Establishing usability specifications as measurable attributes in repeatable scenarios has been an essential task in the management and continuous improvement processes [1]. Early studies in Usability Analysis were primarily conducted to assist software developers and hardware designers in improving the Human- Computer Interface (HCI) or Man- Machine Interface (MMI). However, this study was conducted to provide comparative data supporting broad conclusions regarding the comparative merits of one technology (nonstereoscopic, conventional CAD systems) competed against another (tracked, stereoscopic virtual environments). Competing environments to establish usability features and preferences provides a new tool to the interface designer. Benchmark scenarios were designed and executed to measure navigation, fault identification/repair, and spatial awareness through a sequence of choices and to provide user preference of one GUI paradigm over another functionally similar paradigm. This study, performed on a ship design application, included an analysis of the effects of user collaboration in virtual environments.

No description available.

A dificuldade dos estudantes em relação à aprendizagem de Algoritmos é um assunto que se renova, devido à grande demanda de mercado em relação a profissionais da área de Tecnologia da Informação. A complexidade na construção do raciocínio lógico e do Pensamento Computacional leva a altos índices de evasão e reprovação em disciplinas introdutórias de programação. A concepção tradicional no ensino de Algoritmos possui grandes desafios, da elaboração de materiais interessantes, que estimulem o aluno a resolver problemas, até o uso de novas tecnologias, a fim de motivar o discente em um ambiente dinâmico. Entendendo essas circunstâncias, esta tese tem como foco propor uma concepção diferenciada para o processo de ensino de Algoritmos, caracterizada por uma prática pedagógica baseada na integração de ambientes imersivos a paradigmas de programação, diferentes dos comumente utilizados em sala de aula. Os resultados alcançados com esta proposta mostraram que as características de interação e imersão, proporcionadas pelo mundo virtual, aliadas a ferramentas de programação em blocos visuais, motivam e estimulam a atenção dos alunos, tornando-os protagonistas no desenvolvimento de seus saberes sobre algoritmos e programação. Estas afirmações estão calcadas na observação dos experimentos realizados, com base na metodologia de ensino proposta, consolidados a partir de uma inferência estatística apurada sobre os resultados dos alunos na disciplina de Algoritmos e programação nos três semestres avaliados e, por uma análise detalhada sobre a evolução destes estudantes durante todas as atividades da última etapa do estudo. Estas análises mostraram efetivamente a evolução dos estudantes, tanto na construção do raciocínio lógico, quanto na melhoria do seu desempenho acadêmico. / Difficulties of students towards learning algorithms are a topic that is being renewed constantly, due to the large market demand in relation to professionals in the field of Information Technology. The complexity in the construction of logical reasoning and Computational Thinking leads to high rates of evasion and failure in introductory programming courses. Traditional concept in teaching algorithms has great challenges, since the development of interesting materials that encourage students to solve problems, until to the use of new technologies in order to motivate the students in a dynamic environment. Understanding these circumstances, this thesis focuses on proposing a different design to the process of teaching algorithms, characterized by a pedagogical practice based on the integration of immersive environments with programming paradigms, different from those commonly used in the classroom. The results obtained with this proposal showed that the interaction and immersion features offered by the virtual world, combined with programming tools in visual blocks, motivate and stimulate student's attention, making them protagonists in developing their knowledge about algorithms and programming. These statements are justified by the observation of experiments conducted, based on the proposed teaching methodology, consolidated from a statistical inference calculated on the results of the students in the discipline of algorithms and programming in three semesters evaluated, and, for a detailed analysis of the evolution of these students during all activities of the last stage of the study. These analyzes showed effectively the progress of students, both in the construction of logical reasoning and in improving their academic performance.

