Demand for compact, easily deployable, energy-efficient computers has driven the development of general-purpose transiently powered computers (TPCs) that lack both batteries and wired power, operating exclusively on energy harvested from their surroundings. TPCs' dependence solely on transient, harvested power offers several important design-time benefits. For example, omitting batteries saves board space and weight while obviating the need to make devices physically accessible for maintenance. However, transient power may provide an unpredictable supply of energy that makes operation difficult. A predictable energy supply is a key abstraction underlying most electronic designs. TPCs discard this abstraction in favor of opportunistic computation that takes advantage of available resources. A crucial question is how should a software-controlled computing device operate if it depends completely on external entities for power and other resources? The question poses challenges for computation, communication, storage, and other aspects of TPC design. The main idea of this work is that software techniques can make energy harvesting a practicable form of power supply for electronic devices. Its overarching goal is to facilitate the design and operation of usable TPCs. This thesis poses a set of challenges that are fundamental to TPCs, then pairs these challenges with approaches that use software techniques to address them. To address the challenge of computing steadily on harvested power, it describes Mementos, an energy-aware state-checkpointing system for TPCs. To address the dependence of opportunistic RF-harvesting TPCs on potentially untrustworthy RFID readers, it describes CCCP, a protocol and system for safely outsourcing data storage to RFID readers that may attempt to tamper with data. Additionally, it describes a simulator that facilitates experimentation with the TPC model, and a prototype computational RFID that implements the TPC model. To show that TPCs can improve existing electronic devices, this thesis describes applications of TPCs to implantable medical devices (IMDs), a challenging design space in which some battery-constrained devices completely lack protection against radio-based attacks. TPCs can provide security and privacy benefits to IMDs by, for instance, cryptographically authenticating other devices that want to communicate with the IMD before allowing the IMD to use any of its battery power. This thesis describes a simplified IMD that lacks its own radio, saving precious battery energy and therefore size. The simplified IMD instead depends on an RFID-scale TPC for all of its communication functions. TPCs are a natural area of exploration for future electronic design, given the parallel trends of energy harvesting and miniaturization. This work aims to establish and evaluate basic principles by which TPCs can operate,

The growing ubiquity of modern wireless and mobile electronic devices has brought our daily lives with more convenience and fun. Today's smartphones are equipped with a variety of sensors and wireless communication technologies, which can support not only the basic functions like phone call and web browsing, but also advanced functions like mobile pay, biometric security, fitness monitoring, etc. Internet-of-Things (IoT) is another category of popular wireless devices that are networked to collect and exchange data. For example, the smart appliances are increasingly deployed to serve in home and office environments, such as smart thermostat, smart bulb, and smart meter. Additionally, implantable medical devices (IMD) is the typical type of modern wireless devices that are implanted within human body for diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. However, these modern wireless and mobile devices are not well protected compared with traditional personal computers (PCs), due to the intrinsic limitations in computation power, battery capacity, etc. In this dissertation, we first present the security and privacy vulnerabilities we discovered. Then, we present our designs to address these issues and enhance the security of smartphones, IoT devices, and IMDs. For smartphone security, we investigate the mobile phishing attacks, mobile clickjacking attacks and mobile camera-based attacks. Phishing attacks aim to steal private information such as credentials. We propose a novel anti-phishing scheme MobiFish, which can detect both phishing webpages and phishing applications (apps). The key idea is to check the consistency between the claimed identity and the actual identity of a webpage/app. The claimed identity can be extracted from the screenshot of login user interface (UI) using the optical character recognition (OCR) technique, while the actual identity is indicated by the secondary-level domain name of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to which the credentials are submitted. Clickjacking attacks intend to hijack user inputs and re-route them to other UIs that