Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-12T13:33:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4697101 bytes, checksum: 4db6e787d30a0d774624fb6125ec1c29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T13:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4697101 bytes, checksum: 4db6e787d30a0d774624fb6125ec1c29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This thesis aimed to verify the neurobiological bases of human values. As specific objectives, we sought to: 1) verify, via meta-analysis, the average effect size of studies using transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) and their effect on behavior; 2) verify whether Neuromodulatory effects via non-invasive transcranial stimulation alter scores on implicit measures of human values; 3) check whether the neuromodulation produces behavioral changes; and 4) verify if the scores on implicit measures of human values, after stimulation, correlate with the behavioral variables. To this end, four studies were carried out. Study 1 aimed to carry out a systematic review and a meta-analysis on studies of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in the region of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and temporoparietal junction (JTP) and their effects on social variables. A total of 2814 articles were found, among them 17 studies were selected, which demonstrated the lack of research linking brain areas and social variables. It was also possible to observe a low effect size (r = -0.07). In turn, Study 2 aimed to build and knowing evidences of factor validity and criterion, and the internal consistency of the behavioral dispositions scale. The study included 352 people, mostly female, with a mean age of 28.2 years. It performed a principal components analysis setting the extraction of six factors, considering only the four items with higher saturation in each factor. Thus, the scale factor validity has been confirmed, and the final measurement consisted of 24 items. Moreover, it proved scale’s discriminant and convergent validity with alphas greater than 0.69 to all factors. Studies 3 and 4 were experimental, using the neuromodulation of non-invasive nature (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation). In Study 3 we sought to determine whether neuromodulatory effects of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) imply a change in the implicit normative and excitement subfunctions scores as well as the related behavioral task (Balloon Analog Risk Task). The study included 45 people, and 64.4% were female and the mean age was 26.9 years, who answered: Single Categorie IAT for Human Values (SC-IAT-values) computerized version, Basic Values Questionnaire (Gouveia, 2003) and Behavioral Dispositional Questionnaire. Analysis of variance allowed verifying a negative relationship between the DLPFC and excitement values, i.e., the inhibition of this area had an effect on these values and subsequent behavior. In fact, the neuromodulation effect was observed to both implicit [F (2) = 4.22; p <0.05] and the behavioral level [F (2) = 3.23; p < 0.05]. In Study 4 aimed verifying that the temporoparietal junction Neuromodulatory effects imply a change in the implicit normative and excitement subfunctions scores as well as the related behavioral task (Balloon Analog Risk Task). The study included 45 people, being 66.7% female and the mean age was 25.5 years, who answered the same measures of the previous study. A variance analysis verified a relationship between the temporoparietal junction and normative values [F (2) = 3.84; p <0.05]; behavioral measure also showed significant differences [F (2) = 3.48; p <0.05], indicating the effect of stimulation. Finally, it is expected that the results presented and discussed in this thesis can contribute to the academic community, specifically in the field of social neuroscience, social psychology and cognitive psychology. / A presente tese teve como objetivo geral verificar as bases neurobiológicas dos valores humanos. Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se: 1) verificar, via metanálise, o tamanho de efeito médio dos estudos que usam estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) e seu efeito no comportamento; 2) verificar se efeitos neuromodulatórios via estimulações transcranianas não-invasivas alteram os escores nas medidas implícitas dos valores humanos; 3) verificar se a neuromodulação produz alterações comportamentais; e 4) verificar se os escores nas medidas implícitas dos valores humanos, pós estimulação, correlacionam-se com as variáveis comportamentais. Para tanto, quatro estudos foram realizados. O Estudo 1 teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise acerca dos estudos sobre estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) na região do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) e junção temporoparietal (JTP) e seus efeitos em variáveis sociais. De um total de 2814 artigos, 17 estudos foram selecionados, os quais demonstraram a carência de pesquisas relacionando as áreas cerebrais e as variáveis sociais. Também foi possível observar um baixo tamanho de efeito (r = -0,07). Já o Estudo 2 teve como objetivo construir e conhecer evidências de validade