A dificuldade dos estudantes em relação à aprendizagem de Algoritmos é um assunto que se renova, devido à grande demanda de mercado em relação a profissionais da área de Tecnologia da Informação. A complexidade na construção do raciocínio lógico e do Pensamento Computacional leva a altos índices de evasão e reprovação em disciplinas introdutórias de programação. A concepção tradicional no ensino de Algoritmos possui grandes desafios, da elaboração de materiais interessantes, que estimulem o aluno a resolver problemas, até o uso de novas tecnologias, a fim de motivar o discente em um ambiente dinâmico. Entendendo essas circunstâncias, esta tese tem como foco propor uma concepção diferenciada para o processo de ensino de Algoritmos, caracterizada por uma prática pedagógica baseada na integração de ambientes imersivos a paradigmas de programação, diferentes dos comumente utilizados em sala de aula. Os resultados alcançados com esta proposta mostraram que as características de interação e imersão, proporcionadas pelo mundo virtual, aliadas a ferramentas de programação em blocos visuais, motivam e estimulam a atenção dos alunos, tornando-os protagonistas no desenvolvimento de seus saberes sobre algoritmos e programação. Estas afirmações estão calcadas na observação dos experimentos realizados, com base na metodologia de ensino proposta, consolidados a partir de uma inferência estatística apurada sobre os resultados dos alunos na disciplina de Algoritmos e programação nos três semestres avaliados e, por uma análise detalhada sobre a evolução destes estudantes durante todas as atividades da última etapa do estudo. Estas análises mostraram efetivamente a evolução dos estudantes, tanto na construção do raciocínio lógico, quanto na melhoria do seu desempenho acadêmico. / Difficulties of students towards learning algorithms are a topic that is being renewed constantly, due to the large market demand in relation to professionals in the field of Information Technology. The complexity in the construction of logical reasoning and Computational Thinking leads to high rates of evasion and failure in introductory programming courses. Traditional concept in teaching algorithms has great challenges, since the development of interesting materials that encourage students to solve problems, until to the use of new technologies in order to motivate the students in a dynamic environment. Understanding these circumstances, this thesis focuses on proposing a different design to the process of teaching algorithms, characterized by a pedagogical practice based on the integration of immersive environments with programming paradigms, different from those commonly used in the classroom. The results obtained with this proposal showed that the interaction and immersion features offered by the virtual world, combined with programming tools in visual blocks, motivate and stimulate student's attention, making them protagonists in developing their knowledge about algorithms and programming. These statements are justified by the observation of experiments conducted, based on the proposed teaching methodology, consolidated from a statistical inference calculated on the results of the students in the discipline of algorithms and programming in three semesters evaluated, and, for a detailed analysis of the evolution of these students during all activities of the last stage of the study. These analyzes showed effectively the progress of students, both in the construction of logical reasoning and in improving their academic performance.

A dificuldade dos estudantes em relação à aprendizagem de Algoritmos é um assunto que se renova, devido à grande demanda de mercado em relação a profissionais da área de Tecnologia da Informação. A complexidade na construção do raciocínio lógico e do Pensamento Computacional leva a altos índices de evasão e reprovação em disciplinas introdutórias de programação. A concepção tradicional no ensino de Algoritmos possui grandes desafios, da elaboração de materiais interessantes, que estimulem o aluno a resolver problemas, até o uso de novas tecnologias, a fim de motivar o discente em um ambiente dinâmico. Entendendo essas circunstâncias, esta tese tem como foco propor uma concepção diferenciada para o processo de ensino de Algoritmos, caracterizada por uma prática pedagógica baseada na integração de ambientes imersivos a paradigmas de programação, diferentes dos comumente utilizados em sala de aula. Os resultados alcançados com esta proposta mostraram que as características de interação e imersão, proporcionadas pelo mundo virtual, aliadas a ferramentas de programação em blocos visuais, motivam e estimulam a atenção dos alunos, tornando-os protagonistas no desenvolvimento de seus saberes sobre algoritmos e programação. Estas afirmações estão calcadas na observação dos experimentos realizados, com base na metodologia de ensino proposta, consolidados a partir de uma inferência estatística apurada sobre os resultados dos alunos na disciplina de Algoritmos e programação nos três semestres avaliados e, por uma análise detalhada sobre a evolução destes estudantes durante todas as atividades da última etapa do estudo. Estas análises mostraram efetivamente a evolução dos estudantes, tanto na construção do raciocínio lógico, quanto na melhoria do seu desempenho acadêmico. / Difficulties of students towards learning algorithms are a topic that is being renewed constantly, due to the large market demand in relation to professionals in the field of Information Technology. The complexity in the construction of logical reasoning and Computational Thinking leads to high rates of evasion and failure in introductory programming courses. Traditional concept in teaching algorithms has great challenges, since the development of interesting materials that encourage students to solve problems, until to the use of new technologies in order to motivate the students in a dynamic environment. Understanding these circumstances, this thesis focuses on proposing a different design to the process of teaching algorithms, characterized by a pedagogical practice based on the integration of immersive environments with programming paradigms, different from those commonly used in the classroom. The results obtained with this proposal showed that the interaction and immersion features offered by the virtual world, combined with programming tools in visual blocks, motivate and stimulate student's attention, making them protagonists in developing their knowledge about algorithms and programming. These statements are justified by the observation of experiments conducted, based on the proposed teaching methodology, consolidated from a statistical inference calculated on the results of the students in the discipline of algorithms and programming in three semesters evaluated, and, for a detailed analysis of the evolution of these students during all activities of the last stage of the study. These analyzes showed effectively the progress of students, both in the construction of logical reasoning and in improving their academic performance.