are not supposed to receive them. To defend such attacks, a lightweight and independent detection service is integrated into the Android operating system. Our solution requires no user or app developer effort, and is compatible with existing commercial apps. Camera-based attacks on smartphone can secretly capture photos or videos without the phone user's knowledge. One advanced attack we discovered records the user's eye movements when entering passwords. We found that it is possible to recover simple passwords from the video containing user eye movements. Next, we propose an out-of-band two-factor authentication scheme for indoor IoT devices (e.g., smart appliances) based on the Blockchain infrastructure. Since smart home environment consists of multiple IoT devices that may share their sensed data to better serve the user, when one IoT device is being accessed, our design utilizes another device to conduct a secondary authentication over an out-of-band channel (light, acoustic, etc.), to detect if the access requestor is a malicious external device. Unlike smartphones and IoT devices, IMDs have the most limited computation and battery resources. We devise a novel smartphone-assisted access control scheme in which the patient's smartphone is used to delegate the heavy computations for authentication and authorization. The communications between the smartphone and the IMD programmer are conducted through an audio cable, which can resist the wireless eavesdropping and other active attacks. / Computer and Information Science

Novel techniques for high-performance wireless power transmission and data interfacing with implantable medical devices (IMDs) were proposed. Several system- and circuit-level techniques were developed towards the design of a novel wireless data and power transmission link for a multi-channel inductively-powered wireless implantable neural-recording and stimulation system. Such wireless data and power transmission techniques have promising prospects for use in IMDs such as biosensors and neural recording/stimulation devices, neural interfacing experiments in enriched environments, radio-frequency identification (RFID), smartcards, near-field communication (NFC), wireless sensors, and charging mobile devices and electric vehicles. The contributions in wireless power transfer are the development of an RFID-based closed-loop power transmission system, a high-performance 3-coil link with optimal design procedure, circuit-based theoretical foundation for magnetic-resonance-based power transmission using multiple coils, a figure-of-merit for designing high-performance inductive links, a low-power and adaptive power management and data transceiver ASIC to be used as a general-purpose power module for wireless electrophysiology experiments, and a Q-modulated inductive link for automatic load matching. In wireless data transfer, the contributions are the development of a new modulation technique called pulse-delay modulation for low-power and wideband near-field data communication and a pulse-width-modulation impulse-radio ultra-wideband transceiver for low-power and wideband far-field data transmission.

No description available.

With the inevitable adoption of information technology into all areas of human pursuit, the potential benefits for health care should not be overlooked. In Australia, details of most health care encounters are currently recorded for administrative purposes. This results in an impressive electronic data-bank that could provide a national resource for health service evaluation. ¶ Evaluation of health services has become increasingly important to provide indicators of the benefits, risks and cost-effectiveness of treatments. However, if administrative data are to be used for this purpose, several questions must first be addressed: Are the current data collections accessible? What outcome measures can be derived from these data? Can privacy issues be managed? Could the quality of the data be improved? Is the existing infrastructure adequate to supply data for evaluation purposes? Could the existing system provide a basis for the development of an integrated health information system? ¶ The aims of the project were: · To examine the potential for using administrative data to generate outcome measures and surveillance indicators. · To investigate the logistics of gaining access to these data for the purpose of research. This to be achieved within the current ethical, political and financial framework. · To compare the Australian health-service data system with the current international state-of-the-art. · To develop suggestions for expansion of the present system as part of an integrated health record and information system. This system to manage patient records and provide data for quality management, treatment surveillance and cost-effectiveness evaluation as a routine activity. ¶ The thesis is presented in two parts. In the first part, a historical cohort study is described that