Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2444653 bytes, checksum: 4ffb7187848d533921aa2e6d844abb2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main goal of this dissertation was to know in what extent the values, love and jealous explain the attitudes toward polyamory. It also aimed at developing a measure of self-report (explicit), Attitudes toward Polyamory Scale (ATPS) and an implicit measure (IAT-Monogamy/Polyamory) measure in order to evaluate such attitudes. Thus, it was conducted four empirical studies. Study 1 corresponded to the elaboration of the Attitudes toward Polyamory Scale (ATPS). Participants were 207 students from two private universities of João Pessoa (PB), with ages ranging from 18 to 50 (m = 25.7, sd = 7.19), most being male (56%). They answered a questionnaire divided in two parts. The first part had seven open questions, and the second, socio demographic questions. Participants answers were evaluated by automatic content analysis (ALCESTE). Two different classes were listed. In short, they revealed a comprehension of the problematic surrounding the polyamory dynamics as a romantic relationship. Study 2 presented the psychometric parameters of the proposed measure (ATPS). Participants were 261 undergraduate students from João Pessoa (PB), with ages ranging from 18 to 63 years (m = 30.1; sd = 9.80), most being female (57,5 %). The ATPS presented two components with internal consistency (Cronbach s alph) of .86 and .78, respectively. Reading the items content has allowed to define them as polyamory as a possibility of relationship and feelings regarding the polyamory . Study 3 describes how human values, the dimensions of polyamory and the factors of jealous explain attitudes toward polyamory; and, moreover, it aimed to test the two dimensional model of the ATPS. Participants of this study were 242 undergraduate students from the state of Piauí, with mean age of 23 years (sd = 5.28, amplitude of 18 to 50), most being female (64.2%). It was evident that the affective dimension, especially jealousy, had greater predictive power on explaining these attitudes; and that polyamory as a possibility of relationship was less conventional to people who engage socially accepted norms regarding romantic relationships, such as those guided by normative values. Results also confirmed the two factor structure of the ATPS. Finally, Study 4 sought to construct an implicit measure in order to evaluate attitudes toward polyamory, and analyze the relation between implicit and explicit measures of this construct. Two versions of the IAT-Monogamy/Polyamory were used. The pencil and paper version counted with the participation of 170 students from a public university from Piauí (PI), with mean age of 22 years (sd = 5.15), most being female (70%). In the computerized version, participants were 100 students from a public university of Piauí-PI, with mean age of 22 years (sd = 2.93). There were significant correlations between implicit and explicit measures, indicating that when people had favorable explicit attitudes toward polyamory, respectively, they expressed favorable implicit attitudes toward this form of relationship. However, for students, monogamy and polyamory were not presented on opposite sides, suggesting that people favorable to monogamy are not necessarily opposed to polyamory. / O objetivo desta tese foi conhecer em que medida os valores, o amor e o ciúme explicam a atitude das pessoas diante do poliamor. Também, buscou-se elaborar uma medida de autorrelato (explícita), Escala de Atitudes Frente ao Poliamor (EAFP) e uma medida implícita (TAI-Monogamia/Poliamor) com o intuito de mensurar tais atitudes. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro estudos empíricos. O Estudo 1 diz respeito à elaboração da Escala de Atitudes Frente ao Poliamor (EAFP). Participaram 207 estudantes de duas universidades particular da cidade de João Pessoa PB, com idades variando de 18 a 50 anos (m = 25,7 e dp = 7,19), sendo em sua maioria do sexo masculino (56%). Eles responderam a um questionário que se encontrava dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte possuía sete perguntas abertas, e a segunda parte, perguntas de natureza sócio-demográficas. As respostas dos participantes foram avaliadas por meio da análise de conteúdo automática (ALCESTE). Foram elencadas duas classes distintas. Em síntese, eles revelaram a compreensão da problemática em torno da dinâmica do poliamor enquanto relacionamento amoroso. O Estudo 2 apresenta os parâmetros