O aprimoramento de atributos como a capacidade de processamento e interfaces gráficas das tecnologias disponíveis no mercado vem criando um cenário propício para a profusão de ambientes imersivos como os mundos virtuais. Estes ambientes, com características semelhantes aos jogos eletrônicos, simulam espaços complexos e podem ser explorados como réplicas virtuais do mundo real, ensejando o oferecimento de novas situações de ensino e aprendizagem que oportunizam a contextualização do conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de tarefas autênticas. Entretanto, poucos docentes têm domínio sobre esta tecnologia, ainda considerada de alta complexidade. Com vistas a promover uma aproximação do docente da Educação Básica aos ambientes imersivos, foi elaborado um conjunto de estratégias para compor um programa de formação voltado para o desenvolvimento da prática docente nos mundos virtuais, envolvendo a produção de artefatos educacionais para tais ambientes. A pesquisa que serviu como base para o desenvolvimento destas estratégias foi conduzida através de um estudo de casos múltiplos desdobrado em duas diferentes fases. A primeira fase realizou os primeiros passos rumo à autoria nos mundos virtuais, sendo nela desenvolvida uma experiência de produção de mídias para comporem laboratórios de aprendizagem dentro do mundo virtual. O objetivo desta fase foi observar o processo de autoria de objetos para os mundos virtuais, extraindo assim elementos para a reflexão sobre estratégias que seriam efetivas em uma capacitação docente focada no uso educacional de tais ferramentas. O estudo de caso culmina com a fase 2 da pesquisa, na qual foi conduzido um programa de formação, desenvolvido a partir dos elementos extraídos nas fases anteriores, oferecido a professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. A eficácia das estratégias emergentes nesta pesquisa foi verificada a partir de diferentes técnicas, como a observação participante, aplicação de entrevistas e questionários, análise de registros e análise documental. Para a análise dos laboratórios produzidos ao longo desta formação foi desenvolvida uma taxonomia denominada Taxonomia de Engajamento para os Mundos Virtuais, a partir da qual se buscou identificar diferentes níveis de engajamento que podem ser promovidos por atividades conduzidas no contexto dos mundos virtuais. A análise dos materiais produzidos, bem como o acompanhamento de todas as fases deste processo, apontam para uma real possibilidade de se promover o conhecimento dos mundos virtuais por professores da Educação Básica. Entretanto, dificuldades vivenciadas ao longo de ambas as fases mostram que a autoria docente nestes ambientes ainda é uma tarefa complexa, e que demanda deste profissional bastante interesse e dedicação para a sua efetivação. / Improvement on attributes such as processing power and graphical interfaces on off the shelf technologies has been creating a profusive scenario to immersive environments and virtual worlds. These environments, with features similar to electronic games, simulate complex spaces and can be exploited as virtual replicas of the real world, allowing for new teaching and learning situations that nurture the contextualization of knowledge and the development of authentic tasks. However, few teachers have mastery over this technology, still considered of high complexity. In order to promote an approximation of Basic Education teacher with immersive environments, a set of strategies to compose a training program focused on the development of teaching practice in virtual worlds, involving the production of educational artifacts to such environments was designed. The research that was the basis for the development of these strategies was conducted through a multiple case study unfolded in two stages. The first stage accomplished the first steps towards authorship in virtual worlds and a media production experience was developed to compose learning laboratories within the virtual world. The objective of this stage was to observe the authoring process of objects for virtual worlds, thereby extracting elements for reflection on strategies that would be effective in a teacher training program focused on the educational use of such tools. The case study culminates in stage 2 of the research, on which was conducted a training program, developed from elements extracted in earlier stages and offered to teachers from different areas of knowledge. The effectiveness of strategies emerging in this research was verified with different techniques, such as participant observation, application of interviews and questionnaires, analysis of record logs and document analysis. To perform the analysis of laboratories produced along this training, a taxonomy was developed, called Engagement Taxonomy for Virtual Worlds, from which it was sought to identify different levels of engagement that can be promoted through activities conducted in the context of virtual worlds. The analysis of the materials, as well as the monitoring of stages of this process, all point to a real possibility of promoting knowledge of virtual worlds for Basic Education teachers. However, difficulties experienced throughout the stages show that the teaching authorship in these environments is still a complex task, and one that demands professionals a great deal of interest and dedication to its effectiveness.

