The basis of mixing ventilation is the airflow supply to the room by means of jets initiatedfrom the ventilation diffusers. To avoid the draught problem, the design of mixing ventilationmakes uses the throw term, which is defined as the distance to the supply air terminal inwhich the jet centreline mean velocity is decreased to a given value. Traditionally, the throw ismeasured by the supply air device manufacturer. The throw is applied by designers to estimatethe velocity levels in the occupied zone. A standard for determining the throw is the CENstandard CEN/TC156/WG4 N86 "Draft Standard. Air terminal Devices. AerodynamicsTesting And Rating For Mixed Flow Application".The measurement of the throw is very time consuming even with the free jets and theinfluence of the room (the effect of confinement) is not considered. The objective of thepresent study is to give a basis for modifying the existing design and testing method used topredict the velocities in the occupied zone during the design process. A new method whichmay probably be more easier than the existing methods and at the same time give a betterprecision by including the confinement effect.In this thesis two methodological systems of experiment and numerical simulations have beenused. The numerical predictions are used in comparison with the measurements. Thereasonable agreement of the above mentioned methods is implemented to numerical study ofthe other room configurations which are not experimentally studied. This examining methodallows the possibility of studying a lot of configurations and in this manner generalising of theresults. Although the experimental part was made for both model-scale and full-scale testrooms, a large amount of data was obtained for a new test room whose dimension aresystematically varied. All of studies have been made for the isothermal case and themeasurements of velocities and pressures conducted along the room perimeters. The effect ofshort and deep rooms on the properties of the jet ( velocities, pressure, integral scale, jetmomentum, the rate of spreading of jet and turbulence intensities) have been carried out.Some old and recent investigations have been examined. Specially the concept of correlationsfrom open to closed rooms is criticised. It is also shown that the flow field in a confined roomis affected by many other factors than the Reynolds number. The surface pressure on theperimeters was used to calculate the reaction forces at the corners which causes recirculatingbubbles at corners. A study of the turbulent axisymmetric jet which is the basic element inturbulent shear flows and some restrictions of the traditional measurement techniques at theregion of interest in ventilation applications are discussed. The jet momentum is measured byweighing on a balance. Also a study of jets which collide with a wall , that is impinging jet,the effect of walls and confinement on the jet momentum have experimentally andnumerically been carried out. A new momentum balance model was developed for both thefree jet and confined one. An empirical relation has been found for estimation of the room’srotation centre which is used for validation of CFD results.Finally, it is found that the jets in a ventilated room which are a combination of free jet, walljet and impinging jet differ from the traditional wall jets. The rate of spreading of the jet andthe maximum velocity decay in a ventilated room are also different depending on the roomsize and its confinement.

Les mécanismes élémentaires mis en jeu lors de l’érosion de surface d’un sol cohésif par un écoulement fluide demandent à être mieux connus dans le but d’améliorer la modélisation locale de l’érosion. En se basant sur une approche expérimentale, l’objectif de cette thèse vise à réaliser une étude paramétrique de l'érosion à l'aide de matériaux modèles, pour ensuite les soumettre à des sollicitations hydrodynamiques et mécaniques contrôlées. L'étude de matériaux granulaire sans cohésion a d'abord permis d'analyser la construction du nombre de Shields pour définir le seuil d'érosion. Ensuite, des essais de traction à différentes échelles ont permis de généraliser le nombre de Shields à des grains cohésifs par la relation entre seuil d'érosion et résistance mécanique. La mise au point de matériaux et d'essais d'érosion iso-indice a également permis de visualiser les mécanismes par lesquels l'écoulement conduit à l’arrachement de particules constitutives du matériau modèle lors d'essais de JET et de HET. Pour finir, d'autres types de matériaux cohésifs modèles ont été plus rapidement étudiés et révèlent de grandes perspectives d'études. / Elementary mechanisms involved during the surface erosion of a cohesive soil by a fluid flow ask to be better understood for improving the local modeling of erosion. It is the objective of this thesis which aims, by an experimental approach, at working out model materials to submit them to hydrodynamic stresses and controlled mechanic stresses. The study of cohesion-less granular material allowed, in a first approach, to analyse the Shields number formulation to define the erosion threshold. In a second time, the grains have been made cohesive with liquid or solid matrix, and mechanical tests at different scales allowed to generalise the Shields number to both cohesive and non-cohesive particles. The development of erosion tests adjusted in optical index also made possible to visualised the mechanisms by which the fluid flow erode the constitutive particles of the material during Jet Erosion Tests and Hole Erosion Tests. Finally, different kinds of cohesive model materials were tested and show excellent perspectives.

