Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by anterograde amnesia followed by a progressive decline in cognitive function. Post mortem examination of forebrain tissue from sufferers reveals the presence of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, activation of glial cells and massive neuron loss. Transgenic mice expressing mutated forms of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) genes develop neuritic amyloid plaques, glial cell activation and memory deficits, without the formation of intracellular tangles and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which these transgenic mice develop mnemonic deficiencies are unclear. Gene expression of aged memory-deficient APP+PS1 mice compared with non-transgenic littermates measured by microarray and subsequent quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed 6 inducible immediated-early genes (IEGs) and 5 other more stably expressed plasticity-related genes (PRGs) that were significantly down-regulated in amyloid-containing hippocampus, but not down-regulated in amyloid-free cerebellum. Other genes linked to memory remained stably expressed in both regions. Analysis of forebrain AD tissue revealed that all genes measured were down-regulated presumably due to neurodegeneration, while the amyloid-free region maintained stable expression. IEG expression in APP+PS1 mice was sensitive to lower levels of amyloid. However, only in the presence of a substantially larger amyloid burden, when memory deficits reliably persist, were both PRGs and IEGs down-regulated. Importantly, we found that IEG expression was decreased in APP+PS1 mice following exposure to a novel environment, indicating that the induction of these IEGs was impaired, rather than the basal expression of resting mice. Na+/K+ ATPase, an enzyme critical for the maintenance of membrane potential, was identified as a down-regulated PRG. We found that activity of this enzyme was both impaired in the hippocampi of APP+PS1 mice and specifically inhibited by high concentrations of amyloid-beta. Na+/K+ ATPase immunostaining revealed decreased protein in the area surrounding the amyloid plaque, where dystrophic neurites were visible, indicating amyloid may disrupt ionic gradients resulting in neuritic dystrophia. These findings suggest that amyloid accumulation may result in the impairment of IEG induction and disruption of the Na+/K+ ATPase, possibly eliciting the memory loss developed in APP+PS1 mice.

Token economies incorporating differential reinforcement of other behavior and response cost have been shown to be effective for decreasing behavior. However, these token economies in the literature have differed in their findings of the effectiveness of and preference for differential reinforcement of other behavior and response cost. They have also differed in the way they implemented token economies including factors such as the immediacy of a consequence and the use of verbal feedback. Therefore, we examined two versions of response cost, one in which the contingency is experienced immediately and one in which it is experienced at end of an interval, with differential reinforcement of other behavior. We also examined these contingencies with the addition of verbal feedback and the participant preference for conditions. Results demonstrated that there was a faster decrease in errors during the response cost immediate conditions when compared to response cost delay and DRO conditions. All conditions resulted in fewer errors than the conditions without verbal feedback and preference was found to be variable. Response cost immediate resulted in the most raffle tickets earned during the no verbal feedback phases and most of the verbal feedback phases.

El objetivo de esta revisión fue recopilar información sobre las técnicas de Sellado Dentinario Inmediato (SDI) y Resin Coating (RC) como incremento de las fuerzas de adhesión. Asimismo, el siguiente trabajo describe las principales características de cada técnica, así como sus ventajas y desventajas. / The aim of this review was to collect information about the Immediate Dental Sealing (IDS) and Resin Coating (RC) techniques to achieve an increase in bond strengths. Also, this article describes its main characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages. / Tesis