O aprimoramento de atributos como a capacidade de processamento e interfaces gráficas das tecnologias disponíveis no mercado vem criando um cenário propício para a profusão de ambientes imersivos como os mundos virtuais. Estes ambientes, com características semelhantes aos jogos eletrônicos, simulam espaços complexos e podem ser explorados como réplicas virtuais do mundo real, ensejando o oferecimento de novas situações de ensino e aprendizagem que oportunizam a contextualização do conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de tarefas autênticas. Entretanto, poucos docentes têm domínio sobre esta tecnologia, ainda considerada de alta complexidade. Com vistas a promover uma aproximação do docente da Educação Básica aos ambientes imersivos, foi elaborado um conjunto de estratégias para compor um programa de formação voltado para o desenvolvimento da prática docente nos mundos virtuais, envolvendo a produção de artefatos educacionais para tais ambientes. A pesquisa que serviu como base para o desenvolvimento destas estratégias foi conduzida através de um estudo de casos múltiplos desdobrado em duas diferentes fases. A primeira fase realizou os primeiros passos rumo à autoria nos mundos virtuais, sendo nela desenvolvida uma experiência de produção de mídias para comporem laboratórios de aprendizagem dentro do mundo virtual. O objetivo desta fase foi observar o processo de autoria de objetos para os mundos virtuais, extraindo assim elementos para a reflexão sobre estratégias que seriam efetivas em uma capacitação docente focada no uso educacional de tais ferramentas. O estudo de caso culmina com a fase 2 da pesquisa, na qual foi conduzido um programa de formação, desenvolvido a partir dos elementos extraídos nas fases anteriores, oferecido a professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. A eficácia das estratégias emergentes nesta pesquisa foi verificada a partir de diferentes técnicas, como a observação participante, aplicação de entrevistas e questionários, análise de registros e análise documental. Para a análise dos laboratórios produzidos ao longo desta formação foi desenvolvida uma taxonomia denominada Taxonomia de Engajamento para os Mundos Virtuais, a partir da qual se buscou identificar diferentes níveis de engajamento que podem ser promovidos por atividades conduzidas no contexto dos mundos virtuais. A análise dos materiais produzidos, bem como o acompanhamento de todas as fases deste processo, apontam para uma real possibilidade de se promover o conhecimento dos mundos virtuais por professores da Educação Básica. Entretanto, dificuldades vivenciadas ao longo de ambas as fases mostram que a autoria docente nestes ambientes ainda é uma tarefa complexa, e que demanda deste profissional bastante interesse e dedicação para a sua efetivação. / Improvement on attributes such as processing power and graphical interfaces on off the shelf technologies has been creating a profusive scenario to immersive environments and virtual worlds. These environments, with features similar to electronic games, simulate complex spaces and can be exploited as virtual replicas of the real world, allowing for new teaching and learning situations that nurture the contextualization of knowledge and the development of authentic tasks. However, few teachers have mastery over this technology, still considered of high complexity. In order to promote an approximation of Basic Education teacher with immersive environments, a set of strategies to compose a training program focused on the development of teaching practice in virtual worlds, involving the production of educational artifacts to such environments was designed. The research that was the basis for the development of these strategies was conducted through a multiple case study unfolded in two stages. The first stage accomplished the first steps towards authorship in virtual worlds and a media production experience was developed to compose learning laboratories within the virtual world. The objective of this stage was to observe the authoring process of objects for virtual worlds, thereby extracting elements for reflection on strategies that would be effective in a teacher training program focused on the educational use of such tools. The case study culminates in stage 2 of the research, on which was conducted a training program, developed from elements extracted in earlier stages and offered to teachers from different areas of knowledge. The effectiveness of strategies emerging in this research was verified with different techniques, such as participant observation, application of interviews and questionnaires, analysis of record logs and document analysis. To perform the analysis of laboratories produced along this training, a taxonomy was developed, called Engagement Taxonomy for Virtual Worlds, from which it was sought to identify different levels of engagement that can be promoted through activities conducted in the context of virtual worlds. The analysis of the materials, as well as the monitoring of stages of this process, all point to a real possibility of promoting knowledge of virtual worlds for Basic Education teachers. However, difficulties experienced throughout the stages show that the teaching authorship in these environments is still a complex task, and one that demands professionals a great deal of interest and dedication to its effectiveness.