involved patients with implantable medical devices. The potential to evaluate outcomes was investigated using all national health-service information currently available in electronic form. Record linkage techniques were used to combine and augment the existing data collections. Australia’s national health databases are to varying degrees, amenable to such linkage and cover doctor visits, pharmaceuticals, hospital admissions and deaths. The study focused on medical devices as an illustrative case but the results are applicable to the routine assessment of all medical and surgical interventions. ¶ For the Australian ‘Medical Devices study’, the records of 5,316 patients who had medical device implants in 1993-94 were selected from the archives of a major private health insurer. Five groups of medical implants were studied: heart valves, pacemakers, hips, vascular grafts and intra-optic lenses. Outcomes for these patients, including death, re-operation and health service utilisation, were compared and analysed. ¶ A comparison study was performed using data from the Manitoba Health database in Winnipeg, Canada. Manitoba provides a very similar demographic group to that found in Australia and is an example of a prototype integrated-health-information system. One of the principal advantages for research is that personally identified data about medical and hospital services are collected for all patients. Selection bias is eliminated because individual consent is not required for this type of research and all selected patients could be included in the study. ¶ The two studies revealed many barriers to the use of administrative data for health outcomes research. Service event data for the Australian cohort could be collected but only after long delays and hospital morbidity data were not available for the entire cohort. In contrast to the situation in Australia, the Manitoba data were both accessible and complete, but were lacking in detail in some areas. ¶ Analysis of the collected data demonstrated that without the addition of clinical data only general indications of trends could be deduced. However, with minimal supplementary clinical data, it was possible to examine differences in performance between brands of medical devices thus indicating one of the uses for this type of data collection. ¶ In the second part of the thesis, conclusions are presented about the potential uses and limitations of the existing system and its use as a basis for the development of a national Integrated Health Record and Information System (IHRIS). The need for the establishment of a systemic quality management system for health care is discussed. ¶ The study shows that linked administrative data can provide information about health outcomes which is not readily available from other sources. If expanded and integrated, the system that is currently used to collect and manage administrative data, could provide the basis for a national health information system. This system would provide many benefits for health care. Benefits would include the monitoring, surveillance and cost-effectiveness analysis of new and existing treatments involving medical devices, drugs and surgical procedures. An integrated health information system could thus provide for both clinical and administrative needs, while in addition providing data for research. ¶ Unfortunately, in Australia, the use of administrative data for this purpose is not currently feasible. The principal barrier is the existence of a culture within the Australian health care system which is not supportive of research and is deficient in quality and safety measures. ¶ Recent initiatives by both the Commonwealth and state governments have supported the introduction of measures to improve quality and safety in health care. It is argued here that an Integrated Health Record and Information System (IHRIS) would provide an essential component of any such scheme. The results of this study have important policy implications for health care management in both the administrative and clinical domains.

Notre équipe a optimisé la formulation de dispositifs médicaux implantables pour l’ingénierie tissulaire osseuse et cartilagineuse. A ces fins, nous nous sommes basés sur des implants nanostructurés d’origine naturelle ou synthétique conçus au sein du laboratoire par la méthode d’électrospinning, pour imiter la matrice extracellulaire du compartiment osseux, et un hydrogel composé d’alginate et d’acide hyaluronique imitant la composition du compartiment cartilagineux. Dans une première partie de mon travail, pour la régénération osseuse, nous avons optimisé la formulation d’un implant nanostructuré à base de chitosane pour une accélération de cette régénération. Ceci a été possible en rendant actif ce dispositif médical implantable par incorporation de nanoparticules de silice, conférant à la construction nanocomposite des propriétés mécaniques accrues, et une excellente biocompatibilité avec le tissu hôte. Une autre