psicométricos da medida proposta (EAFP). Participaram 261 estudantes universitários da cidade de João Pessoa - PB, com idades variando de 18 a 63 anos (m = 30,1, dp = 9,80), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (57,5 %). A EAFP apresentou dois componentes com consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach) de 0,86 e 0,78 respectivamente. A leitura do conteúdo dos seus itens permitiu defini-los como poliamor como possibilidade de relacionamento e sentimento em relação à prática do poliamor . O Estudo 3 descreve como as variáveis valores humanos, as dimensões do amor e os fatores do ciúme explicam as atitudes frente ao poliamor; e, ainda, pretendeu-se testar o modelo bidimensional da EAFP. Participaram desta pesquisa 242 estudantes universitários do estado do Piauí, com idade média de 23 anos (dp = 5,28 amplitude de 18 a 50 anos), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (64,2%). Evidenciou-se que a dimensão afetiva, em especial o ciúme, pareceu possuir maior poder preditivo de explicação destas atitudes; e que o poliamor enquanto relacionamento amoroso mostrou-se ainda menos convencional para as pessoas que aderem às normas socialmente aceitas para as relações amorosas, a exemplo daqueles que se pautam por valores normativos. Os resultados também confirmaram a estrutura bifatorial da EAFP. Por fim, o Estudo 4 tratou de construir uma medida implícita com o intuito de mensurar atitudes frente ao poliamor, e analisar as relações entre as medidas implícita e explícita acerca deste construto. Foram utilizadas as duas versões do TAI-Monogamia/Poliamor. A versão lápis e papel, contou com a participação de 170 estudantes de uma Universidade Pública do Piauí-PI, com idade média de 22 anos (dp = 5,15), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (70,0%). Na versão computadorizada, participaram 100 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Piauí- PI, com idade média de 22 anos (dp = 2,93). Verificaram-se correlações significativas entre as medidas implícita e explícita, indicando que quando as pessoas apresentavam atitudes explicitas favoráveis ao poliamor respectivamente elas manifestavam atitudes implícitas favoráveis a esta forma de relacionamento. Entretanto, para os estudantes monogamia e poliamor não se apresentaram em lados opostos, sugerindo que as pessoas favoráveis à monogamia necessariamente não se mostraram contrárias ao poliamor.

La notion de première impression est fréquemment utilisée dans la socio-psychologie mais elle n'a pas été fortement exploitée dans le marketing. Même si cette notion apparait souvent dans le monde du commerce, il n’est pas toujours facile de la mesurer. La comparaison de deux méthodes de mesure nous permet d’affirmer d’une part, que sur un nouveau produit, la première impression est formée dans les 10 premières secondes, et d’autre part, qu’elle apporte sur ce produit une perception minimale. Le processus d’expérimentation a été réalisé sur de nouvelles voitures en voie de commercialisation au Vietnam. Les résultats obtenus sont convergents et cette thèse montre bien les intérêts mais aussi les limites de concept psychologique. / The concept of first impression is frequently used in social psychology, but it hasn’t been forcefully exploited in Marketing. Even though this notion appears daily in the business world, it is not always easily measured. The comparison of two methods allows us to affirm that the first impression of the new products is formed during the first 10 seconds and then, it provides us minimal perception of product. The process of the experiment was seriously carried out among new cars being commercialized in Vietnam. The results are convergent and this thesis shows not only the interests but also the limits of this psychological concept. / Khái niệm về ấn tượng ban đầu thường xuyên được sử dụng trong tâm sinh lý xã hội nhưng vẫn chưa thật sự được khai thác mạnh mẽ trong Marketing. Ngay cả khi ấn tượng ban đầu xuất hiện hàng ngày trong thế giới thương mại, nhưng thật không dễ để đo lường được nó. Một sự so sánh về hai phương pháp đo lường cho phép chúng ta khẳng định rằng ấn tượng ban đầu về sản phẩm mới được hình thành ngay từ 10 giây đầu tiên và đã mang đến cho chúng ta một nhận thức tối thiểu về sản phẩm. Việc xây dựng tiến trình thực nghiệm đã được thực hiện một cách nghiêm túc trên những chiếc xe ô tô mới đang trên đường được thương mại hóa tại Việt Nam. Những kết quả đạt được là hội tụ và cuốn luận án cũng đã chỉ rõ những lợi ích cũng như giới hạn từ khái niệm tâm sinh lý này.