fatorial e de critério, bem como da consistência interna da Escala de disposições comportamentais. Participaram deste estudo 352 pessoas, majoritariamente do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 28,2 anos. Por meio de Análise dos componentes principais e fixando a extração em seis fatores, considerando, unicamente, os quatro itens que mais saturavam em cada fator. Deste modo, a validade fatorial da escala foi corroborada, e a medida final constou de 24 itens. Ademais, pode-se comprovar validade convergente e discriminante da medida; os alfas de todos os fatores foram superiores a 0,69. Os Estudos 3 e 4 foram de caráter experimental, empregando a neuromodulação de caráter não-invasivo (Estimulação Transcraniana de Corrente Contínua). No Estudo 3 buscou-se verificar se efeitos neuromodulatórios do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) implicam em uma modificação nos escores implícitos das subfunções experimentação e normativa, bem como na tarefa comportamental relacionada (Balloon Analog Risk Task). Participaram deste estudo 45 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino e com idade média de 26,9 anos, os quais responderam a: Single Categorie IAT de Valores Humanos (SC-IAT-Valores) versão computadorizada, Questionário de Valores Básicos (Gouveia, 2003) e Questionário de Disposições Comportamentais. Por meio de análises de variância foi possível verificar uma relação negativa entre o CPFDL e os valores de experimentação, isto é, a inibição desta área surtiu efeito em tais valores e nos comportamentos subsequentes. De fato, o efeito da neuromodulação foi observado tanto a nível implícito [F (2) = 4,22; p < 0,05] quanto a nível comportamental [F (2) = 3,23; p < 0,05]. No Estudo 4 buscou-se verificar se efeitos neuromodulatórios da junção temporoparietal implicam em uma modificação nos escores implícitos das subfunções experimentação e normativa, bem como na tarefa comportamental relacionada (Balloon Analog Risk Task). Participaram deste estudo 45 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino e com idade média de 25,5 anos, os quais responderam as mesmas medidas do estudo anterior. Por meio de análises de variância foi possível verificar uma relação entre a junção temporoparietal e os valores normativos [F (2) = 3,84; p < 0,05]; a medida comportamental também apresentou diferença significativa [F (2) = 3,48; p < 0,05], indicando o efeito da estimulação. Finalmente, espera-se que os resultados apresentados e discutidos nesta tese possam contribuir com a comunidade acadêmica, especificamente no âmbito da Neurociência social, Psicologia social e Psicologia cognitiva.

L’anxiété de reblessure, cette appréhension à l’idée de se reblesser, fait partie des réactions psychologiques survenant suite à une blessure. La littérature scientifique n’a pour le moment fait état de cette dernière uniquement comme un facteur négatif qu’il faut prendre en charge. En effet, étudiée exclusivement chez les sportifs, elle semble être un obstacle lors de la rééducation et du retour au sport. Nous souhaitons adopter un autre point de vue et considérer le caractère adaptatif de cette émotion, en nous basant sur le caractère protecteur que nous connaissons de l’anxiété et ses tendances à l’action (l’évitement et l’inhibition). À travers cet ensemble de recherches, nous avons donc exploré le caractère bénéfique de l’anxiété de reblessure dans une population sportive, mais également non-sportive.Le document se déroule en 5 chapitres. Au cours du premier chapitre, nous faisons état de la littérature sur l’anxiété de reblessure. Puis dans un second chapitre, nous développons une mesure explicite de l’anxiété de reblessure. Un troisième chapitre explore les liens qu’entretiennent l’anxiété de reblessure et la prise de risque alors qu’un quatrième chapitre porte sur la mesure implicite de l’anxiété de reblessure et ses tendances automatiques à l’action. Enfin, un cinquième et dernier chapitre dans lequel nous discutons des résultats et de la prise en charge de l’anxiété de reblessure. / Reinjury anxiety is a psychological reaction arising further to an injury. Currently, the scientific literature considers reinjury anxiety solely as a negativ emotion you have to deal with and make disappear. Fact is, reinjury anxiety seems to be an hindrance to reeducation and a potential trouble when restarting a physical activity. We would like to adopt another point of view and consider the adaptive aspect of this emotion. We know anxiety, as a defensive reaction, makes you prone to action (avoidance and inhibition) and therefore could also be used as a positive incentive. Through our researches, we explored the positive aspects and mechanisms of reinjury anxiety on sportsman and non-sportsman people.The file is divided into 5 chapters. The first chapter is an overview of the academic work concerning reinjury anxiety. In a second chapter, we develop an explicit measure to reinjury anxiety. Chapter three explores the connections between reinjury anxiety and risk taking. The fourth chapter is related to the implicit measure of reinjury anxiety and its action readiness. Finally, in the fifth and last chapter, we discuss the results and the psychological treatment for reinjury anxiety.