Les systèmes de climatisation et de ventilation sont souvent composés de configurations type jets impactant, sur leur partie terminale. Ainsi, les flux d’air soufflés viennent impacter des obstacles munis de fentes, de différentes formes, afin d’améliorer le mélange. Les conditions de confinement et de soufflage provoquent parfois un inconfort au niveau acoustique. Les nuisances acoustiques générées sont dues à un phénomène de boucles de rétroaction se traduisant par l’apparition des sons auto-entretenus. La production du son par un écoulement fluide en champ libre ou en interaction avec une structure a fait l’objet de nombreuses études. Dans le cas d’un champ acoustique et pour un écoulement à faible nombre de Mach la résolution du corollaire énergétique de Howe permet d’évaluer la puissance acoustique générée ou absorbée par les interactions entre le champ acoustique et l’écoulement. Le calcul de cette puissance nécessite la connaissance de trois paramètres : la vorticité, la vitesse et la vitesse acoustique par des méthodes analytiques ou en utilisant des données expérimentales. Expérimentalement, la mesure du champ cinématique, pour en déduire la vorticité, nécessite une technique de mesure tridimensionnelle. Pour cela une plate-forme expérimentale, utilisant de la vélocimétrie Laser, a été développée, et équipée pour générer les écoulements d’un jet plan. Les champs cinématiques de ces écoulements ont été mesurés en utilisant la technique PIV, avec un dispositif de PIV stéréoscopique. Les champs cinématiques de trente plans parallèles ont été mesurés afin d’étudier les champs de vitesses correspondants. Deux méthodes de reconstruction ont été appliquées à ces plans : la POD et la moyenne de phase. Le volume est obtenu par une interpolation des plans reconstruits donnant accès aux trois composantes de la vitesse. Pour valider ces méthodes de reconstruction en 3D à faible coût, elles étaient comparées à des mesures expérimentales réalisées par le même dispositif expérimental, dans les mêmes conditions, par la PIV tomographique donnant accès aux champs cinématiques tridimensionnels. / Air conditioning and ventilation systems are often composed of jets having a configuration of an impinging jet, on their end part. Thus, the blown airflows impact slotted obstacles of different shapes to improve mixing. The conditions of confinement and blowing sometimes cause acoustic incompatibility. The acoustic noises generated are due to a phenomenon of feedback loops resulting of the appearance of self-sustained sounds. The production of sound by a free flow or in interaction with a structure has been the subject of many studies. In the case of an acoustic field and for a flow of low Mach number, Howe's energetic correlation is used to evaluate the acoustic power generated or absorbed by the interactions between the acoustic field and the flow. The calculation of this power requires the knowledge of three parameters : vorticity, velocity and acoustic velocity by analytical methods or by using experimental data. Experimentally, the measurement of the kinematic field, to deduce the vorticity, requires a three-dimensional measurement technique. For this purpose, an experimental platform, using laser velocimetry, has been developed and equipped to generate flows of a plane jet. The kinematic fields of these flows were measured using the PIV technique, with a stereoscopic PIV device. The kinematic fields of thirty parallel planes were measured to study the corresponding velocity fields. Two reconstruction methods have been applied to these plans : the POD and the phase average. The volume is obtained by an interpolation of the reconstructed planes giving access to the three components of the velocity. To validate these low-cost 3D reconstruction methods, they were compared to experimental measurements made by the same experimental setup, under the same conditions, by using the tomographic PIV giving access to the three-dimensional kinematic fields.

Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation expérimentale et la simulation numérique d’une configurationde jet rond en impact peu rencontrée dans la littérature : un jet chauffé issu d’une conduitepleinement développée à un haut nombre de Reynolds (ReD = 60 000) impacte normalement uneparoi située à trois diamètres en aval. Le premier volet de ce travail est dédié à la génération d’unebase de donnée expérimentale à l’aide de plusieurs moyens de mesure, avec pour objectif de caractériserà la fois la dynamique et la thermique de l’écoulement. Les techniques complémentaires devélocimétrie laser à franges (LDV) et vélocimétrie par image de particules (S-PIV) ont été mises àprofit pour la caractérisation du champ de vitesse et du tenseur de Reynolds tandis que les champsde température moyenne et fluctuante ont été mesurés à l’aide d’un fil froid. Enfin, les échangesthermiques au niveau de la paroi ont été obtenus par la méthode inverse de thermographie en facearrière (ThEFA). En plus de fournir une base de donnée très complète nécessaire à la validation dessimulations numériques, ces mesures ont également permis de mettre en évidence l’organisation àgrande échelle de l’écoulement, avec la présence de grandes structures tourbillonnaires dont la fréquencede passage correspond au mode colonne du jet libre et qui s’approchent de la paroi d’impactaux alentours du second maximum observé dans la distribution des échanges pariétaux. Le secondvolet concerne les simulations numériques visant à reproduire la configuration expérimentale. Deuxapproches ont été évaluées : l’approche RANS pour quantifier la pertinence des modèles utilisés parles industriels et l’approche LES, plus coûteuse, mais donnant accès aux propriétés instationnaireset tridimensionnelles de l’écoulement. Les simulations RANS ont montré que les modèles reconnuscomme les plus performants pour ce type de configuration sont incapables de prévoir correctementle niveau des échanges pariétaux. Ils sont, en revanche, bien reproduits par la simulation LES. Lesdonnées obtenues ont été mises à profit pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes liés à l’apparitiondu second maximum. Cette analyse a mis en avant le rôle des « points chauds ». Seuls certains d’entreeux ont pu être reliés à la présence de régions « décollées » tandis que la majorité est associée à desstructures allongées dans la direction de l’écoulement. / This thesis is dedicated to the experimental characterisation and the numerical simulations ofa round impinging jet configuration seldom dealt with in the literature : a heated jet issues from apipe fully developed pipe at a high Reynolds number (ReD = 60 000) and normally impinges a platelocated three diameters downstream. The first part of this work is directed towards the generationof an experimental database by means of several measurement techniques in order to characteriseboth the dynamical and thermal flow features. The complementary techniques of laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) and particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) allowed for the velocity and Reynolds tensorfield characterisation. The mean and fluctuating temperature fields were measured through cold-wirethermometry. Finally, the plate heat transfer distribution was obtained through the inverse methodof « rear face thermography » (ThEFA). The gathered data not only provided a comprehensive databasenecessary to validate numerical simulations but also permitted to highlight the large-scale floworganisation, with the presence of large vortices shedding at the free jet preferred mode and closelyapproaching the plate in the vicinity of the secondary peak observed in the heat transfer distribution.The second part of this thesis focuses on the numerical simulations aiming at reproducing the experimentalconfiguration. Two approaches were evaluated : the RANS approach in order to quantifythe relevance of industrial turbulence models and the Large-Eddy Simulation, more expensive, butproviding the 3D unsteady flow features. The RANS simulations showed that the models recognisedas the most efficient for this kind of configuration are unable to correctly predict the heat transferlevels. They are, on the other hand, well reproduced by the LES. The generated data allowed for betterunderstanding of the mechanisms leading to the secondary peak. This analysis highlighted theprominent role of the "hot spots", where only some of them can be related to « separated » regions,while the majority are associated with streamwise elongated structures.