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether simplifying mandibular overdenture treatment utilising single stage surgery and immediate prosthetic loading of a single implant, will achieve similar implant success rates and functional improvement to that expected using conventional techniques. As part of this study, the Mk III Brånemark implant with an oxidised surface (TiUnite™ Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) was compared to the classical machined Mk III Brånemark fixture.Materials and Methods: 35 patients with a mean age of 68 years and problematic mandibular dentures were treated. The primary complaints among the patients referred to the clinic for treatment related to poor retention of the mandibular denture, instability, denture sores and phonetic problems. Patients were initially placed randomly into the “machined surface” or “oxidised surface” group. A single implant was placed into the mandibular midline with high initial stability. A ball attachment was placed and the retentive cap incorporated into the existing denture. Reviews took place at 3,12 6 6 and 36 months. Clinical assessments, radiographs made with custom film holders, and stability measurements by both manual and resonance frequency analysis methods were recorded. All complications, failures, maintenance and reasons for dropout were noted. Visual analogue scale questionnaires were utilised to record patient satisfaction. (ANOVA p<.05) Results: Three out of 8 machined surface implants failed, representing an unacceptably high failure rate (37.5%). The machined surface was therefore discontinued for this study. Three oxidised surface implants did not achieve sufficient primary stability to be immediately loaded, so were treated with a two stage delayed loading protocol. The 25 immediately loaded oxidised surface implants were all classified as surviving at the 36-month recall. Patient satisfaction was very high with a significant increase in all comfort and functional parameters. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study and research design, it appears that the immediately loaded single implant retained mandibular overdenture, using an oxidised implant surface in a small group of maladaptive patients, can provide a beneficial treatment outcome over a three year observation period. If insufficient stability at insertion is not achieved for immediate loading, then a delayed loading protocol should be utilised.

<p>The main purpose of this study was to examine how social workers interpret and legally practice the 6 § LVU (Care of Young Person´s Act) in regards to legal cer-tainty. The papers intention was to investigate and describe the legal scopes limits and deficiencies, linked to practical social work. The study was composed on a legal dogmatic method which implies to examine the law and its elaboration. The investi-gation was based on different court rulings of care of youths according mostly to 6 § LVU. Perusal and interpretation of the rulings have been necessary in order to clarify the issues. The investigation was also based on Professor Asbjørn Kjønstad's analysis method of social work. In addition to accomplish the purpose of the study following legal principles have been mentioned and used: objectivity principle, principle of le-gal certainty, principle of equal treatment, the official principle, principle of propor-tionality, the timeliness principle and the urgency principle. The analysis shows that 6 § LVU has deficiencies which leads to difficulties for social workers to interpret and use the law in practical social work. The total conclusion of this study is that 6 § LVU requires revision in order to ensure citizens legal certainty.</p>

<p>En semiotisk bildanalys av fem bilder från Sally Manns fotografibok <em>Immediate Family</em></p>

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra med kunskap om vilken roll</p><p>utomhuspedagogik kan ha i undervisning i grundskolans tidigare år. Jag</p><p>undersöker vad utomhuspedagogik innebär ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv.</p><p>Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra pedagoger, tar jag reda på hur lärare</p><p>uppfattar att de använder sig av utomhusmiljön i undervisningen.</p><p>Jag kommer fram till att utomhuspedagogik erbjuder unika möjligheter inom</p><p>didaktikens olika områden och har förmåga att göra en helhet av de olika</p><p>didaktiska frågorna, vad, hur och varför. Lärarna motiverar utomhusvistelse</p><p>genom att referera till hur barn lär sig, snarare än vad som ska läras ut.</p><p>Resultatet visar ett fokus på skogsupplevelser, vilket begränsar</p><p>utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter till varierade autentiska utgångspunkter.</p><p>Genom att vara medveten om utomhuspedagogikens didaktiska syfte tas</p><p>dess potential till vara.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to contribute knowledge about which role</p><p>outdoor education can have in teaching in primary education. I examine</p><p>what outdoor education implies from a didactic perspective.</p><p>Through qualitative interviews with four teachers, I find out how teachers</p><p>perceive their use of outdoor environment in their teaching.</p><p>I reach the conclusion that outdoor education offers unique opportunities</p><p>within the different areas of didactic and it has the ability to get a total</p><p>impression of the didactic questions, what, how and why. The teachers</p><p>justify outdoor activities by referring to how children learn, rather than what</p><p>should be taught. The results show a focus on experiences in the woods,</p><p>which limits the opportunities of outdoor education for various authentic</p><p>starting points. By being aware of the didactic purpose of outdoor education</p><p>it is possible to take care of its potential.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra med kunskap om vilken roll utomhuspedagogik kan ha i undervisning i grundskolans tidigare år. Jag undersöker vad utomhuspedagogik innebär ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra pedagoger, tar jag reda på hur lärare uppfattar att de använder sig av utomhusmiljön i undervisningen. Jag kommer fram till att utomhuspedagogik erbjuder unika möjligheter inom didaktikens olika områden och har förmåga att göra en helhet av de olika didaktiska frågorna, vad, hur och varför. Lärarna motiverar utomhusvistelse genom att referera till hur barn lär sig, snarare än vad som ska läras ut. Resultatet visar ett fokus på skogsupplevelser, vilket begränsar utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter till varierade autentiska utgångspunkter. Genom att vara medveten om utomhuspedagogikens didaktiska syfte tas dess potential till vara. / The purpose of this essay is to contribute knowledge about which role outdoor education can have in teaching in primary education. I examine what outdoor education implies from a didactic perspective. Through qualitative interviews with four teachers, I find out how teachers perceive their use of outdoor environment in their teaching. I reach the conclusion that outdoor education offers unique opportunities within the different areas of didactic and it has the ability to get a total impression of the didactic questions, what, how and why. The teachers justify outdoor activities by referring to how children learn, rather than what should be taught. The results show a focus on experiences in the woods, which limits the opportunities of outdoor education for various authentic starting points. By being aware of the didactic purpose of outdoor education it is possible to take care of its potential.