La notion de première impression est fréquemment utilisée dans la socio-psychologie mais elle n'a pas été fortement exploitée dans le marketing. Même si cette notion apparait souvent dans le monde du commerce, il n’est pas toujours facile de la mesurer. La comparaison de deux méthodes de mesure nous permet d’affirmer d’une part, que sur un nouveau produit, la première impression est formée dans les 10 premières secondes, et d’autre part, qu’elle apporte sur ce produit une perception minimale. Le processus d’expérimentation a été réalisé sur de nouvelles voitures en voie de commercialisation au Vietnam. Les résultats obtenus sont convergents et cette thèse montre bien les intérêts mais aussi les limites de concept psychologique. / The concept of first impression is frequently used in social psychology, but it hasn’t been forcefully exploited in Marketing. Even though this notion appears daily in the business world, it is not always easily measured. The comparison of two methods allows us to affirm that the first impression of the new products is formed during the first 10 seconds and then, it provides us minimal perception of product. The process of the experiment was seriously carried out among new cars being commercialized in Vietnam. The results are convergent and this thesis shows not only the interests but also the limits of this psychological concept. / Khái niệm về ấn tượng ban đầu thường xuyên được sử dụng trong tâm sinh lý xã hội nhưng vẫn chưa thật sự được khai thác mạnh mẽ trong Marketing. Ngay cả khi ấn tượng ban đầu xuất hiện hàng ngày trong thế giới thương mại, nhưng thật không dễ để đo lường được nó. Một sự so sánh về hai phương pháp đo lường cho phép chúng ta khẳng định rằng ấn tượng ban đầu về sản phẩm mới được hình thành ngay từ 10 giây đầu tiên và đã mang đến cho chúng ta một nhận thức tối thiểu về sản phẩm. Việc xây dựng tiến trình thực nghiệm đã được thực hiện một cách nghiêm túc trên những chiếc xe ô tô mới đang trên đường được thương mại hóa tại Việt Nam. Những kết quả đạt được là hội tụ và cuốn luận án cũng đã chỉ rõ những lợi ích cũng như giới hạn từ khái niệm tâm sinh lý này.

No description available.

Information systems researchers typically use self-report measures, such as questionnaires to study consumers’ online risk perception. The self-report approach captures the conscious perception of online risk but not the unconscious perception that precedes and dominates human being’s decision-making. A theoretical model in which implicit risk perception precedes explicit risk evaluation is proposed. The research model proposes that implicit risk affects both explicit risk and the attitude towards online purchase. In a direct path, the implicit risk affects attitude towards purchase. In an indirect path, the implicit risk affects explicit risk, which in turn affects attitude towards purchase. The stimulus used was a questionable web site offering pre-paid credit card services. Data was collected from 150 undergraduate students enrolled in a university. Implicit risk was measured using methods developed in social psychology, namely, single category-implicit association test. Explicit risk and attitude towards purchase were measured using a well-known instrument in the e-commerce risk literature. Preliminary, unconditioned analysis suggested that (a) implicit risk does not affect explicit risk, (b) explicit risk does not affect attitude to purchase, and (c) implicit risk does not affect attitude towards purchase.