O aprimoramento de atributos como a capacidade de processamento e interfaces gráficas das tecnologias disponíveis no mercado vem criando um cenário propício para a profusão de ambientes imersivos como os mundos virtuais. Estes ambientes, com características semelhantes aos jogos eletrônicos, simulam espaços complexos e podem ser explorados como réplicas virtuais do mundo real, ensejando o oferecimento de novas situações de ensino e aprendizagem que oportunizam a contextualização do conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de tarefas autênticas. Entretanto, poucos docentes têm domínio sobre esta tecnologia, ainda considerada de alta complexidade. Com vistas a promover uma aproximação do docente da Educação Básica aos ambientes imersivos, foi elaborado um conjunto de estratégias para compor um programa de formação voltado para o desenvolvimento da prática docente nos mundos virtuais, envolvendo a produção de artefatos educacionais para tais ambientes. A pesquisa que serviu como base para o desenvolvimento destas estratégias foi conduzida através de um estudo de casos múltiplos desdobrado em duas diferentes fases. A primeira fase realizou os primeiros passos rumo à autoria nos mundos virtuais, sendo nela desenvolvida uma experiência de produção de mídias para comporem laboratórios de aprendizagem dentro do mundo virtual. O objetivo desta fase foi observar o processo de autoria de objetos para os mundos virtuais, extraindo assim elementos para a reflexão sobre estratégias que seriam efetivas em uma capacitação docente focada no uso educacional de tais ferramentas. O estudo de caso culmina com a fase 2 da pesquisa, na qual foi conduzido um programa de formação, desenvolvido a partir dos elementos extraídos nas fases anteriores, oferecido a professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. A eficácia das estratégias emergentes nesta pesquisa foi verificada a partir de diferentes técnicas, como a observação participante, aplicação de entrevistas e questionários, análise de registros e análise documental. Para a análise dos laboratórios produzidos ao longo desta formação foi desenvolvida uma taxonomia denominada Taxonomia de Engajamento para os Mundos Virtuais, a partir da qual se buscou identificar diferentes níveis de engajamento que podem ser promovidos por atividades conduzidas no contexto dos mundos virtuais. A análise dos materiais produzidos, bem como o acompanhamento de todas as fases deste processo, apontam para uma real possibilidade de se promover o conhecimento dos mundos virtuais por professores da Educação Básica. Entretanto, dificuldades vivenciadas ao longo de ambas as fases mostram que a autoria docente nestes ambientes ainda é uma tarefa complexa, e que demanda deste profissional bastante interesse e dedicação para a sua efetivação. / Improvement on attributes such as processing power and graphical interfaces on off the shelf technologies has been creating a profusive scenario to immersive environments and virtual worlds. These environments, with features similar to electronic games, simulate complex spaces and can be exploited as virtual replicas of the real world, allowing for new teaching and learning situations that nurture the contextualization of knowledge and the development of authentic tasks. However, few teachers have mastery over this technology, still considered of high complexity. In order to promote an approximation of Basic Education teacher with immersive environments, a set of strategies to compose a training program focused on the development of teaching practice in virtual worlds, involving the production of educational artifacts to such environments was designed. The research that was the basis for the development of these strategies was conducted through a multiple case study unfolded in two stages. The first stage accomplished the first steps towards authorship in virtual worlds and a media production experience was developed to compose learning laboratories within the virtual world. The objective of this stage was to observe the authoring process of objects for virtual worlds, thereby extracting elements for reflection on strategies that would be effective in a teacher training program focused on the educational use of such tools. The case study culminates in stage 2 of the research, on which was conducted a training program, developed from elements extracted in earlier stages and offered to teachers from different areas of knowledge. The effectiveness of strategies emerging in this research was verified with different techniques, such as participant observation, application of interviews and questionnaires, analysis of record logs and document analysis. To perform the analysis of laboratories produced along this training, a taxonomy was developed, called Engagement Taxonomy for Virtual Worlds, from which it was sought to identify different levels of engagement that can be promoted through activities conducted in the context of virtual worlds. The analysis of the materials, as well as the monitoring of stages of this process, all point to a real possibility of promoting knowledge of virtual worlds for Basic Education teachers. However, difficulties experienced throughout the stages show that the teaching authorship in these environments is still a complex task, and one that demands professionals a great deal of interest and dedication to its effectiveness.