Heating of the transmission foil separating the vacuum diodes from the laser cell in electron-beam-pumped gas lasers due to electron beam attenuation necessitates an active cooling scheme to prevent its failure under repetitively pulsed operating conditions. Attenuation of the electron beam (typically 500kV, 100kA and 100ns) produces a strong and pulsed volumetric heat source in the relatively thin (~25μm thick) stainless-steel foil causing it to fail. An experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted to study the cooling effectiveness of high-speed near-wall jets for a single stainless-steel foil strip simulating the geometry between two hibachi ribs in the Electra KrF gas laser developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. The foil is placed inside a channel with continuous gas flow simulating the circulating laser gas. Detailed studies include two jet types (planar and circular) and two injection methods (parallel and impinging) for two designs of hibachi (flat and scalloped). The planar jet flows parallel to the circulating laser gas along the entire foil span. The other configuration uses small diameter (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm) circular jets positioned in two staggered rows located on the foil's two edges along the height of the foil (~30 cm). The jets are issued obliquely towards the foil. For both jet configurations, experiments are conducted at different jet velocities, impingement angles and jet-foil spacing to identify the optimal parameters to be used in the actual hibachi foil cooling. Experimental results are also compared to the predictions from CFD simulations using FLUENT®. The results of this research show that near-wall impinging circular jets can effectively cool the foil separating the vacuum diodes from the laser cell in an electron beam pumped KrF laser under prototypical pulsed (5Hz) operating conditions, thereby assuring the foil's survival, while minimizing the impact on electron beam quality and laser efficiency.

La trempe à eau par jet impactant est une étape clé des traitements thermiques subis par les tubes d'acier sans soudure. Elle permet, par le contrôle des évolutions microstructurales de l'acier, de conférer des propriétés mécaniques élevées, requises par l'utilisation des tubes dans des environnements de plus en plus extrêmes (nouvelles générations de centrales électriques, forages très profonds,…). En cours de trempe, des phénomènes complexes se produisent à la fois en surface des tubes et au sein du matériau. Les mécanismes au sein du tube (diffusion thermique – transformations de phases – contraintes - déformations) sont en effet étroitement liés aux phénomènes hydrauliques et thermiques survenant en surface de celui-ci. L'ensemble de ces phénomènes et leur couplage requièrent une parfaite compréhension et maîtrise pour anticiper l'apparition de certains défauts de trempe comme le cintrage des tubes ou les tapures et optimiser le traitement thermique. Nous avons donc mis en place au cours de ce travail de thèse, une démarche en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, à l'aide de deux dispositifs originaux de refroidissement, par un jet d'eau plan impactant, d'un cylindre tournant en Ni201 préchauffé à 600°C, nous avons étudié les effets de plusieurs paramètres opératoires sur les transferts thermiques: sous-refroidissement, vitesse du jet, vitesse de déplacement de la paroi, orientation et angle d'impact du jet. A l'issue de cette campagne, de nouvelles corrélations prédisant la densité de flux maximale échangée en paroi, qui prennent en compte la mobilité de la paroi, ont été proposées. En parallèle de ces expérimentations, nous avons entrepris la simulation numérique de la configuration expérimentale en utilisant le code de mécanique des fluides Fluent. Cependant la difficulté rencontrée pour simuler, à partir des modèles d'ébullition disponibles par défaut dans le code, l'ensemble des régimes de transfert thermique –et leur occurrence, n'a pas pu être surmontée. Dans un second temps, nous avons construit, au sein du centre de recherche de Vallourec, un dispositif expérimental de refroidissement hétérogène d'un tube en acier 42CrMo4 par un jet d'eau plan impactant la génératrice supérieure. La température du tube (en plusieurs points) et