Les dysfonctions interpersonnelles sont au cœur du trouble de la personnalité limite (TPL). La recherche passée a examiné différents mécanismes sous-jacents aux dysfonctions interpersonnelles dans la personnalité limite, incluant la dérégulation émotionnelle et l’impulsivité, les déficits dans la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles, la mentalisation faible, la confiance et la coopération faibles, les difficultés concernant l’empathie et l’intimité ainsi que l’instabilité affective et interpersonnelle. Ainsi, la présente thèse vise à développer les connaissances sur les mécanismes socio-cognitifs sous-jacents aux dysfonctions interpersonnelles dans la personnalité limite. Dans ce but, cette thèse examine le rôle des évaluations d’autrui dans la personnalité limite. En effet, chacun forme des évaluations plus ou moins positives ou négatives à partir des premières interactions avec une nouvelle personne et ces impressions, tout en évoluant, demeurent fondamentales dans les interactions sociales, incluant dans les relations amoureuses. Ces évaluations peuvent se manifester de deux manières : en effet, il y a maintenant amplement de preuves empiriques suggérant que les évaluations peuvent résulter de processus relativement réfléchis et délibérés (c.-à.-d., évaluations délibérées) ou qu’elles peuvent émerger à partir de processus plus instantanés où il y a aucune ou peu d’intention consciente d’évaluer le stimulus (c.-à.-d., évaluations spontanées). Dans cette thèse, deux études mesurent les traits de la personnalité limite (PL) sur un continuum de sévérité et examinent si ces traits impliquent des évaluations d’autrui plus négatives ou clivées (c.-à.-d., instables et polarisées) aux niveaux spontané et délibéré. L’étude 1 (N = 204) examinait les évaluations d’un personnage de film à deux temps de mesure, c.-à.-d., après un extrait de film positif et après un extrait de film négatif. Les évaluations spontanées étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une tâche d’amorçage évaluatif et les évaluations délibérées étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une mesure auto-rapportée. L’étude 1 examinait deux hypothèses principales : si les traits du PL étaient liés à (1) plus d’instabilité et (2) plus de négativité dans les évaluations du personnage de film aux niveaux délibéré et spontané. Les résultats montraient que les participants évaluaient généralement positivement le personnage sur les deux types d’évaluations. Contrairement à l’hypothèse de l’instabilité, les traits du PL n’impliquaient pas d’alternance entre des évaluations positives et négatives ou entre des évaluations négatives et positives. Cela était vrai pour les évaluations spontanée et délibérée. Toutefois, les deux types d’évaluations impliquaient des biais négatifs contextuels. Spécifiquement, les traits PL étaient reliés à des évaluations relativement plus négatives du personnage de film. Ce patron de résultat est discuté à la lumière des considérations additionnelles suivantes : (1) il émergeait dans différentes conditions de l’étude selon le type d’évaluations, (2) il semblait avant tout déterminé par davantage de positivité chez les individus avec des traits PL faibles et (3) il était basé sur une interaction marginale à trois voies pour la mesure implicite. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats obtenus avec les mesures explicite et implicite dans l’étude 1 convergent partiellement avec les appuis empiriques et les théories cliniques sur les biais négatifs dans le TPL, mais il importe de nuancer les résultats sur la mesure implicite considérant qu’ils sont basés sur une interaction marginale. L’étude 2 (N = 292) examinait les évaluations du partenaire après que les participants aient imaginé soit (a) que leur partenaire les rejetait ou (b) qu’il cherchait une connexion (c) ou sans qu’ils aient imaginé aucun scénario (condition contrôle). Les évaluations spontanées du partenaire étaient mesurées avec une tâche de lettre-nom (name-letter task) et les évaluations délibérées du partenaire étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une mesure auto-rapportée. L’étude 2 examinaient deux hypothèses principales : si les traits PL étaient liés (1) à des évaluations plus polarisées du partenaire (c.-à.-d., alternance entre les valences positive et négative) ou (2) à des évaluations plus négatives du partenaire. Ces deux hypothèses étaient examinées au niveau des évaluations spontanées et délibérées. D’abord, conformément à la recherche passée, les résultats montraient que les participants avaient des évaluations à prédominance positives à l’endroit de leur partenaire et d’eux-mêmes. Deuxièmement, contrairement aux hypothèses, les manipulations de rejet et de connexion n’influençaient pas les évaluations spontanées du partenaire et leur influence sur les évaluations délibérées du partenaire était marginale et petite. Troisièmement, les résultats ne supportaient pas l’hypothèse de la polarité : les individus avec des traits PL élevés ne manifestaient pas davantage de positivité après la condition de connexion et ils ne manifestaient pas davantage de négativité après la condition de rejet. Plutôt, les individus avec des traits PL élevés avaient une préférence réduite pour les initiales de leur partenaire et rapportaient des réactions moins positives à l’endroit de leur partenaire indépendamment des conditions de l’étude, conformément à un biais négatif généralisé sur les deux types d’évaluations. La discussion nuance les implications des résultats pour prendre en compte le fait que les conditions expérimentales n’ont pas produit les effets principaux attendus sur les évaluations du partenaire. Prises dans leur ensemble, les deux études ont trouvé des évaluations généralement positives et les traits PL modulaient ces effets : les deux études comportent des preuves préliminaires suggérant que les individus avec des traits PL pourraient évaluer relativement plus négativement les autres et que ces biais négatifs pourraient se présenter au niveau de leurs évaluations spontanées et délibérées. Ces résultats suggèrent que