luciferase activity. To confirm that these promoters were functional after integration into a bovine genome, recombinant lentivirus was made from these vectors. These particles were then used to transduce a bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line that expressed luciferase. After transduction, transgenic cells were selected by the addition of the antibiotic, Geneticin to the culture media until a population of 100 percent bPol III expression cells were observed for two passages and luciferase activity was measured. The 7sk promoter was the most effective bPol III promoter that reduced luciferase activity in these cells by 72 percent (p-value <0.05), while the bU6-2 and bH1 were moderately effective at reducing luciferase levels (37 percent, 46 percent respectively). These experiments were the first to quantify the bovine Pol III promoter function after integration into a bovine genome. While variability was observed, for livestock based research, the b7sk lentiviral vector appears to be the best choice to express a shRNA from the genome of a bovine genome.

The external parameters of solvent, pressure, and temperature were used to study the effects of these agents on the photochemical and photophysical properties of cis-[Cr(cyclam)(NCS)2]ClO4. This study was performed in number of solvents: water, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and nitromethane. The quantum yield for the release of the thiocyanato ligand was found to be 0.0702 ± 0.005, 0.0635 ± 0.003, 0.0108 ± 0.001 and 0.00537 ± 0.001 for water, dimethy1formamide, acetonitrile and nitromethane at room temperature and pressure. The solvent was found affect the radiative lifetime ([tau]) (2Eg [right arrow] 4A2g, Oh approximation) of the complex. The values were determined to be 11.0, 2.24, 4.09, 7.49, 3.15 and 4.1 microseconds in acidified (pH 3.0) water, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, nitromethane, hexamethylphosphoramide and acetone respectively. The effect of temperature on the observed radiative lifetime ([tau]) for doublet decay (2Eg) was determined. The temperature behavior is model by the Arrhenius equation with only slight deviations from linearity. Thus for the temperatures studied here, most of the data corresponds to the high temperature (strongly coupled region) of nonradiative decay (Engleman and Jortner). The apparent activation energies were determine to span a short range (i.e.41.2 ± 1.7 to 49.8 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1 for water to nitromethane respectively). The values of the apparent activation energies were compared with the energy spacing between the excited quartet and excited doublet state, as determined by the 5% rule of Fleischauer et al. The values of the estimated energy spacing between the excited states were found to be larger than the apparent activation energies. The effect of temperature on the photochemical quantum yield of thiocyanate, release was determined in 0.001 M HClO4. The temperature has only a marginal effect on the quantum yield. An Arrhenius plot of the data revealed a slope of 3 ± 8 kJ mol-1, which is zero within the error. The effect of pressure on the radiative lifetime and photochemical quantum yield in 0.001 M HClO4, dimethyfformamide, acetonitrile and nitromethane, was determined. The volumes of activation [Delta]V* ([tau]-1 ) are +1.9 ± 0.3, +3.9 ± 0.5, +4.2 ± 0.5 and +4.6 ± 0.6 cm3 mol-1 for 0.001 M HClO4, dimethy1formarnide, acetonitrile and nitromethane, respectively. The volume behavior indicates that the complex undergoes a shift in dominant decay modes as temperature is reduced. The effect of pressure on the photochemical quantum yield was determined and are -2.6 ± 0.7, -8.6 ± 0.7 and 3.2 ± 1.0 cm3 mol-1for 0.001 M HClO4, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide respectively. The sensitivity of excited state lifetime ([tau]) of the cis- and trans-isomers of [Cr(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ towards dioxygen was investigated. Th sensitivity is due to efficient energy transfer from the excited complex to molecular oxygen to form singlet delta (1[Delta]g O2) oxygen. The measurements resulted in intersystem-crossing vields which approached a limiting value of 0.5 suggesting that a statistically limited spin-exchange mechanism may be responsible for the energy transfer in these systems.