étude pour la même visée a permis d’élaborer une nouvelle stratégie d’ensemencement de dispositif implantable synthétique et nanostructuré par des microtissus cellulaires, remplaçant un ensemencement de cellules isolées et permettant des performances de minéralisation accrues à l’intérieur de l’implant. Dans un deuxième temps, pour la régénération de l’unité ostéoarticulaire, nous avons proposé deux implants bi-compartimentés et hybrides comportant des microtissus de cellules souches mésenchymateuses. Ces implants sont composés d’un hydrogel contenant les cellules souches permettant la régénération du cartilage, et d’une membrane collagénique naturelle (Bio-Gide®) ou synthétique (membrane de polycaprolactone), dotée de nanoréservoirs (technologie brevetée par le laboratoire) de facteur de croissance ostéogénique (BMP-7) pour une régénération du socle osseux (os sous-chondral) de l’unité os-cartilage. La troisième partie de mon travail a concerné la vascularisation des implants osseux et particulièrement l’accélération du recrutement vasculaire. Dans ce cadre plus vasculaire, nous avons proposé une stratégie qui vise à doter un implant synthétique nanostructuré de facteur de croissance angiogénique (VEGF), puis à lui appliquer un ensemencement séquentiel de cellules mésenchymateuses adultes « ostéoblastes humains» et de cellules endothéliales humaines (HUVECs). Cette stratégie a permis un recrutement et une hiérarchisation accrue des cellules endothéliales dans l’implant. En conclusion, l’optimisation des implants développés au laboratoire permettra sans nul doute de proposer dans un futur proche de nouveaux dispositifs médicaux implantables (DMI) thérapeutique combinés de type DMI-MTI (Médicaments de Thérapie Innovante) pour l’ingénierie tissulaire osseuse et cartilagineuse en particulier en médecine régénérative ostéo-articulaire. / Our team optimized the formulation of implantable medical devices for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. To that end, we based our work on nanostructured implants, either natural or synthetic, made in the laboratory by electrospinning process, to mimic bone extracellular matrix, and hydrogel of alginate/hyaluronic acid to mimic cartilage extracellular matrix. First, concerning bone regeneration, we optimized the formulation of a nanostructured scaffold composed of natural chitosan to enhance bone regeneration. This was made possible by doping this implantable medical device with silica nanoparticles, offering this nanocomposite better mechanical properties, and excellent biocompatibility with host tissue. Another study with the same aim allowed elaborating a new cell seeding strategy, to seed these implantable medical devices with cell microtissues instead of single cells, offering higher mineralisation efficiencies within the implant. Consequently, for the regeneration of the osteochondral unit, we proposed two compartmented and hybrid implants comprising mesenchymal stem cells microtissues. Those implants are made of a hydrogel containing the stem cells, allowing the regeneration of cartilage, and a membrane, either natural (collagenic Bio-Gide®) or synthetic (electrospun polycaprolactone) equipped with nanoreservoirs (technology patented by the laboratory) of osteogenic growth factor (BMP-7) for the regeneration of osseous stand (the subchondral bone) of the bone-cartilage unit. Finally, to study the improvement in vascular recruitment, we proposed a new strategy combining the modification of an implantable device with angiogenic growth factor (VEGF), prior to its sequential seeding with mesenchymal cells “human osteoblasts” and human endothelial cells (HUVECs). This strategy allowed higher recruitment and structuration of endothelial cells within the implant. To conclude, the implant optimisation strategies developed in the laboratory will certainly allow proposing in the near future new combined Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) and Implantable Medical Device for bone and cartilage regeneration, in particular in the field of osteoarticular regenerative nanomedicine.

L’assistance ventriculaire constitue une voie thérapeutique prometteuse de l’insuffisance cardiaque terminale. En dépit des progrès, notamment dans le développement des assistances de type shunt ventriculo-aortique, les écueils relatifs à l’encombrement, à l’alimentation et/ou aux interactions avec le sang de ces dispositifs limitent leur application clinique. Récemment, le concept de Compression Cardiaque Directe (DCC) apparaît comme une piste prometteuse en palliant les difficultés sus-citées. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons mis l’accent sur la conception et le test de faisabilité d’une solution de Compression Cardiaque Directe de type mécanique et entièrement implantable appelée l’Exosquelette Cardiaque. Notre travail expérimental a porté, dans un premier temps, sur la conception assistée par ordinateur et sur la modélisation numérique permettant ainsi d’optimiser et de prédire (i) les interactions tissus myocardiques/dispositifs et (ii) les pressions ventriculaires générées. Ensuite, un prototype fonctionnel a été réalisé par fabrication additive (titane, polymères) en s’appuyant sur les données issues de la modélisation et en respectant les contraintes énergétiques, mécaniques et architecturales anatomiques. Enfin, nous avons conduit une phase d’évaluation du potentiel de ce dispositif original sur un modèle de cœur ex vivo. Nous avons pu concevoir et valider un modèle numérique fondé sur le principe des éléments finis. Ce modèle à la fois simple et robuste, a permis de simuler (i) l’impact des points de fixation du dispositif sur le tissu cardiaque, (ii) l’efficacité de la compression externe sur la genèse des pressions intraventriculaires et (iii) l’influence de la compression mécanique externe sur le tissu cardiaque. Le prototype issu de ce travail de thèse a pu produire des résultats prometteurs concernant (i) la restauration physiologique de la pression intraventriculaire, (ii) la consommation énergétique suffisamment basse et (iii) le design compatible avec les contraintes anatomiques thoracique. L’ensemble de ces résultats esquissent la possibilité d’une implantation totale de l’Exosquelette Cardiaque chez le patient / Ventricular assistance is a promising therapeutic pathway for terminal chronic heart failure. Notwithstanding the progress made for the development of aorto-ventricular shunt pump among other things, the difficulties relatives to footprint, power supply and/or blood-device interactions are somehow limiting their clinical applications. Recently, direct cardiac compression (DCC) was suggested as a promising lead to overcome the difficulties mentioned above. In this work, we focused on the design and the feasibility of an implantable and mechanical Direct Cardiac Compression device called: The Cardiac Exosqueleton. Our experimental work used Computer Assisted Design (CAD) and numerical modeling to optimize and predict (i) tissue-device interactions and (ii) pressure generation inside ventricular cavities. Then, a functional prototype was realized by additive manufacturing (titanium, polymer) with the help of modeling data and with respect to the anatomical, mechanical and energetical limitations. Finally, we conducted an evaluation of the ability of our device on both in vitro setup and ex vivo heart. We were able to conceive and validate a numerical model based on finite element techniques. This simple yet robust model allowed us to study (i) the impact of suture fixation of a device at the apex of the heart, (ii) the influence of the direct cardiac compression on intracardiac pressures and (iii) overall and local tissue stress in the myocardium. Our prototype showed promising results concerning (i) the restoration of physiological intraventricular pressures, (ii) a low energy consumption and (iii) a shape that is compatible with the thoracic anatomical constraints. All of these results allow us to envision a total implantation of the cardiac exoskeleton into the patient

La directive européenne 2013/35/UE précise les exigences minimales pour la protection des travailleurs exposés aux champs électromagnétiques et définit les porteurs d’implants comme travailleurs à risques particuliers. Concernant les porteurs de défibrillateur automatique implantable (DAI) ou de stimulateur cardiaque (SC), l’exposition au champ électrique ou magnétique d’extrêmement basse fréquence crée des inductions à l'intérieur du corps humain pouvant générer une tension perturbatrice susceptible de causer le dysfonctionnement de l’implant. Le sujet de ce travail de thèse porte sur la compatibilité électromagnétique des implants cardiaques soumis à un champ électrique basses fréquences (50/60 Hz). Des simulations numériques ont été effectuées afin de concevoir un banc expérimental pour l’exposition de fantômes incluant des stimulateurs ou des défibrillateurs implantables. Une étude expérimentale a permis d’établir par provocation les seuils de champ électrique permettant d’éviter tout dysfonctionnement éventuel de l’implant. Dans la partie simulation numérique ; un modèle humain virtuel (fantôme numérique contenant un implant cardiaque) a été placé en position debout sous une exposition verticale à un champ électrique. La méthode des éléments finis a été utilisée pour définir les phénomènes induits au niveau de l’implant cardiaque avec une résolution de 2mm (logiciel CST®). Dans la partie expérimentale, un banc d'essai dimensionné pour permettre de générer un champ électrique pouvant atteindre 100 kV/m aux fréquences 50-60 Hz a été conçu, optimisé et réalisé afin d’analyser le comportement des implants cardiaques. Plusieurs configurations ont été étudiées. Sur 54 implants cardiaques actifs testés (43 stimulateurs et 11 défibrillateurs) à des niveaux de champs électriques très élevés (100 kV/m) générés par notre dispositif expérimental, aux fréquences de 50-60 Hz, aucune défaillance