Notre thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mise en place d'un observatoire des pratiques agricoles dans le bassin versant de la Vesle. L'objectif de ce système d'information agri-environnemental est de comprendre les pratiques responsables de la pollution de la ressource en eau par les pesticides d'origine agricole sur le territoire étudié et de fournir des outils pertinents et pérennes pour estimer leurs impacts. Notre problématique concerne la prise en compte de l'imperfection dans le processus de la fusion de données multi-sources et imparfaites. En effet, l'information sur les pratiques n'est pas exhaustive et ne fait pas l'objet d'une déclaration, il nous faut donc construire cette connaissance par l'utilisation conjointe de sources multiples et de qualités diverses en intégrant dans le système d'information la gestion de l'information imparfaite. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons des méthodes pour une reconstruction spatialisée des informations liées aux pratiques agricoles à partir de la télédétection, du RPG, d'enquêtes terrain et de dires d'experts, reconstruction qualifiée par une évaluation de la qualité de l'information. Par ailleurs, nous proposons une modélisation conceptuelle des entités agronomiques imparfaites du système d'information en nous appuyant sur UML et PERCEPTORY. Nous proposons ainsi des modèles de représentation de l'information imparfaite issues des différentes sources d'information à l'aide soit des ensembles flous, soit de la théorie des fonctions de croyance et nous intégrons ces modèles dans le calcul d'indicateurs agri-environnementaux tels que l'IFT et le QSA. / Our thesis is part of a regional project aiming the development of a community environmental information system for agricultural practices in the watershed of the Vesle. The objective of this observatory is 1) to understand the practices of responsible of the water resource pollution by pesticides from agriculture in the study area and 2) to provide relevant and sustainable tools to estimate their impacts. Our open issue deals with the consideration of imperfection in the process of merging multiple sources and imperfect data. Indeed, information on practices is not exhaustive and is not subject to return, so we need to build this knowledge through the combination of multiple sources and of varying quality by integrating imperfect information management information in the system. In this context, we propose methods for spatial reconstruction of information related to agricultural practices from the RPG remote sensing, field surveys and expert opinions, skilled reconstruction with an assessment of the quality of the information. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual modeling of agronomic entities' imperfect information system building on UML and PERCEPTORY.We provide tools and models of representation of imperfect information from the various sources of information using fuzzy sets and the belief function theory and integrate these models into the computation of agri-environmental indicators such as TFI and ASQ.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana Lopes Morais - 2017.pdf: 10502975 bytes, checksum: eb09d5eefe42f47e2eed7a16b877ce9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this work is the study of modal coupling in the field of transversal displacement and the search for the least amount of degrees of freedom possible to compose the modal expansion, in order to correctly represent the nonlinear behavior in cylindrical panels simply supported and submitted to a static axial loading. Nonlinear equations are deduced from their energy functionals, represented by the Airy stress function and the the strain field is based on the nonlinear Donnell shallow shell theory. The transverse displacement field is determined by the perturbation method, obtaining the non-linear modes that couple to the linear mode of vibration, then the non-linear equilibrium equations are discretized by the Galerkin method. Linear and non-linear analyzes were developed for many types of cylindrical panel geometries, varying values for radius, circumferential length and axial length. The linear analyzes aim to find the buckling modes with their respective buckling loads. In the nonlinear analysis the behavior of the cylindrical panels and the influences of the nonlinear couplings present in the transverse displacement field are studied in order to find a modal expansion that represents the correct behavior of the cylindrical panel with the least amount of possible coupled modes. The most appropriate modal solution is formed by a vibration mode described by sine-type harmonic functions, and a mode composed of harmonic functions of the cosine type. Then, from the modal expansion found, we study the static stability of the cylindrical panels by means of the equilibrium paths and the surfaces of total potential energy. In order to confirm the