le déplacement vertical en son milieu étaient mesurés lors des essais. De plus, des visualisations à l'aide d'une caméra rapide ont permis de suivre le front de remouillage en tout début de trempe. En parallèle, nous avons réalisé des simulations de ces expériences pour calculer les évolutions de température, les cinétiques de transformations de phases et les évolutions des contraintes et des déformations au sein du tube d'acier. Pour cela nous avons utilisé le code de calcul par éléments finis, Sysweld, auquel est intégré le modèle de prédiction des cinétiques de transformations de phases, PhaseRC. Un jeu de paramètres thermophysiques, thermométallurgiques et thermomécaniques a été établi en se basant sur des travaux antérieurs et sur des caractérisations expérimentales menées au laboratoire.. L'analyse des résultats des simulations a permis de comprendre l'évolution de la flèche du tube en fonction des gradients de température et de la progression des transformations de phases au cours du refroidissement. La comparaison calcul - expérience a mis en évidence des écarts que nous avons tenté d'expliquer. Nous avons proposé des pistes pour poursuivre le travail entrepris au cours de cette thèse / Jet impingement quenching is one of the key steps among the heat treatments undergone by seamless steel tubes. By controlling the steel microstructural evolutions, the heat treatment leads to specific mechanical properties which are required by the use of the tubes in extreme environment (new generation of power plants, deep drilling,…) During the quenching, complex phenomena occur both at the pipe surface and within the material. The latter (thermal diffusion – phase transformations – stress – strain) are indeed closely related to the hydraulic and thermal mechanisms occuring on the surface. All these phenomena and their interconnection must be perfectly understood and controlled to prevent the appearance of quenching defects such as tube bending and quench cracks and to get the desired metallurgical phases. To achieve this goal we have adopted a two-stage approach. Firstly, using two innovative cooling experimental devices, including a rotating Ni201 cylinder preheated up to 600°C, we have studied the effect of several operating parameters on thermal transfer: subcooling, jet velocity, velocity of the displacement of the cooled surface, direction and impact angle of the jet. Following these sets of experiments, new correlations predicting the maximum of wall heat flux density have been proposed. These correlations take into account the wall motion. Besides this experimental work, we have undertaken numerical simulations of the experimental configuration using the CFD software Fluent. However, simulating all the thermal transfer regimes, particularly the boiling regime and their transitions is still challenging when using the default encoded boiling models; we were unable to successfully complete this work. In a second step, we have built an experimental device allowing heterogeneous quenching of a 42CrMo4 steel tube by an impinging water jet. During the quenching, the tube temperature at different locations and vertical displacement evolutions were recorded. In addition, data obtained from high-speed camera recordings allowed us to monitor the evolution of the rewetting front at the onset of cooling. Numerical simulations of these experiments were conducted in order to compute the time evolutions of temperature, phase transformations, stress and strain throughout the steel tube. To this end we used the finite element calculation software Sysweld, which includes a predictive model for the kinetics of phase transformations called PhaseRC. Using bibliographic data and some laboratory experimental characterizations, we were able to build a set of thermo-physical, metallurgical and thermo-mechanical data needful for these calculations. The simulation results have allowed to understand well the bending evolution of the tube during cooling, considering the thermal gradients and the progress of the phase transformation. Comparison of the simulation results with those obtained from measurements has shown discrepancies that we have tried to explain. Some suggestions have been given for the progress of the work accomplished during this thesis

No description available.

