Deux pièces de travail sont inclus dans cette thèse. La première partie analyse l'interaction d'une sphère excentrique avec un faisceau incident quelconque formé dans le cadre de généralisé de la théorie de Lorenz-Mie (generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, GLMT). Distributions de contrôle interne, près de la surface, loin des champs dispersés zone ainsi que le comportement de la morphologie dépendant résonances (MDR) dans une sphère excentrique éclairée par un faisceau focalisé guassien sont analysés. Dans la seconde partie, en utilisant l'EBCM, les propriétés de diffusion de lumière autour de l'angle arc pour un ensemble de sphéroïdes dans des orientations aléatoires éclairé par une onde plane sont étudiés. En comparant les paramètres extraits de ces paramètres originaux utilisés dans les expériences de simulation, la sensibilité de la technique d'arc de la sphéricité des gouttelettes non est quantifié. / Two parts of this work are included in this thesis. The first part analyses the interaction of an eccentric particle with an arbitrary incident shaped beam within the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT). Distributions of internal, near-surface, far-zone scattered fields as well as the behavior of morphlogy-dependent resonances (MDRs) in an eccentric sphere illuminated by a focused Gaussian beam are analysed. In the second part, by using the ECBM, light scattering properties around the rainbow angle for an ensemble of spheroids in random orientations illuminated by a plane wave are studied. By comparing the extracted parameters with those original parameters used in the simulation experiments, the sensitivity of the rainbow technique to the non-sphericity of droplets is quantified.

Un défi important pour les futurs collisionneurs linéaires électron-positron est de pouvoir focaliser le faisceau à des tailles transverses de l’ordre du nanomètre au point d’interaction (IP), permettant d’atteindre la luminosité de conception. Le système délivrant les faisceaux d’e- et de e + de la sortie du Linac principal vers le point d’interaction, le Beam Delivery System (BDS), réalise les fonctions critiques requises pour atteindre l’objectif de luminosité, tel que la collimation et la focalisation du faisceau. Le faisceau est focalisé par le système de focalisation finale (FFS) tout en corrigeant les aberrations d’ordre supérieur propagées le long du système. Les effets chromatiques contribuant à l’élargissement de la taille du faisceau, sont amplifiés par la force de focalisation des deux derniers quadripôles QF1 et QD0, ou doublet final (FD), et par la longueur de la distance focale finale L* entre QD0 et l’IP. L’approche de correction de la chromaticité retenue pour les deux grands projets actuels de collisionneurs linéaires, CLIC et ILC, est fondée sur la correction locale de la chromaticité générée par le doublet final. Ce schéma est actuellement testé à l’ATF2 au KEK (Japon). Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur les problématiques liées au système de focalisation finale du projet CLIC re-optimisé avec un plus long L*, dans le cadre de la simplification de l’interface machine-détecteur (MDI), ainsi que sur le travail expérimental conduit à l’ATF2 pour l’optimisation et l’étude des optiques du système de focalisation finale à ultra-bas β* incluant les tout premiers est in situ des octupôles à l’ATF2. / The future machines considered to carry out high precision physics in the TeV energy regime are electron-positron (e+e−) linear colliders. Future linear colliders feature nanometer beam spot sizes at the Interaction Point. The Beam Delivery System (BDS) transports the e + and e− beams from the exit of the linacs to the IP by performing the critical functions required to meet the CLIC luminosity goal such as beam collimation and focusing. The beam is focused through the Final Focus System while correcting higher order transport aberrations in order to deliver the design IP beam sizes. The chromatic contributions are amplified by the focusing strength of the two last quadrupoles named QD0 and QF1, reffered to as the Final Doublet (FD), and by the length of the final focal distance L* between QD0 and the IP. The chromaticity correction approach chosen for the CLIC FFS is based on the Local chromaticity correction scheme which uses interleaved pairs of sextupole magnets in the FD region in order to locally and simultaneously correct horizontal and vertical chromaticity. The current linear collider projects, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC) have FFS lattices based on the Local Chromaticity correction scheme. This scheme is being tested in the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) at KEK (Japan). This thesis concentrates on problems related to the optimization of BDS lattices for the simplification of the CLIC Machine Detector Interface (MDI) and on the experimental work for the implementation and study of a CLIClike FFS optics for the ATF2, referred to as ultra-low β* optics.