validity of the modal expansion that is presented as the most adequate, we investigate the static stability of cylindrical panels for two other models of modal solution. Also, the influence of initial geometric imperfections on the nonlinear behavior of cylindrical panels and the static stability of their equilibrium paths is verified. / O trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo do acoplamento modal no campo de deslocamento transversal e a busca pela menor quantidade de graus de liberdade possível para compor a expansão modal, de forma a representar corretamente o comportamento não linear em painéis cilíndricos simplesmente apoiados e submetidos à um carregamento axial estático. As equações não lineares de movimento são deduzidas a partir dos funcionais de energia, representadas pela função de tensão de Airy e pelos campos de deformações que seguem a teoria não linear de Donnell para cascas abatidas. O campo de deslocamento transversal é determinado através do método da perturbação, obtendo os modos não lineares que se acoplam ao modo linear de vibração, então as equações não lineares de equilíbrio são discretizadas pelo método de Galerkin. Desenvolveu-se neste trabalho análises lineares e não lineares para vários tipos de geometrias de painéis cilíndricos, variando valores para o raio, o comprimento circunferencial e o comprimento axial. As análises lineares têm como finalidade encontrar os modos de flambagem com suas respectivas cargas de flambagem. Nas análises não lineares estuda-se o comportamento dos painéis cilíndricos avaliando-se as interferências geradas pelos acoplamentos não lineares, presentes no campo de deslocamento transversal, a fim de encontrar uma expansão modal que represente o comportamento correto do painel cilíndrico com a menor quantidade de modos acoplados possível. A solução modal que se apresenta mais adequada é formada por um modo de vibração descrito por funções harmônicas do tipo seno, e um modo composto por funções harmônicas do tipo cosseno. Então, a partir da expansão modal encontrada, estuda-se a estabilidade estática dos painéis cilíndricos por meio dos caminhos de equilíbrio e das superfícies de energia potencial total. A fim de confirmar a validade da expansão modal que se apresenta como a mais adequada, investiga-se a estabilidade estática de painéis cilíndricos para outros dois modelos de solução modal. Ainda, verifica-se a influência de imperfeições geométricas iniciais no comportamento não linear dos painéis cilíndricos e na estabilidade estática dos seus caminhos de equilíbrio.

This PhD is a practice as research interrogation of the emancipatory potential of the idea of imperfection. It is framed around the key leading question: ‘How can the generation of imperfect praxis – cultural production in and through social dialogues challenging notions of technical expertise – affirm emancipatory value in a film practice? The thesis documents the development of a participatory film practice, operating in-between d.i.y subcultural activity and practice as research. The film component of the submission engages with the problems involved in representing and authenticating the collective dimension of participatory filmmaking. The emancipatory potential of imperfection has been explored via a broad range of interdisciplinary participatory practices. The core project is Imperfect Cinema, an open-access micro-cinema collective, which navigated the intersection between film and do-it-yourself punk. This interplay between the contested idea of punk and its inherent activism, with the democratic/accessible implications of audio-visual media, is seen as an exemplary site for examining, and dismantling the boundaries between disciplines. In this sense, the nature of the work can be seen as being ‘in-disciplinary’ (Rancière 2008), requiring a mobility and responsiveness to the emergence of contemporary participatory and collaborative processes. The concept of imperfection draws from punk as a set of d.i.y methodological practices and is key to understanding and developing participatory cinema. Imperfection, as a generative conceptual tool, can be described as incorporating and examining methods ‘against methods’ (Feyerabend 1988) in order to acknowledge the uncertainty and fluidity of participatory work. This forms my understanding of what I term imperfect praxis. This praxis requires the emancipatory potential of imperfection to be easily communicable and accessible to different kinds of participants. The emergence of imperfect praxis developed out of collective social spaces where a kind of knowledge can be explored through collaborative and participatory interactions and dialogues, situated and understood through historical, contextual, personal and shared experiences. This thesis consequently represents a ‘moment in time’ in my methodological development, providing me with the structure to identify and disseminate the practice as research.