n’a été observée pour des niveaux d’exposition publics et pour la plupart des configurations (+99%) sauf pour six stimulateurs cardiaques dans le cas d’une configuration « pire cas » peu réaliste en clinique : mode unipolaire avec une sensibilité maximale et en détection auriculaire. Les implants configurés avec une sensibilité nominale en mode bipolaire résistent bien à des champs électriques dépassant les valeurs seuils telles que définies par 2013/UE/35. / The European Directive 2013/ 35 / EU specify minimum requirements for the protection of workers exposed to electromagnetic fields and define with implants as “workers at particular risk”. Regarding the implantable cardioverter defibrillator wearers (ICD) or pacemaker (PM), exposure to electric or magnetic field of extremely low frequency creates inductions inside the human body that generate interference voltage which may cause the dysfunction of the implant. This thesis investigates the electromagnetic compatibility of cardiac implants subjected to an electric field low frequency (50/60 Hz). Computational simulations are effectuated in order to design an experimental bench for the exposure of a phantom including pacemakers or implantable defibrillators. A provocative study is established to define the electric field thresholds for preventing any malfunction of the implant. In numerical simulations; a virtual human model (digital phantom containing a cardiac implant) was placed in an upright position in a vertical exposure to an electric field. The finite element method was used to define the inductions in the cardiac implant level with a resolution of 2 mm (CST® software). In the experimental part, a test bench designed to allow generating an electric field up to 100 kV / m at frequencies 50-60 Hz was constructed, optimized and employed to investigate the behavior of cardiac implants.Several configurations were studied. 54 active cardiac implants (43 pacemakers and 11 defibrillators) are submitted to very high electric field of 50-60 Hz (up to 100 kV / m) inside the experimental bench. No failure was observed for public exposure levels for most configurations (+ 99%) except for six pacemakers in the case of a configuration clinically almost inexistent: unipolar mode with maximum sensitivity and atrial sensing.The implants configured with a nominal sensitivity in bipolar mode are resistant to electric fields exceeding the low action levels (ALs), even for the most high ALs, as defined by 2013 / 35 / EU

La problématique initiale part du constat que les échecs d’implants sont souvent causés par une inadéquation entre les propriétés élastiques de l’os et celles de l’implant. Aujourd’hui, ce problème de biocompatibilité mécanique suscite un intérêt croissant et a conduit au développement d’alliages de titane β-métastables qui possèdent un module d’élasticité faible, moitié moindre que celui de l’alliage Ti-6Al-4V classiquement utilisé dans les applications d’implantologie. De plus, les structures architecturées ou treillis font, elles aussi, l’objet d’intenses recherches dans le but de réduire le module d’élasticité et de maximiser la résistance. Leur mise en forme, avec une maîtrise précise de l’architecture, est possible grâce à la fabrication additive et les nombreuses possibilités qu’elle offre : liberté de design, gain matière, pièces complexes, customisation de masse... Ce travail de thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre de l’alliage de titane à bas module d’élasticité Ti-26Nb(%at.) par la technologie de fusion laser sur lit de poudres. Une stratégie d’élaboration in situ de ces alliages à partir de poudres élémentaires de Ti et de Nb est explorée, à la fois pour permettre d’éventuels ajustements de composition, et pour pallier au manque de disponibilité des alliages de titane sous forme de poudres. La démarche est réalisée avec deux morphologies de poudre, irrégulière et sphérique. Les effets des nombreux paramètres de ce procédé (puissance du laser, vitesse et stratégie de balayage...) sur l’homogénéité et la porosité des pièces élaborées sont quantifiés. Un alliage homogène peut être obtenu sous réserve de l’utilisation d’une densité d’énergie adaptée et d’une granulométrie de poudre tenant compte des températures de fusion respectives des éléments. La caractérisation de la microstructure met en évidence une texture marquée, dépendante de la stratégie de balayage. Les pièces élaborées présentent un bas module d’élasticité associé à une résistance mécanique élevée, avec une déformation élastique favorable par rapport à un alliage de référence coulé. Par ailleurs, un algorithme d’optimisation est développé et permet de contrôler les propriétés mécaniques d’une structure architecturée à partir de ses paramètres géométriques (rayon, longueur et orientation des poutres). La combinaison de cet alliage de titane à bas module d’élasticité et d’une structure architecturée développée à partir ce cet algorithme a été appliqué à une prothèse totale