En biologie structurale, l’étude théorique de structures moléculaires comporte quatre activités principales organisées selon le processus séquentiel suivant : la collecte de données expérimentales/théoriques, la visualisation des structures 3d, la simulation moléculaire, l’analyse et l’interprétation des résultats. Cet enchaînement permet à l’expert d’élaborer de nouvelles hypothèses, de les vérifier de manière expérimentale et de produire de nouvelles données comme point de départ d’un nouveau processus.L’explosion de la quantité de données à manipuler au sein de cette boucle pose désormais deux problèmes. Premièrement, les ressources et le temps relatifs aux tâches de transfert et de conversion de données entre chacune de ces activités augmentent considérablement. Deuxièmement, la complexité des données moléculaires générées par les nouvelles méthodologies expérimentales accroît fortement la difficulté pour correctement percevoir, visualiser et analyser ces données.Les environnements immersifs sont souvent proposés pour aborder le problème de la quantité et de la complexité croissante des phénomènes modélisés, en particulier durant l’activité de visualisation. En effet, la Réalité Virtuelle offre entre autre une perception stéréoscopique de haute qualité utile à une meilleure compréhension de données moléculaires intrinsèquement tridimensionnelles. Elle permet également d’afficher une quantité d’information importante grâce aux grandes surfaces d’affichage, mais aussi de compléter la sensation d’immersion par d’autres canaux sensorimoteurs.Cependant, deux facteurs majeurs freinent l’usage de la Réalité Virtuelle dans le domaine de la biologie structurale. D’une part, même s’il existe une littérature fournie sur la navigation dans les scènes virtuelles réalistes et écologiques, celle-ci est très peu étudiée sur la navigation sur des données scientifiques abstraites. La compréhension de phénomènes 3d complexes est pourtant particulièrement conditionnée par la capacité du sujet à se repérer dans l’espace. Le premier objectif de ce travail de doctorat a donc été de proposer des paradigmes navigation 3d adaptés aux structures moléculaires complexes. D’autre part, le contexte interactif des environnements immersif favorise l’interaction directe avec les objets d’intérêt. Or les activités de collecte et d’analyse des résultats supposent un contexte de travail en "ligne de commande" ou basé sur des scripts spécifiques aux outils d’analyse. Il en résulte que l’usage de la Réalité Virtuelle se limite souvent à l’activité d’exploration et de visualisation des structures moléculaires. C’est pourquoi le second objectif de thèse est de rapprocher ces différentes activités, jusqu’alors réalisées dans des contextes interactifs et applicatifs indépendants, au sein d’un contexte interactif homogène et unique. Outre le fait de minimiser le temps passé dans la gestion des données entre les différents contextes de travail, il s’agit également de présenter de manière conjointe et simultanée les structures moléculaires et leurs analyses et de permettre leur manipulation par des interactions directes.Notre contribution répond à ces objectifs en s’appuyant sur une approche guidée à la fois par le contenu et la tâche. Des paradigmes de navigation ont été conçus en tenant compte du contenu moléculaire, en particulier des propriétés géométriques, et des tâches de l’expert, afin de faciliter le repérage spatial et de rendre plus performante l’activité d’exploration. Par ailleurs, formaliser la nature des données moléculaires, leurs analyses et leurs représentations visuelles, permettent notamment de proposer à la demande et interactivement des analyses adaptées à la nature des données et de créer des liens entre les composants moléculaires et les analyses associées. Ces fonctionnalités passent par la construction d’une représentation sémantique unifiée et performante rendant possible l’intégration de ces activités dans un contexte interactif unique. / In structural biology, the theoretical study of molecular structures has four main activities organized in the following scenario: collection of experimental and theoretical data, visualization of 3D structures, molecular simulation, analysis and interpretation of results. This pipeline allows the expert to develop new hypotheses, to verify them experimentally and to produce new data as a starting point for a new scenario.The explosion in the amount of data to handle in this loop has two problems. Firstly, the resources and time dedicated to the tasks of transfer and conversion of data between each of these four activities increases significantly. Secondly, the complexity of molecular data generated by new experimental methodologies greatly increases the difficulty to properly collect, visualize and analyze the data.Immersive environments are often proposed to address the quantity and the increasing complexity of the modeled phenomena, especially during the viewing activity. Indeed, virtual reality offers a high quality stereoscopic perception, useful for a better understanding of inherently three-dimensional