Malgré le cumul de connaissances sur le sujet du flambage des coques minces, des questions essentielles demeurent. En effet, malgré les avancées et une meilleure compréhension de l’effet des défauts, le dimensionnement continue de recourir aux anciennes règles qui découlent d’une démarche empirique et qui s’avèrent souvent trop conservatives comme c’est le cas par exemple pour la NASA SP8007 (1968). Cette règle est utilisée notamment pour le dimensionnement du lanceur Ariane 5. L’Etage Principal Cryogénique est en effet constitué de coques cylindriques minces, qui sont soumises à une combinaison de chargements et donc sujettes au déclenchement d’instabilités pouvant être catastrophiques. Il est ainsi nécessaire d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du phénomène pour pouvoir améliorer ces méthodes de dimensionnement dans le cas de coques moyennement longues (1 < L/R < 3) et minces (250 < R/t <1500). Nous employons pour cela une approche à la fois numérique et expérimentale. L’outil numérique est utilisé, via une modélisation pertinente, afin de construire une nouvelle règle de dimensionnement et d’étudier l’influence des différents paramètres (géométriques, matériau). L’aspect expérimental a pris une place prépondérante, une large campagne nous permettant de valider les résultats simulations pour différentes configurations, mais également d’avoir une bonne compréhension du phénomène. Ces deux aspects de notre recherche nous ont également permis de mieux déterminer l’interaction entre les différents chargements (pression interne, compression, flexion, cisaillement), plus ou moins comprise selon les cas. / The stability of thin cylindrical shells has been studied for decades, but despite the accumulated knowledge on the subject, important questions remain, in particular regarding the design of such structures. The effect of geometrical imperfections is now well understood, but old design recommandations resulting from purely empirical approaches, are still used. The NASA SP8007 recommendation (1968) is one them, and leads to conservative designs. This rule is used in particular for the design of the Ariane 5 launcher. Indeed, the Principal Cryogenic Stage is made of thin cylindrical shells, subjected throughout the structure’s life cycle to a combination of loadings, and hence prone to possibly disastrous structural instabilities. It is is then necessary to better understand those phenomena in order to improve the design methods for relatively long (1 < L/R < 3) and thin (250 < R/t < 1500) shells. Our work is based on both numerical and experimental approaches. Numerical tools are used, through a relevant choice of the critical imperfections, to build a new design recommendation and study the influence of different parameters (geometrical or material). Experiments took an important place in our research, and the large experimental campaign allowed us to validate the numerical results for different configurations, and to better understand the physics of the problem as well. These two aspects of our study also enabled us to clarify the interaction between different loadings (internal pressure, compression, bending and transverse shear), which is today more or less understood, according to the case.

Thesis deals with flexural-lateral buckling of asymmetric cross sections, especially assessment according to ČSN EN 1993-1-1. Models are based on bar, shell and solid finite element method. Assessment of software Scia Engineer and RFEM are analysed in bar model. Plate and volume model uses shell and solid elements and initial imperfections. Computing is geometrically nonlinear. Correspondence of bar and plate model is studied. Optimal amplitude is suggested. Simple beam loaded with continuous line loading is taken as an example.

MSc (Statistics) / Department of Statistics / See the attached abstract below

[pt] Sabe-se que os anéis e tubulações elásticas de paredes finas estão sujeitos a instabilidades quando sob tensões compressivas. Um exemplo particularmente interessante é a flambagem de um anel elástico sob uma pressão hidrostática. A carga de flambagem é fortemente influenciada pela natureza seguidora da força devida à pressão hidrostática e, se esse efeito for desprezado, a previsão da carga de flambagem crítica pode ser de até 50 por cento para anéis esbeltos. Este trabalho estuda, usando uma formulação variacional não linear, as características de flambagem e vibração de anéis e tubulações apoiados em uma fundação elástica de Pasternak, sendo a fundação de Winkler considerada como um caso particular. Primeiro, a equação de movimento do anel pré-carregado é derivada e a solução analítica dos problemas de autovalor é obtida. A análise paramétrica mostra a influência dos parâmetros geométricos e físicos do anel e da fundação na carga crítica, frequências naturais e relação não linear carga-frequência, considerando o efeito da força seguidora da pressão hidrostática. Adicionalmente, o efeito da fundação nas deformações pré-críticas é estudado. Finalmente, o efeito de uma imperfeição geométrica inicial é avaliado usando o método de Galerkin. Os resultados mostram que os parâmetros da fundação de Pasternak têm um efeito considerável na carga e modo crítico, na frequência fundamental do anel. / [en] It is known that thin-walled elastic rings and pipes are subject to instability when under a state of compressive stresses. A particularly interesting example is the buckling of an elastic ring under hydrostatic pressure. The buckling load is strongly influenced by the following nature of the force due to the hydrostatic pressure and, if this effect is neglected, the forecast of the critical buckling load can be up to 50 per cent for slender rings. This work studies, using a non-linear variational formulation, the buckling and vibration characteristics of rings and pipes supported by a Pasternak elastic foundation, the Winkler foundation being considered as a particular case. First, the equation of motion of the preloaded ring is derived and the analytical solution of the eigenvalue problems is obtained. Parametric analysis shows the influence of the geometric and physical parameters of the ring and the foundation on the critical load, natural frequencies and nonlinear load-frequency relationship, considering the force following effect of the hydrostatic pressure. Additionally, the effect of the foundation on pre-critical deformations is studied. Finally, the effect of an initial geometric imperfection is assessed using the Galerkin method. The results show that the parameters of the Pasternak foundation have a considerable effect on the critical load and mode as well as on the natural frequencies of the ring.