de potentiels biais négatifs à l’endroit d’autrui pourraient être issus d’une combinaison de processus à la fois relativement précoces et tardifs dans les étapes de traitement de l’information. Toutefois, cette interprétation est nuancée et considérée avec prudence étant donné (a) qu’elle est basée en partie sur des effets marginaux, (b) que certains effets n’ont pas été répliqués à travers les conditions de chaque étude et d’une étude à l’autre et (c) que certains des effets principaux attendus des conditions expérimentales n’ont pas été observés dans l’étude 2. / Interpersonal dysfunctions are central to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Past research has examined different mechanisms underlying interpersonal dysfunctions in borderline personality, including emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, deficits in facial emotion recognition, low mentalization, low trust and cooperation, impairments in empathy and intimacy as well as affective and interpersonal instability. The present thesis also aims at obtaining deeper insights into the interplay of socio-cognitive mechanisms underlying interpersonal dysfunctions in borderline personality. Toward this goal, this thesis examined the role of evaluations of others in borderline personality. In fact, evaluations of others exist from the first moment when we meet someone and it remains one of the most fundamental impressions we have in our social interactions, including in romantic interactions. Such evaluations can present at two levels of evaluations; in fact, there is ample evidence that evaluations can be the result of relatively thoughtful, deliberate processes (i.e. deliberate evaluations) or of relatively instantaneous processes where there is no or little conscious intention to evaluate the stimuli (i.e. spontaneous evaluations). In this thesis, two studies assessed borderline personality (BP) features on a continuum of severity and examined whether these features are related with negative or split-off (i.e., unstable and polarized) evaluations of others at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. Study 1 (N = 204) examined evaluations of a movie character at two different times, that is, after a positive clip and after a negative clip. Spontaneous evaluations were measured with an evaluative priming task and deliberate evaluations were measured with a self-report measure. Study 1 examined two main hypotheses: whether BP features are related with (1) more unstable or (2) more negative evaluations of the movie character at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. Results showed that participants had overall positive evaluations of the movie character on both types of evaluations. Contrary to the instability hypotheses, BP features involved no switch from positive to negative evaluations or from negative to positive evaluations on either type of evaluations. However, we found evidence for context-specific negativity biases for both spontaneous and deliberate evaluations. Specifically, BP features were related with relatively more negative evaluations of the movie character. This effect was interpreted in light of the following additional considerations: (1) it emerged in different conditions of the study depending on the type of evaluations, (2) it appeared to be driven by greater positivity in individuals with low BP features and (3) it relied on a marginal three-way interaction regarding the implicit measure. Together, the results obtained on the explicit and implicit measures in Study 1 partially converge with empirical evidence and clinical theorizing about negativity biases in BPD and the result on the implicit measure should be considered with prudence given that it relies on a marginal three-way interaction. Study 2 (N = 292) examined partner evaluations after participants imagined either (a) that their partner rejected them or (b) sought connection or (c) imagined no scenario (control condition). Spontaneous partner evaluations were measured with a name-letter task and deliberate partner evaluations were measured with a self-report measure. Study 2 examined two main hypotheses: whether BP features are related with (1) more polarized partner evaluations (i.e., alternation between negativity and positivity) or (2) more negative partner evaluations at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. First, replicating prior research, results showed that individuals had predominantly positive evaluations of themselves and of their partner. Second, contrary to expectations, the rejection and closeness manipulations did not influence spontaneous partner evaluations and their influence on deliberate partner evaluations was marginal and small. Third, the results did not support the polarity hypothesis: individuals with high BP features did not display greater positivity after the closeness condition and greater negativity after the rejection condition. Instead, individuals with high BP features showed a reduced preference for their partner’s initials and reported less positive reactions to their partner independent of study conditions, in line with a generalized negativity bias on both types of evaluations. The discussion nuances the implications of the results to take in consideration the fact that the experimental conditions did not produce the expected main effects on partner evaluations. Taken together, both studies found overall more positive evaluations, but BP features modulated this effect: we found preliminary evidence that individuals with high BP features had more negative evaluations (i.e., negativity biases) on both kinds of evaluations and in both studies. These results suggest that potential negativity biases toward others may be shaped both at relatively early and late processing stages in borderline personality. However, this interpretation is considered with prudence given that (a) it is partly based on marginal effects, (b) that some effects did not replicate across conditions of each study or across the two studies and (c) that the expected main effects of experimental conditions were not observed in Study 2.