Les dysfonctions interpersonnelles sont au cœur du trouble de la personnalité limite (TPL). La recherche passée a examiné différents mécanismes sous-jacents aux dysfonctions interpersonnelles dans la personnalité limite, incluant la dérégulation émotionnelle et l’impulsivité, les déficits dans la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles, la mentalisation faible, la confiance et la coopération faibles, les difficultés concernant l’empathie et l’intimité ainsi que l’instabilité affective et interpersonnelle. Ainsi, la présente thèse vise à développer les connaissances sur les mécanismes socio-cognitifs sous-jacents aux dysfonctions interpersonnelles dans la personnalité limite. Dans ce but, cette thèse examine le rôle des évaluations d’autrui dans la personnalité limite. En effet, chacun forme des évaluations plus ou moins positives ou négatives à partir des premières interactions avec une nouvelle personne et ces impressions, tout en évoluant, demeurent fondamentales dans les interactions sociales, incluant dans les relations amoureuses. Ces évaluations peuvent se manifester de deux manières : en effet, il y a maintenant amplement de preuves empiriques suggérant que les évaluations peuvent résulter de processus relativement réfléchis et délibérés (c.-à.-d., évaluations délibérées) ou qu’elles peuvent émerger à partir de processus plus instantanés où il y a aucune ou peu d’intention consciente d’évaluer le stimulus (c.-à.-d., évaluations spontanées). Dans cette thèse, deux études mesurent les traits de la personnalité limite (PL) sur un continuum de sévérité et examinent si ces traits impliquent des évaluations d’autrui plus négatives ou clivées (c.-à.-d., instables et polarisées) aux niveaux spontané et délibéré. L’étude 1 (N = 204) examinait les évaluations d’un personnage de film à deux temps de mesure, c.-à.-d., après un extrait de film positif et après un extrait de film négatif. Les évaluations spontanées étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une tâche d’amorçage évaluatif et les évaluations délibérées étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une mesure auto-rapportée. L’étude 1 examinait deux hypothèses principales : si les traits du PL étaient liés à (1) plus d’instabilité et (2) plus de négativité dans les évaluations du personnage de film aux niveaux délibéré et spontané. Les résultats montraient que les participants évaluaient généralement positivement le personnage sur les deux types d’évaluations. Contrairement à l’hypothèse de l’instabilité, les traits du PL n’impliquaient pas d’alternance entre des évaluations positives et négatives ou entre des évaluations négatives et positives. Cela était vrai pour les évaluations spontanée et délibérée. Toutefois, les deux types d’évaluations impliquaient des biais négatifs contextuels. Spécifiquement, les traits PL étaient reliés à des évaluations relativement plus négatives du personnage de film. Ce patron de résultat est discuté à la lumière des considérations additionnelles suivantes : (1) il émergeait dans différentes conditions de l’étude selon le type d’évaluations, (2) il semblait avant tout déterminé par davantage de positivité chez les individus avec des traits PL faibles et (3) il était basé sur une interaction marginale à trois voies pour la mesure implicite. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats obtenus avec les mesures explicite et implicite dans l’étude 1 convergent partiellement avec les appuis empiriques et les théories cliniques sur les biais négatifs dans le TPL, mais il importe de nuancer les résultats sur la mesure implicite considérant qu’ils sont basés sur une interaction marginale. L’étude 2 (N = 292) examinait les évaluations du partenaire après que les participants aient imaginé soit (a) que leur partenaire les rejetait ou (b) qu’il cherchait une connexion (c) ou sans qu’ils aient imaginé aucun scénario (condition contrôle). Les évaluations spontanées du partenaire étaient mesurées avec une tâche de lettre-nom (name-letter task) et les évaluations délibérées du partenaire étaient mesurées à l’aide d’une mesure auto-rapportée. L’étude 2 examinaient deux hypothèses principales : si les traits PL étaient liés (1) à des évaluations plus polarisées du partenaire (c.-à.-d., alternance entre les valences positive et négative) ou (2) à des évaluations plus négatives du partenaire. Ces deux hypothèses étaient examinées au niveau des évaluations spontanées et délibérées. D’abord, conformément à la recherche passée, les résultats montraient que les participants avaient des évaluations à prédominance positives à l’endroit de leur partenaire et d’eux-mêmes. Deuxièmement, contrairement aux hypothèses, les manipulations de rejet et de connexion n’influençaient pas les évaluations spontanées du partenaire et leur influence sur les évaluations délibérées du partenaire était marginale et petite. Troisièmement, les résultats ne supportaient pas l’hypothèse de la polarité : les individus avec des traits PL élevés ne manifestaient pas davantage de positivité après la condition de connexion et ils ne manifestaient pas davantage de négativité après la condition de rejet. Plutôt, les individus avec des traits PL élevés avaient une préférence réduite pour les initiales de leur partenaire et rapportaient des réactions moins positives à l’endroit de leur partenaire indépendamment des conditions de l’étude, conformément à un biais négatif généralisé sur les deux types d’évaluations. La discussion nuance les implications des résultats pour prendre en compte le fait que les conditions expérimentales n’ont pas produit les effets principaux attendus sur les évaluations du partenaire. Prises dans leur ensemble, les deux études ont trouvé des évaluations généralement positives et les traits PL modulaient ces effets : les deux études comportent des preuves préliminaires suggérant que les individus avec des traits PL pourraient évaluer relativement plus négativement les autres et que ces biais négatifs pourraient se présenter au niveau de leurs évaluations spontanées et délibérées. Ces résultats suggèrent que de potentiels