molecular data. It also displays a large amount of information thanks to the large display surfaces, but also to complete the immersive feeling with other sensorimotor channels (3D audio, haptic feedbacks,...).However, two major factors hindering the use of virtual reality in the field of structural biology. On one hand, although there are literature on navigation and environmental realistic virtual scenes, navigating abstract science is still very little studied. The understanding of complex 3D phenomena is however particularly conditioned by the subject’s ability to identify themselves in a complex 3D phenomenon. The first objective of this thesis work is then to propose 3D navigation paradigms adapted to the molecular structures of increasing complexity. On the other hand, the interactive context of immersive environments encourages direct interaction with the objects of interest. But the activities of: results collection, simulation and analysis, assume a working environment based on command-line inputs or through specific scripts associated to the tools. Usually, the use of virtual reality is therefore restricted to molecular structures exploration and visualization. The second thesis objective is then to bring all these activities, previously carried out in independent and interactive application contexts, within a homogeneous and unique interactive context. In addition to minimizing the time spent in data management between different work contexts, the aim is also to present, in a joint and simultaneous way, molecular structures and analyses, and allow their manipulation through direct interaction.Our contribution meets these objectives by building on an approach guided by both the content and the task. More precisely, navigation paradigms have been designed taking into account the molecular content, especially geometric properties, and tasks of the expert, to facilitate spatial referencing in molecular complexes and make the exploration of these structures more efficient. In addition, formalizing the nature of molecular data, their analysis and their visual representations, allows to interactively propose analyzes adapted to the nature of the data and create links between the molecular components and associated analyzes. These features go through the construction of a unified and powerful semantic representation making possible the integration of these activities in a unique interactive context.

Design is all about visuals, or that is what I have found out during this thesis, from the process materials to the outcome our main entry point to any problem is how will we solve it visually so it’s understandable for the general user. This aspect is problematic in itself due to the fact that we, as humans, understand the world and the things around using all our senses continuously, even though we can forget as visuals are so overpowering. There is a huge opportunity area in exploring our other senses and bringing them back to technology, and this can be seen in works in the past like Tangible Interactions [1] or Natural User Interfaces [2]. But in this moment in time, where all these new technologies like VR/AR and IoT are about to enter our lives and change them forever, this topic is more important than ever. We have already seen what happens when we turn humans into mere machines with some fingers as interactive inputs, and barely any senses to process all the information given to us. Now that these technologies are still young and malleable, we can direct the future to where we want it instead of being guided by the technology itself. To do this we need to reimagine the design process, not reinvent the wheel, but add experts which we currently leave behind and I argue are key to unlock these technologies, experts not only of the technological side of things but on the human side too, like physiotherapists and dancers. Add also people who we never think about when we think of VR like visually impaired users, which could make these technologies inclusive since early on, instead of as an afterthought like we usually do. Not only people, but we also need to add new materials to understand how we use our senses and explore ways that we can understand and explore them differently; like bodystorming and improv theatre because when things aren’t visual, how do you sketch it? A sketch turns into a video about movement. The end result provides a wide breadth of examples of the types of innovations that can come out of using these new design materials, and to open new frontiers. From a VR game with no visuals whatsoever to an AR location based story game, to a home sized multimodal operating system containing several different apps controlled through physical movement. The examples open up the space instead of closing into a single solution. This is just the tip of the iceberg, a hope that others will be inspired by it and continue with this journey that has just started, to guide the future into one that is more technological and at the same time more human than ever before. What we know is that VR does not equate Visual Reality.