[pt] Um procedimento simples, para a avaliação do aumento ou diminuição (sensibilidade) das cargas de flambagem estática ou dinâmica (flutter) de estruturas na presença de pequenas imperfeições geométricas, é apresentado. O modelo computacional considera estruturas planas elásticas modeladas por elementos de viga retos. Os sistemas de carregamento podem ser conservativos ou não- conservativos. A formulação matricial inclui as matrizes de rigidez elástica, de massa e geométrica usuais. O algoritmo implementado avalia a carga crítica clássica. Adicionalmente, as imperfeições são levadas em conta a partir de uma matriz de imperfeição, resultante da mudança na rigidez elástica decorrente de pequenos desvios na geometria (pequenas rotações nos elementos). São apresentados exemplos para ilustrar a técnica desenvolvida e investigar as cargas de flambagem de algumas estruturas básicas: pórtico de Roorda, coluna de Euler, coluna de Beck, arco circular e viga sobre base elástica (análogo à deformação axissimétrica de uma casca cilíndrica). Conclui-se que o uso da matriz de imperfeição proposta pode fornecer valiosa informação qualitativa sobre a sensibilidade da carga de flambagem em relação às imperfeições. / [en] A simple procedure for the evaluation of the increase or decrease (sensitivity) of static and dynamic (flutter) buckling loads of structures in the presence of small geometrical imperfections is presented. The computational model considers plane elastic structures modelled by straight beam elements. The loading systems cam be conservative or non-conservative. The matrix formulation includes the usual elastic stiffness, mass, and geometric matrices. The algorithm implemented herein evaluates the classical critical load. In addition, the imperfections are taken into account by an imperfection matrix, which results from the change in the elastic stiffness due to small deviations of geometry (small rotations of the elements). Examples are presented to illustrate the technique developed herein and to investigate the buckling loads of some basic structures: Roorda´s frame, Euler´s column, Beck´s column, circular arch, and beam on elastic foundation (analogous to axissimetric deformation of cylindrical shell). It is concluded that the use of the proposed imperfection matrix can provide valuable qualitative information on the sensitivity of the buckling load to imperfections. / [es] En este trabajo se presenta un procedimento simple para la evaluación del aumento o disminución (sensibilidad) de las cargas de flameo estática o dinámica (flutter) de extructuras en presencia de pequeñas imperfecciones geométricas. El modelo computacional considera extructuras planas elásticas modeladas por elementos de viga rectos. Los sistemasde carga pueden ser conservativos o no- conservativos. La formulación matricial incluye las matrices de rígidez elástica, de masa y geométrica usuales. El algoritmo implementado evalúa la carga crítica clásica. Adicionalmente, las imperfecciones se consideran a partir de una matriz de imperfección, resultante de la mudanza en la rígidez elástica consecuencia de pequeños desvios en la geometría (pequeñas rotaciones en los elementos). Se presentan ejemplos para ilustrar la técnica desarrollada e investigar las cargas de flameo de algumas extructuras básicas: pórtico de Roorda, columna de Euler, columna de Beck, arco circular y viga sobre base elástica (análogo a la deformación axisimétrica de una cáscara cilíndrica). Se concluye que el uso de la matriz de imperfección propuesta puede ofrecer una valiosa información cualitativa sobre la sensibilidad de la carga de flameo en relación a las imperfecciones.