de hanche, qui a fait l’objet de simulations par éléments finis. L’évaluation du phénomène de stress-shielding montre que, comparativement à un modèle massif plus rigide, ce type de prothèse permet de réduire de façon significative la déviation des contraintes. En se rapprochant du modèle dit physiologique, cette prothèse peut être qualifiée de « biomimétique » sur le plan du comportement mécanique / The initial problematic arises from the fact that implant failure is often caused by a mismatch between the elastic properties of the bone and those of the implant. Nowadays, an increasing interest is given to this mechanical biocompatibility and led to the development of β-metastable titanium alloys that possess low Young’s modulus, about half that of the conventionally used Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Moreover, lattice structures are currently being the subject of many investigations with the aim of achieving low Young’s modulus and high strength. Their fabrication, with accurate control over the architecture, is made possible thanks to additive manufacturing processes and the several possibilities they offer: design freedom, reduced material usage rate, complex shapes, mass customisation... The present work focuses on the implementation of low modulus titanium alloy Ti-26Nb(at.%) by the means of selective laser melting. An in situ elaboration strategy, based on a mixture of elemental powders, is explored in order to allow potential composition adjustments and to overcome the unavailability of titanium alloy powders. The approach is carried out using two distinct powder morphologies, spherical and irregular. The effects of the numerous parameters of the process (laser power, speed, scanning strategy...) on homogeneity and porosity of the manufactured parts is quantified. A homogeneous alloy can be obtained subject to the use of suitable energy density levels and powder size distributions that take into account the respective fusion temperatures of both elements. Microstructure characterisation highlights a pronounced texture resulting from the scanning strategy. The elaborated samples display a low Young’s modulus associated with a high strength, and hence a favourable strength to elastic modulus ratio compared to the reference cast alloy. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm is developed and allows controlling the mechanical properties of a lattice structure with its geometrical parameters (radius, length and orientation of struts). The combined use of this low Young’s modulus titanium alloy with a lattice structure developed through this algorithm was applied to the design of a total hip prosthesis that was subjected to finite element simulations. Stress-shielding evaluation shows that, compared to a solid design, this kind of prosthesis permits to reduce stress-shielding significantly. By getting closer to a physiological model, this prosthesis can be qualified as “biomimetic” in terms of mechanical behaviour

<div>The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is one of the fastest-growing technologies in computing, revolutionizing several application domains such as wearable computing, home automation, industrial manufacturing, <i>etc</i>. This rapid proliferation, however, has given rise to a plethora of new security and privacy concerns. For example, IoT devices frequently access sensitive and confidential information (<i>e.g.,</i> physiological signals), which has made them attractive targets for various security attacks. Moreover, with the hardware components in these systems sourced from manufacturers across the globe, instances of counterfeiting and piracy have increased steadily. Security mechanisms such as device authentication and key exchange are attractive options for alleviating these challenges.</div><div><br></div><div>In this dissertation, we address the challenge of enabling low-cost and low-overhead device authentication and key exchange in off-the-shelf embedded systems. The first part of the dissertation focuses on a hardware-intrinsic mechanism and proposes the design of two Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), which leverage the memory (DRAM, SRAM) in the system, thus, requiring minimal (or no) additional hardware for operation. Two lightweight authentication and error-correction techniques, which ensure robust operation under wide environmental and temporal variations, are also presented. Experimental results obtained from prototype implementations demonstrate the effectiveness of the design. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the application of these techniques in real-world systems through a new end-to-end authentication and key-exchange protocol in the context of an Implantable Medical Device (IMD) ecosystem. Prototype implementations exhibit an energy-efficient design that guards against security and privacy attacks, thereby making it suitable for resource-constrained devices such as IMDs.</div><div><br></div>