<p>This thesis experimentally investigates the geometry of a high-speed subsonic planar jet impinging orthogonally on a large, rigid plate at some distance downstream. This geometry has been found to be liable to the production of intense narrowband acoustic tones produced by self-excited flow oscillations for a range of impingement ratio, Mach number and nozzle thickness. Self-excited flows and acoustic tones were found to be generated in two distinct flow regimes: a linear regime occurring at relatively low Mach number, and a fluid-resonant regime occurring at higher Mach numbers. The linear regime has been found to generate acoustic tones exhibiting relatively low pressure amplitudes with frequencies which scale approximately linearly with increasing Mach number, and is produced by a traditional feedback mechanism, whereas tones within the fluid-resonant regime are produced by coupling between the unstable hydrodynamic modes of the jet and trapped acoustic modes occurring between the nozzle and the plate, and produce tones at significantly larger amplitudes. Coupling with these trapped acoustic modes was found to dominate the self-excited response of the system in the fluid-resonant regime, with the frequencies of these acoustic modes determining the unstable mode of the jet being excited, and with the impingement ratio of the flow having only minor effects related to the convection speed. Phase-locked PIV measurements have revealed that self-excited flow oscillations in the fluid-resonant regime are produced by a series of five anti-symmetric modes of the jet, along with a single symmetric mode occurring for small impingement ratios. The behavior of large coherent flow structures forming in the flow has been investigated and quantified, and this information has been used to develop a new feedback model, which can be used to accurately predict the self-excited flow oscillation of the jet.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Em aproveitamentos hídricos, onde podem estar envolvidas elevadas alturas de água armazenada, o vertedouro é a estrutura hidráulica responsável por conduzir com segurança o escoamento que excede a capacidade de armazenamento do reservatório. Neste aspecto, é necessário considerar o processo de dissipação de energia a fim de proteger o pé da barragem e a própria estrutura do vertedouro contra a ação erosiva da água. Este fluxo que é descarregado é usualmente amortecido por um colchão d’água, o qual é delimitado em uma bacia de dissipação projetada com intuito de resistir aos esforços impostos pelo escoamento. Em grandes barramentos, a utilização de um vertedouro tipo salto esqui, que é caracterizado por um defletor de fluxo no final de sua calha, possibilita que não haja necessidade de revestir o leito próximo do pé da barragem, pois a incidência do jato lançado ocorre distante deste local. Desta maneira, a dissipação da energia é efetuada sobre o próprio leito do rio, sendo formada uma fossa de erosão, contudo, dependendo da resistência do leito e de suas características anisotrópicas, os padrões de recirculação do fluxo podem fazer a fossa evoluir para uma situação nociva. Por isso, desde a fase de projeto desse tipo de vertedouro, monitoramento e previsões da progressão da fossa são essenciais. Então, conforme proposta deste trabalho, abordou-se cada fenômeno que influencia no potencial erosivo do jato, como a turbulência em sua emissão e o grau de difusão do mesmo no colchão d’água. Assim, com ensaios sobre modelo físico, foi possível desenvolver duas metodologias, aplicáveis tanto para a verificação da erosão de material granular na superfície de leitos, quanto para o interior de leitos rochosos fissurados, cujas forças atuantes em um bloco de rocha isolado, podem vencer seu peso submerso e o destacar da matriz. / In hydroelectric plants, which may be involved elevated heights of stored water, the dam spillway is responsible for safely flow the water that exceeds the storage capacity of the reservoir. In this respect, it is necessary to consider the process of energy dissipation in order to protect the base of the dam and the spillway structure itself against the erosive action of the water. This stream discharged is usually cushioned by a waterbed, which is bounded into a stilling basin designed with the purpose of resist the efforts imposed by the flow. In large dams, the use of a ski jump spillway type, which is characterized by a flow deflector at the end of its chute, allows no need lining the bed near the foot of the dam, since the impact of the jet is launched away this location. Thus, the energy dissipation is performed on the riverbed itself, generating a scour hole, however, depending on the resistance of the bed and its anisotropic features, patterns of flow recirculation can evolve the pit into a harmful state. For this reason, since the design phase of this type of spillway, monitoring and predicting the progression of the pit are essential. Then, according to the proposal of this work, it was dealt with each phenomenon that influences the erosive potential of the jet, as the turbulence at its issue on the air, and the level of its diffusion of on waterbed. Based on physical model tests, it was possible to develop two methodologies, applicable both for verifying erosion of granular material from the surface of the bottom, as for analyze the interior of a fissured bedrock, which the forces acting on an isolated block of rock can overcome its submerged weight and uplift it off the matrix.