En raison de la demande croissante de services de communication sans fil et de la limitation des ressources de spectre, la radio cognitive (CR) a été initialement proposée pour résoudre la pénurie de spectre. CR divise les systèmes transmetteurs-récepteurs de communication en deux catégories : les Utilisateurs Principaux (PU) et les Utilisateurs Secondaires (SU). PU a le droit légal d'utiliser la bande spectrale, tandis que SU est un utilisateur opportuniste qui peut transmettre sur cette bande chaque fois qu'elle est vacante afin d'éviter toute interférence avec le signal de PU. De ce fait, la détection des activités de PU devient une priorité principale pour toute CR.Le Spectrum Sensing devient ainsi une partie importante d’un système CR, qui surveille les transmissions de PU. En effet, le Spectrum Sensing joue un rôle essentiel dans le mécanisme du fonctionnement du CR en localisant les canaux disponibles et, d'autre part, en protégeant les canaux occupés des interférences de la transmission SU. En fait, Spectrum Sensing a gagné beaucoup d'attention au cours de la dernière décennie, et de nombreux algorithmes sont proposés. Concernant la fiabilité de la performance, plusieurs défis comme le faible rapport signal sur bruit, l'incertitude de bruit (NU), la durée de détection du spectre, etc. Cette thèse aborde les défis de la détection du spectre et apporte quelques solutions. De nouveaux détecteurs basés sur la détection des caractéristiques cyclo-stationnaires et la densité spectrale de puissance (PSD) du signal de PU sont présentés. Un algorithme de test de signification de corrélation canonique (CCST) est proposé pour effectuer une détection cyclo-stationnaire. CCST peut détecter la présence des caractéristiques cycliques communes parmi les versions retardées du signal reçu. Ce test peut révéler la présence d'un signal cyclo-stationnaire dans le signal de mélange reçu. Une autre méthode de détection basée sur la PSD cumulative est proposée. En supposant que le bruit est blanc (sa PSD est plate), la PSD cumulative s'approche d'une droite. Cette forme devient non linéaire pour les signaux de télécommunication. Distinguer la forme cumulative PSD peut donc conduire à diagnostiquer l'état du canal.La radio cognitive Full-Duplex (FD-CR) a également été étudiée dans ce manuscrit, où plusieurs défis sont analysés en proposant de nouvelles contributions. Le fonctionnement FD permet au CR d'éviter la période de silence pendant la détection du spectre. Dans le système CR classique, le SU cesse de transmettre pendant la détection du spectre afin de ne pas affecter la fiabilité de détection. Dans FD-CR, SU peut éliminer la réflexion de son signal transmis et en même temps réaliser le Spectrum Sensing. En raison de certaines limitations, le résidu de l'auto-interférence ne peut pas être complètement annulé, alors la crédibilité de la détection du spectre est fortement affectée. Afin de réduire la puissance résiduelle, une nouvelle architecture de récepteur SU est élaborée pour atténuer les imperfections du circuit (comme le bruit de phase et la distorsion non linéaire de l'amplificateur à faible bruit du récepteur). La nouvelle architecture montre sa robustesse en assurant une détection fiable et en améliorant le débit de SU. / Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication services and the limitation in the spectrum resources, Cognitive Radio (CR) has been initially proposed in order to solve the spectrum scarcity. CR divides the communication transceiver into two categories: the Primary (PU) or the Secondary (SU) Users. PU has the legal right to use the spectrum bandwidth, while SU is an opportunistic user that can transmit on that bandwidth whenever it is vacant in order to avoid any interference to the signal of PU. Hence the detection of PU becomes a main priority for CR systems. The Spectrum Sensing is the part of the CR system, which monitors the PU activities. Spectrum Sensing plays an essential role in the mechanism of the CR functioning. It provides CR with the available channel in order to access them, and on the other hand, it protects occupied channels from the interference of the SU transmission. In fact, Spectrum Sensing has gained a lot of attention in the last decade, and numerous algorithms are proposed to perform it. Concerning the reliability of the performance, several challenges have been addressed, such as the low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the Noise Uncertainty (NU), the Spectrum Sensing duration, etc. This dissertation addresses the Spectrum Sensing challenges and some solutions are proposed. New detectors based on Cyclo-Stationary Features detection and the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the PU are presented. CanonicalCorrelation Significance Test (CCST) algorithm is proposed to perform cyclo-stationary