biais négatifs à l’endroit d’autrui pourraient être issus d’une combinaison de processus à la fois relativement précoces et tardifs dans les étapes de traitement de l’information. Toutefois, cette interprétation est nuancée et considérée avec prudence étant donné (a) qu’elle est basée en partie sur des effets marginaux, (b) que certains effets n’ont pas été répliqués à travers les conditions de chaque étude et d’une étude à l’autre et (c) que certains des effets principaux attendus des conditions expérimentales n’ont pas été observés dans l’étude 2. / Interpersonal dysfunctions are central to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Past research has examined different mechanisms underlying interpersonal dysfunctions in borderline personality, including emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, deficits in facial emotion recognition, low mentalization, low trust and cooperation, impairments in empathy and intimacy as well as affective and interpersonal instability. The present thesis also aims at obtaining deeper insights into the interplay of socio-cognitive mechanisms underlying interpersonal dysfunctions in borderline personality. Toward this goal, this thesis examined the role of evaluations of others in borderline personality. In fact, evaluations of others exist from the first moment when we meet someone and it remains one of the most fundamental impressions we have in our social interactions, including in romantic interactions. Such evaluations can present at two levels of evaluations; in fact, there is ample evidence that evaluations can be the result of relatively thoughtful, deliberate processes (i.e. deliberate evaluations) or of relatively instantaneous processes where there is no or little conscious intention to evaluate the stimuli (i.e. spontaneous evaluations). In this thesis, two studies assessed borderline personality (BP) features on a continuum of severity and examined whether these features are related with negative or split-off (i.e., unstable and polarized) evaluations of others at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. Study 1 (N = 204) examined evaluations of a movie character at two different times, that is, after a positive clip and after a negative clip. Spontaneous evaluations were measured with an evaluative priming task and deliberate evaluations were measured with a self-report measure. Study 1 examined two main hypotheses: whether BP features are related with (1) more unstable or (2) more negative evaluations of the movie character at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. Results showed that participants had overall positive evaluations of the movie character on both types of evaluations. Contrary to the instability hypotheses, BP features involved no switch from positive to negative evaluations or from negative to positive evaluations on either type of evaluations. However, we found evidence for context-specific negativity biases for both spontaneous and deliberate evaluations. Specifically, BP features were related with relatively more negative evaluations of the movie character. This effect was interpreted in light of the following additional considerations: (1) it emerged in different conditions of the study depending on the type of evaluations, (2) it appeared to be driven by greater positivity in individuals with low BP features and (3) it relied on a marginal three-way interaction regarding the implicit measure. Together, the results obtained on the explicit and implicit measures in Study 1 partially converge with empirical evidence and clinical theorizing about negativity biases in BPD and the result on the implicit measure should be considered with prudence given that it relies on a marginal three-way interaction. Study 2 (N = 292) examined partner evaluations after participants imagined either (a) that their partner rejected them or (b) sought connection or (c) imagined no scenario (control condition). Spontaneous partner evaluations were measured with a name-letter task and deliberate partner evaluations were measured with a self-report measure. Study 2 examined two main hypotheses: whether BP features are related with (1) more polarized partner evaluations (i.e., alternation between negativity and positivity) or (2) more negative partner evaluations at the spontaneous and deliberate levels of evaluations. First, replicating prior research, results showed that individuals had predominantly positive evaluations of themselves and of their partner. Second, contrary to expectations, the rejection and closeness manipulations did not influence spontaneous partner evaluations and their influence on deliberate partner evaluations was marginal and small. Third, the results did not support the polarity hypothesis: individuals with high BP features did not display greater positivity after the closeness condition and greater negativity after the rejection condition. Instead, individuals with high BP features showed a reduced preference for their partner’s initials and reported less positive reactions to their partner independent of study conditions, in line with a generalized negativity bias on both types of evaluations. The discussion nuances the implications of the results to take in consideration the fact that the experimental conditions did not produce the expected main effects on partner evaluations. Taken together, both studies found overall more positive evaluations, but BP features modulated this effect: we found preliminary evidence that individuals with high BP features had more negative evaluations (i.e., negativity biases) on both kinds of evaluations and in both studies. These results suggest that potential negativity biases toward others may be shaped both at relatively early and late processing stages in borderline personality. However, this interpretation is considered with prudence given that (a) it is partly based on marginal effects, (b) that some effects did not replicate across conditions of each study or across the two studies and (c) that the expected main effects of experimental conditions were not observed in Study 2.