<i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Enteritidis (<i>S.</i> Enteritidis) is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans worldwide that is mainly associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs. During the course of infection, <i>S.</i> Enteritidis uses two Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS), one of which is encoded by <i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1). SPI-1 plays a major role in the invasion process.<p> In order to study the role of SPI-1 in the colonization of chickens, we constructed deletion mutants affecting either the complete SPI-1 region (40 kb) or <i>invG</i>, a single gene located on this pathogenicity island. The mutants were impaired in the secretion of effector proteins and were less invasive compared to the wild type strain in polarized Caco-2 cells. Similarly, when chicken cecal and small intestinal explants were co-infected with the wild type and ÄSPI-1 mutant strains we found that the ÄSPI-1 mutant strain was less invasive relative to the wild type strain. Oral challenge of 1-week-old chickens with the wild type or ÄSPI-1 strains demonstrated that there was no difference in chicken cecal colonization. However, systemic infection, measured as levels of <i>Salmonella</i> in the liver and spleen, was delayed in birds that were challenged with the ÄSPI-1 strain. This demonstrates that SPI-1 facilitates systemic infection but is not essential for invasion and systemic spread of S. Enteritidis in chickens.<p> Based on the above results, we examined the effect of sera against SPI-1 T3SS components to <i>S.</i> Enteritidis invasion. Anti-SipD serum protected Caco-2 cells against entry of wild type <i>S.</i>Enteritidis, but not against invasion of a mutant strain lacking sipD. On the other hand, sera against InvG, PrgI, SipA, SipC, SopB, SopE and SopE2 did not affect S. Enteritidis entry. To illustrate the specificity of anti-SipD mediated inhibition, SipD specific antibodies were depleted from the serum. Depleted serum restored the invasion of S. Enteritidis, demonstrating that the SipD protein may be an important target in blocking SPI-1 mediated virulence.<p> To determine if SPI-1 T3SS proteins were protective against <i>S.</i> Enteritidis oral challenge, chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously twice at 14 and 28 days of age with PrgI and SipD. The results indicate that these proteins induce strong IgG antibody responses and confer significant protection against infection of the livers in vaccinated birds. In another study, we vaccinated hens with selected SPI-1 T3SS proteins to determine if their progeny could be protected from <i>S.</i> Enteritidis oral challenge. The proteins induced strong antibody responses but did not affect the levels of the challenge strain in the ceca or internal organs of the vaccinates. Taken together, our results establish that <i>S.</i> Enteritidis SPI-1 is an important virulence factor in chickens and that the proteins associated with this T3SS may form components of a subunit vaccine used for protection against colonization by <i>S.</i> Enteritidis in poultry.

This research is related to the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE ) to grow GaSb . The fabrication of GaSb/InGaSb strained quantum well and superlattice structures are used for photodetection . They are carefully investigated to obtain high quality of GaSb films. The growth mechanisms related to the major factors of (1) Subtrate temperature (2) Beam flux ratio(V/III). The properties of GaSb epilayers are characterized by different methods such as the X-ray diffraction , I-V curve and Raman spectra . The optimum growth conditions 500¢J of substrate temperature and the V/III flux ratio about 2~3 have been obtained. On the basis of structure, the best growth conditions is identified by the peak intensity and FWHM related to the quality of the GaSb films by the X-ray diffraction. On the basis of electrical property, the best growth conditions is identified by the lowest leakage current for the p-n junction related to the quality of the GaSb films by the I-V curve. On the basis of optical property, the best growth conditions is identified by the LO mode phonon intensity related to the quality of the GaSb films by the Raman spectra. Based on the GaSb growth studied here, the study will be focused in the quantum well and quantum dot laser devices furtherly by us.