detection. CCST can detect the presence of the common cyclic features among the delayed versions of the received signal. This test can reveal the presence of a cyclo-stationary signal in the received mixture signal. Another detection method based on the cumulative PSD is proposed. By assuming the whiteness of the noise (its PSD is at), the cumulative PSD approaches a straight line. This shape becomes non-linear when a telecommunication signal is present in the received mixture. Distinguishing the Cumulative PSD shape may lead to diagnose the channel status.Full-Duplex Cognitive Radio (FD-CR) has been also studied in this manuscript, where several challenges are analyzed by proposing a new contribution. FD functioning permits CR to avoid the silence period during the Spectrum Sensing. In classical CR system, SU stops transmitting during the Spectrum Sensing in order to do not affect the detection reliability. In FD-CR, SU can eliminate the reflection of its transmitted signal and at the same time achieving the Spectrum Sensing. Due to some limitations, the residual of the Self Interference cannot be completely cancelled, then the Spectrum Sensing credibility is highly affected. In order to reduce the residual power, a new SU receiver architecture is worked out to mitigate the hardware imperfections (such as the Phase Noise and the Non-Linear Distortion of the receiver Low-Noise Amplifier). The new architecture shows its robustness by ensuring a reliable detection and enhancing the throughput of SU.

Cette thèse a pour objectif principal de développer un outil numérique capable de prédire la ductilité des matériaux polycristallins. Cet outil est basé sur le couplage de l’approche multi-échelles autocohérente à deux critères d’instabilités plastiques : la théorie de bifurcation et l’approche d’imperfection initiale. Le schéma autocohérent est utilisé pour déterminer le comportement d’un agrégat polycristallin (supposé représentatif du matériau étudié) à partir du comportement des monocristaux constitutifs. Le comportement à l’échelle monocristalline est formulé dans le cadre des grandes déformations élastoplastiques. Deux différentes versions du critère de Schmid sont successivement utilisées pour modéliser l’écoulement plastique monocristallin : la version classique et une version régularisée. Pour intégrer numériquement les équations constitutives à l’échelle monocristalline, deux algorithmes ont été développés : un algorithme de type évolutif et un algorithme de type retour radial. Les équations gouvernant le schéma autocohérent ont été revisitées. Pour résoudre ces équations, un nouvel algorithme numérique a été proposé, qui est montré être plus efficace que les algorithmes existants communément basés sur la méthode du point fixe. De plus, une approche numérique robuste a été développée, qui permet de coupler le modèle autocohérent à l’approche d’imperfection initiale. La performance ainsi que la robustesse des différents algorithmes et schémas numériques développés ont été mis en évidence à travers plusieurs résultats de simulation. L’effet de plusieurs paramètres et choix de modélisation sur la prédiction de formabilité des tôles métalliques a été extensivement analysé. / The main objective of this PhD thesis is to develop a numerical tool capable of predicting the ductility of polycrystalline materials. This tool is based on the coupling of the self-consistent multiscale approach with two plastic instability criteria: the bifurcation theory and the initial imperfection approach. The self-consistent scheme is used to derive the mechanical behavior of a polycrystalline aggregate (assumed to be representative of the studied material) from that of its microscopic constituents (the single crystals). The constitutive framework at the single crystal scale follows a finite strain rate-independent formulation. Two different versions of the Schmid law are successively used to model the plastic flow: the classical version and a regularized one. To solve the constitutive equations at the single crystal scale, two numerical algorithms have been developed: one is based on the usual return-mapping scheme and the other on the so-called ultimate scheme. The equations governing the self-consistent approach have been revisited. To solve these equations, a new numerical scheme has been developed, which is shown to be more efficient than the existing schemes commonly based on the fixed point method. Also, a robust numerical approach has been developed to couple the self-consistent model to the initial imperfection approach. The performance and the robustness of the different numerical schemes and algorithms developed have been highlighted through several simulation results. The impact of various parameters and modeling choices on the formability prediction of sheet metals has been extensively analyzed.