The majority of research on high strain-rate effects in timber structures has been limited to the study of the load-bearing members in isolation. Limited work has been conducted on timber connections and full-scale timber assemblies under blast loading, and these have generally been constrained to qualitative observations. In North America, the increasing prevalence of mid- and high-rise timber structures makes them susceptible to blast effects. In addition, questions remain on how to design and optimize these timber assemblies, including the connections, against blast loads, due in part to the limitations on comprehensive design provisions. The effects of far-field blast explosions were simulated using the University of Ottawa shock tube. A total of fifty-eight dynamic tests were conducted on connection-level and full-scale specimens. The research program aimed to investigate the behaviour of heavy-timber connections when subjected to simulated blast loads. The experimental results showed that connections with a main failure mechanism consisting of wood crushing experienced significant increases in dynamic peak load when compared to the static peak load. In contrast, connections where steel yielding and rupturing occurred experienced no statistically significant increase in dynamic peak load. Full-scale glulam specimens with bolted connections designed to yield via wood crushing and bolt bending performed better than those with overdesigned connections. Bolted connections which failed in splitting led to premature failure of the glulam assembly. Reinforcement with self-tapping screws allowed these bolted joints to fail in a combination of bolt yielding and wood crushing, and provided more ductility when compared to unreinforced specimens. Specially designed energy-absorbing connections significantly increased the energy dissipation capabilities of the timber assemblies. The basis of these connections was to allow for connection yielding while delaying failure of the wood member. This was achieved via elastoplastic connection behaviour, which effectively limited the load imparted onto the wood member. Based on the experimental results, limitations in the current Canadian blast provisions were highlighted and discussed. A two-degree-of-freedom blast analysis software was developed and validated using full-scale and connection-level experimental results and was found to adequately capture the system response with reasonable accuracy. Sensitivity analyses regarding the applicability of using single-degree-of-freedom analysis were presented and discussed.

This report determines the influence of spectral beam splitting on the temperature, maximum power and efficiency of a polycrystalline silicon cell under concentrated light. The PV cell was exposed to wavelengths ranging between 450 nm – 1000 nm. It was found that spectral beam splitting results in a temperature 11 °C lower than the PV cell that was exposed to the full spectrum after one hour. Additionally, it was also found that spectral beam splitting improves the efficiency of the PV cell by 2.1% at 980 W·m-2 and cell temperature of 25 °C. A study into the effect of light intensity on the efficiency showed that the efficiency increases between 580 W·m-2 – 680 W·m-2, after which the efficiency decreases up to 1380 W·m-2. Furthermore, it was found that the reason for the decrease in the efficiency was the decrease in the fill factor which is caused by the decrease in the shunt resistance. A comparison between the PV cell under the filtered spectrum and the full spectrum, showed that the PV cell exhibits a similar trend in efficiency as light intensity increases. However, the efficiency difference is initially at approximately 3% between 580 W·m-2 and 780 W·m-2, thereafter, the efficiency difference decreases to approximately 2 %. Based on these results, it has been recommended that further research be carried out to understand how wavelengths influence the band gaps of PV cells as the light intensity increases. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Des projets futuristes tels que la production d’énergie par fusion nucléaire, ou encore la navigation interstellaire par voiles solaires, requièrent l’utilisation d’une source de lumière de luminance extrême. Dans l’objectif d’augmenter la luminance de sources lasers, mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur la combinaison cohérente de réseaux de lasers. Ils ont conduit au développement d’un nouveau procédé de contrôle compact du front d’onde de synthèse formé par le réseau de faisceaux lasers. Ce procédé permet de sculpter à façon la figure intensimétrique du champ lointain et donc de contrôler la distribution angulaire d’énergie émise par le réseau de faisceaux lasers. Le procédé développé utilise un module convertisseur phase/amplitude intégrant un élément diffuseur. Une méthode de mesure de la matrice de transfert d’un système optique a été développée pour caractériser ce module convertisseur de champ. A tout instant, le front d’onde de synthèse est estimé par une boucle numérique de recouvrement de phase basée sur un algorithme à projections alternées. Ce calcul approché permet d’ajuster progressivement les relations de phases du réseau de faisceaux lasers jusqu’au jeu de phases arbitraire souhaité. Le procédé permet le contrôle d’un front d’onde de synthèse en moins de 10 corrections de phases, quasi-indépendamment du nombre de faisceaux lasers à contrôler. Il est robuste aux défauts environnementaux et indépendant du jeu de phases initiales. J’ai démontré la compacité du système étudié en analysant et contrôlant une pupille de synthèse de 4 cm de côté, constituée de 16 faisceaux, à l’aide d’un module d’analyse mesurant seulement 30 cm. J’ai également montré expérimentalement le contrôle des phases de réseaux de 16 à 100 faisceaux lasers avec des erreurs résiduelles valant respectivement λ/30 et λ/20 rms. Les capacités de cette méthode peuvent être étendues au contrôle des ordres de Zernike supérieurs du front d’onde de synthèse, ou bien plus généralement pour mesurer directement le front d’onde d’un rayonnement cohérent. / Futuristic projects such as nuclear fusion power generation, or interstellar navigation by solar sails, require the use of a light source of extreme brightness. In order to increase the brightness of laser sources, my thesis work focused on the coherent beam combination of laser arrays. They led to the development of a new compact control process for the synthetic wavefront formed by the laser beam array. This process makes it possible to tailor the intensity pattern of the far field and thus control the angular distribution of energy emitted by the laser beam array. The process developed uses a phase/amplitude converter module with an integrated diffuser element. A method of measuring the transfer matrix of an optical system has been developed to characterize this field converter module. At any time, the synthetic wavefront is estimated by a phase recovery loop based on an alternating projections algorithm. This approximate calculation makes it possible to gradually adjust the phase relationships of the laser beam array to the desired arbitrary phase set. The process allows the control of a synthetic wavefront in less than 10 phase corrections, almost independently of the number of laser beams to be controlled. It is resistant to environmental defects and independent of the initial phase set. I demonstrated the compactness of the system studied by analyzing and controlling a 4 cm large synthetic pupil, composed of 16 beams, using an analysis module measuring only 30 cm. I also experimentally showed the control of the network phases of 16 to 100 laser beams with residual errors of λ/30 and λ/20 rms respectively. The capabilities of this method can be extended to control the higher Zernike orders of the synthetic wavefront, or more generally to directly measure the wavefront of coherent radiation.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / This dissertation presents a concept for a compact, low-profile, integrated solar panel antenna for use on small satellites in low Earth orbit. To date, the integrated solar panel antenna design approach has primarily been, patch (transparent or non-transparent) and slot radiators. The design approach presented here is proposed as an alternative to existing designs. A prototype, comprising of an optically transparent rectangular dielectric resonator was constructed and can be mounted on top of a solar panel of a Cube Satellite. The ceramic glass, LASF35 is characterised by its excellent transmittance and was used to realise an antenna which does not compete with solar panels for surface area. Currently, no closed-form solution for the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna exists and as a first-order solution the dielectric waveguide model was used to derive the geometrical dimensions of the dielectric resonator antenna. The result obtained with the dielectric waveguide model is compared with several numerical methods such as the method of moments, finite integration technique, radar cross-section technique, characteristic mode analysis and finally with measurements. This verification approach was taken to give insight into the resonant modes and modal behaviour of the antenna. The interaction between antenna and a triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell is presented demonstrating a loss in solar efficiency of 15.3%. A single rectangular dielectric resonator antenna mounted on a ground plane demonstrated a gain of 4.2 dBi and 5.7 dBi with and without the solar cell respectively. A dielectric resonator antenna array with a back-to-back Yagi-Uda topology is proposed, designed and evaluated. The main beam of this array can be steered can steer its beam ensuring a constant flux density at a satellite ground station. This isoflux gain profile is formed by the envelope of the steered beams which are controlled using a single digital phase shifter. The array achieved a beam-steering limit of ±66° with a measured maximum gain of 11.4 dBi. The outcome of this research is to realise a single component with dual functionality satisfying the cost, size and weight requirements of small satellites by optimally utilising the surface area of the solar panels.