<p>Vocal learning is the ability modify vocal output based on auditory input and is the basis of human speech acquisition. It is shared by few distantly related bird and mammal orders, and is thus very likely to be an example of convergent evolution, having evolved independently in multiple lineages. This complex behavior is presumed to require networks of regulated genes to develop the necessary neural circuits for learning and maintaining vocalizations. Deciphering these networks has been limited by the lack of high throughput genomic tools in vocal learning avian species and the lack of a solid computational framework to understand the relationship between gene expression and behavior. This dissertation provides new insights into the evolution and mechanisms of vocal learning by taking a top-down, systems biology approach to understanding gene expression regulation across avian and mammalian species. First, I worked with colleagues to develop a zebra finch Agilent oligonucleotide microarray, including developing programs for more accurate annotation of oligonucleotides and genes. I then used these arrays and tools in multiple collaborative, but related projects, to measure transcriptome expression data in vocal learning and non-learning avian species, under a number of behavioral paradigms, with a focus on song production. To make sense of the avian microarray data, I compiled microarray data from other sources, including expression analyses across over 900 human brain regions generated by Allen Brain Institute. To compare these data sets, I developed and performed a variety of computational analyses including clustering, linear models, gene set enrichment analysis, motif discovery, and phylogenetic inference, providing a novel framework to study the gene regulatory networks associated with a complex behavior. Using the developed framework, we are able to better understand vocal learning at different levels: how the brain regions for vocal learning evolved and how those brain regions function during the production of learned vocalizations. At the evolutionary level, we identified genes with unique expression patterns in the brains of vocal learning birds and humans. Interesting candidates include genes related to formation of neural connections, in particular the SLIT/ROBO axon guidance pathway. This algorithm also allowed us to identify the analogous regions that are a part of vocal learning circuit across species, providing the first quantitative evidence relating the human vocal learning circuit to the avian vocal learning circuit. With the avian song system verified as a model for human speech at the molecular level, we conducted an experiment to better understand what is happening in those brain regions during singing by profiling gene expression in a time course as birds are producing song. Surprisingly, an overwhelming majority of the gene expression identified was strongly enriched in a particular region. We also found a tight coupling between the behavioral function of a particular region and the gene expression pattern. To gain insight into the mechanisms of this gene regulation, we conducted a genomic scan of transcription factor binding sites in zebra finch. Many transcription factor binding sites were enriched in the promoters of genes with a particular temporal patterns, several of which had already been hypothesized to play a role in the neural system. Using this data set of gene expression profiles and transcription factor binding sites along with separate experiments conducted in mouse, we were able uncover evidence that the transcription factor CARF plays a role in neuron homeostasis. These results have broadened our understanding of the molecular basis of vocal learning at multiple levels. Overall, this dissertation outlines a novel way of approaching the study of the relationship between genes and behavior.</p> / Dissertation

En semiotisk bildanalys av fem bilder från Sally Manns fotografibok Immediate Family