Due to the high electron mobility compared with Si, much attention has been focused on III-V compound semiconductors (gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP)) high-speed devices. The high-k material TiO2 not only has high dielectric constant (k = 35-100) but has well lattice match with GaAs and InP substrate. Therefore, titanium oxide (TiO2) was chosen to be the gate oxide in this study. The major problem of III-V compound semiconductors is known to have poor native oxide on it and leading to the Fermi level pinning at the interface of oxide and semiconductor. The C-V stretch-out phenomenon can be observed and the leakage current is high. The higher dielectric constant of poly-crystalline TiO2 film grown on GaAs can be obtained by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). But the high leakage current also occurred due to the grain boundary and defects in the poly-crystalline TiO2 film. The surface passivation of GaAs with (NH4)2Sx treatment (S-GaAs) could prevent it from oxidizing after cleaning and improve the interface properties of MOSFET. The fluorine from liquid phase deposited SiO2 solution can passivate the grain boundary of poly-crystalline MOCVD-TiO2 film and interface state. The high dielectric constant and low leakage current of fluorine passivated MOCVD-TiO2/S-GaAs can be obtained. The leakage current densities are 3.41 x 10-7 A/cm2 and 1.13 x 10-6A/cm2 at ¡Ó1.5 MV/cm, respectively. The Dit is 4.6 x 1011 cm-2eV-1 at the midgap. The dielectric constant can reach 71. In addition, the post-metallization annealing (PMA) is another efficiency way to improve the MOCVD-TiO2 quality. The mechanism of PMA process is from the reaction between the aluminum contact and hydroxyl groups existed on TiO2 film surface. Then the active hydrogen is produced to diffuse through the oxide and passivate the oxide traps. For PMA (350oC)-MOCVD-TiO2 on S-GaAs MOS structure, the leakage current densities can reach 2.5 x 10-7 and 5 x 10-7 A/cm2 at ¡Ó1.5 MV/cm, respectively. The dielectric constant and the Dit are 66 and 5.96 x 1011 cm-2eV-1, respectively. In order to avoid the leakage current from grain boundary of poly-crystalline TiO2, and liquid phase deposited TiO2 (LPD-TiO2) at low temperature can preserve the function of sulfur passivation. Therefore, the amorphous LPD-TiO2 was deposited on S-GaAs. The leakage current densities are 1.04 x 10-7 and 1.91 x 10-7 A/cm2 at ¡Ó0.5 MV/cm, respectively. The Dit is 3.2 x 1011 cm-2eV-1 and the dielectric constant is 48. The LPD-TiO2 film was deposited on (NH4)2Sx treated InP (S-InP), and the 4 x 100 £gm2 enhancement mode N channel InP MOSFET with LPD-TiO2 as gate oxide was fabricated, which showed the good characteristic. The normalized maximum gm is 43 mS/mm at VG = 1.3 V for VDS fixed at 1 V. The maximum calculated £gFE of 348 cm2/V¡Es at VDS = 1 V is obtained.

Blood vessel growth is mediated by angiogenesis, which is defined as the formation of new blood vessel out of existing vessels, as well as vasculogenesis, a process that circulating progenitor cells contributes to adult neovascularization. Cilostazol, a commercially available drug holding antiplatelet and vasodilating effects, increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels through inhibiting the activity of phosphodiesterase 3. Interestingly, this chemical compound has a lot of cellular effects. In current work, we demonstrated that cilostazol promoted proliferation and migration of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), enhanced in-vitro vascular tube formation, and increased releasing of cAMP and NO from them. Furthermore, cilostazol activated eNOS and PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways. We also examined the angiogenic and vasculogenic effects of cilostazol in a murine hindlimb ischemia model. Our data showed that cilostazol enhanced angiogenesis and vasculogenesis with resultant flow recovery after murine hindlimb ischemia partly mediated by promoting mobilization of bone marrow-derived stem cells into circulation and increasing in situ expression of some proteins involved in angiogenesis. In addition, cilostazol significant increased colony forming unit of human endothelial progenitor cells. These results are unique and clinically significant with potential in translational therapy. According to our report, further preclinical and clinical studies of cilostazol on the other ischemic situations such as myocardial infarction will be justified.

Texte remanié de : Dissertation : Philosophische Fakultät II : Würzburg, Julius-Maximilians-Universität : 2001. / Bibliogr. p. [266]-279. Notes bibliogr. Index.