Multi-scale reinforcement of composite materials is a topic a great interest owing to the several advantages provided, e.g. increased stiffness, improved aging resistance, and fracture toughness. It is well known, that the fracture toughness of epoxy resins used as matrix materials for CFRP composites can be increased by the addition of nano-sized fillers such as Carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs are particularly well suited for this purpose because of their nano-scale diameter and high aspect ratio which allow enhancing the contact area and adhesion to the epoxy matrix. On the other hand, CNTs can also be used to improve the interlaminar strength of composite, which is the resistance offered to delamination. Several fabrication techniques have been devised to this purpose, such as powder dispersion [51-53], spraying [54], roll coating [2] and electrospinning [55, 56]. The aim of this work is to extend the knowledge in this field. In particular, MWCNTs were dispersed throughout the interface of a carbon fiber composite laminate ([0o]16) through spraying and the resulting fracture toughness was investigated in detail. To this purpose, Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimens were fabricated by placing 0.5 wt.% CNTs at the interface of mid-plane plies and the fracture toughness was determined using the ASTM standard procedures. For comparison, baseline samples were prepared using neat prepregs. In order to corroborate the variation of fracture toughness to the modifications of interfacial damage mechanisms, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the failed surfaces was also undertaken. The results of this work have shown that functionalized MWCNTs can enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness; indeed, compared to the neat case, an average increase around 17% was observed. The SEM analysis revealed that the improved fracture toughness was related to the ability of the Nano-reinforcement to spread the damage through crack bridging, i.e. CNTs pull-out and peeling.

No description available.

This master thesis describes development and analysis of simulation, reconstruction and alignment for tests of Belle II vertex detector sensors as well as alignment procedure for the vertex detector itself. The first goal is to develop and test software tools which would allow analysis of sensor tests within common Belle II software framework. The second goal is to prepare the alignment chain for the vertex detector, being essential component of the detector calibration. First part of the thesis describes the Belle II experiment and its vertex detector, as well as the experimental beam test of the sensors and the common software framework. The theory behind the used alignment procedure utilizing Millepede II for alignment and General Broken Lines for track fitting is explained. Second part of the thesis then summarizes software tools developed or used and the results reached with these tools with emphasis on the alignment.

Tile Calorimeter modules are regularly tested in the CERN SPS North Area, as they are an integral part of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In this thesis, test beam data from November 2018 were used for two separate analyses. Muon SPS H8 beam allowed for the review of radial electromagnetic cali- bration in the extended barrel module EBC65. Data from November 2018 test beam confirmed the correctness of previously established and used constants for rectifying uneven response in A, BC and D cell rows. In the second analysis, hadron beam from the SPS accelerator impinging on the Tile Calorimeter modules in the projective geometry was utilized. It served to determine the distribution of the mean energy in the calorimeter for hadronic showers in Tile Calorimeter at η varying from −0.05 up to −0.65. 1