Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: In order to successfully treat an infected root canal system (RCS), it is required to locate all root canals and have an access path to the apex of each canal. This can be challenging in teeth with pulp canal obliteration (PCO), often leading to increased chair time and increased risk of iatrogenic errors. Guided endodontic access (GEA) combines information from a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan with an intra-oral scan to create a stent. GEA stents with or without fixation pins have been shown to be successful in accurately negotiating a RCS with PCO. Objective: Compare the degree of deviation and difference in 3D offset at the base to apical tip of the drill from the designed access path when a GEA stent with and without pin fixation is used to access tooth #8 with PCO. Materials and Methods: A 3-D printed maxillary model of an anonymous patient had a GEA stent designed using coDiagnonstiX software. The stent extended from tooth #3 to tooth #14 with the guide sleeve over tooth #8. Tooth #8 with no calcification, calcification to the cervical third, and calcification to the middle third of the RCS were designed in the coDiagnostiX software. Tooth #8 will be accessed using a 1.3 mm drill that fits a 1.3 mm sleeve used for both access and pin fixation. 15 of the 30 GEA samples will utilized pin fixation, while the other 15 samples did not utilize pin fixation. Following GEA in all 30 samples a CBCT was taken of each sample. Each post-operative CBCT was aligned with the pre-operative CBCT in the coDiagnostiX software. The coDiagnostiX software was able to calculate the degree of deviation and difference in 3D offset between the base and apical tip of the drill during GEA. Paired t-tests were used to test each group for significant differences in 3D offset between base and tip. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of pin fixation and calcification on the degree of deviation and the deviation of 3D offset of the entry point and tip. Results: There was a significant interaction between use of pin fixation and calcification level on the degree of deviation of GEA. GEA with pin fixation had a significantly larger degree of deviation than GEA without pin fixation with calcification extending to the middle third of the RCS. GEA with and without pin fixation did not have a significant difference when calcification extended to the cervical third of the RCS or no calcification was present. There was a significant interaction between use of pin fixation and calcification level on 3D offset difference. GEA with pin fixation had a significantly larger 3D offset difference than GEA with no pin fixation for calcification in the middle third of the RCS. For GEA with and without pin fixation there was no significant difference when calcification extended to the cervical third of the RCS or no calcification was present. Conclusion: The use of pin fixation did not result in a decrease of degree of deviation or difference in 3D offset during GEA access. It can be concluded that the use of pin fixation is not necessary for GEA of teeth with PCO when a full dentition is present to provide stability and retention of the stent. / 2022-06-21

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Previously, many studies have used cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to detect and confirm the exact location of the MB2 canal in maxillary molars. It is now considered the gold standard, as it allows clinicians to visualize complex anatomical structures and to perform endodontic treatment safely. However, in the context of this study, the prevalence and location of the MB2 in maxillary first and second permanent molars among the Libyan population is limited. The aim of this in vivo study is to describe the prevalence and location of the MB2 in the mesiobuccal root of first and second maxillary molars and to describe a methodology to enable its geometric location in the Libyan population using CBCT imaging.

When a structure with an in-plane discontinuous frame is used, a discontinuous load path is formed due to the irregularity. This is continuous load path can lead to the failure of certain elements and the structure as a whole when the structure is exposed to lateral loading. In this study, an in-plane discontinuous frame structure is exposed to gravity as well as lateral loading due to which a discontinuous load path is formed. Due to the discontinuous load path, higher value of axial load is developed on a beam which is generally designed considering it as a flexural member. The main objective of this thesis is to determine if the beam can be designated as the critical member in the in-plane discontinuous frame and the comparison of the critical element with the corresponding element in a frame that has no structural irregularities. The objective is also to design the critical member considering it as a beam-column element considering the combined effect of bending and compression.

Evaluar la dimensión antero- posterior (A-P)/medio-lateral (M–L), y la morfología del cóndilo mandibular en pacientes de 18 a 65 años con patrón esquelético Clase I en tomografías computarizadas Cone Beam. Material y Métodos: 71 tomografías fueron evaluadas mediante el software RealScan 2.0. La dimensión fue determinada por los puntos A (más anterior en el plano sagital), P (más posterior en el plano sagital), M (más interno en el plano coronal), L (más externo en plano coronal). Se evaluó la morfología del cóndilo en dos planos coronal y sagital, clasificándose en: redonda, aplanada, convexa y mixta. La dimensión del cóndilo fue analizada por estadística descriptiva y la morfología mediante distribución de frecuencias. Para el análisis bivariado, se aplicó la prueba de t de Student. Resultado: Se obtuvieron las medidas del diámetro A-P del cóndilo derecho (CD) (8,72mm ± 1,25mm) y el izquierdo (CI) (8,50mm ± 1,50mm), el diámetro M-L del CD (19,24mm ± 2,03mm) y el CI (18,97mm ± 1,87mm). Hubo diferencias significativas en la dimensión M-L del CI del sexo masculino en comparación al femenino (p=0.002). La morfología más prevalente del CD (35,21) y CI (23,94) en plano coronal fue de tipo redonda. Conclusión: La dimensión A-P del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo es similar en ambos sexos; sin embargo, existen diferencias en la dimensión M-L del cóndilo izquierdo del sexo masculino. La morfología del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo más prevalente fue la redonda en plano sagital a excepción del plano coronal. / To evaluate the anterior-posterior (A-P)/medial-lateral (M-L) dimension, and morphology of the mandibular condyle in patients aged 18 to 65 years with Class I skeletal pattern on Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans (CBCTs). Materials and Methods: Seventy one CBCTs were evaluated using RealScan 2.0 software. The dimension was determined by points A (most anterior in the sagittal plane), P (most posterior in the sagittal plane), M (most interior in the coronal plane), L (most exterior in the coronal plane). The morphology of the condyle was evaluated in two coronal and sagittal planes, being classified as: round, flat, convex or mixed. The size of the condyle was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the morphology by frequency distribution. For the bivariate analysis, the Student’s t-test was applied. Results: Measurements were obtained for the A-P diameter of the right condyle (RC) (8.72mm ± 1.25mm) and the left condylar (LC) (8.50mm ± 1.50mm), the M-L diameter of the RC (19.24mm ± 2.03mm) and the LC (18.97mm ± 1.87mm). There were significant differences in the male M-L dimension of the LC compared to the female (p=0.002). The most prevalent morphology of RC (35.21) and IQ (23.94) in the coronal plane was round.. Conclusion: The A-P dimension of the right and left condyle is similar in both genders; however, there are differences in the M-L dimension of the left male condyle. The most prevalent morphology of the right and left condyle was round in the sagittal plane with the exception of the coronal plane. / Revisión por pares

This thesis introduces a novel parametric beam model for describing the kinematics and elastic properties of ortho-planar compliant Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) with straight beams subject to specific buckling loads. Ortho-planar MEMS have the ability to achieve motion out the plane on which they were fabricated, characteristic that can be used to integrate optical devices such as variable optical attenuators and micro-mirrors. In addition, ortho-planar MEMS with large output forces and long strokes could be used to develop new applications such as tactile displays, active Braille, and actuation of micro-mirrors. In order to analyze the kinematics and elasticity of a curved beam contained in a Micro Helico-Kinematic Platform (MHKP) device, this thesis offers an improved model of straight and curved flexures under compressive loads. This model uses an approach similar to the one applied to develop a regular Pseudo-Rigid -Body Model but it differs in the definition of a key parameter, the characteristic radius factor, γ, which is not a constant, but a function of the moment, γ*=γ(M) . This approach allows for the Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model (PRBM) to describe the motion taken by the deflected beam precisely over a large range of motion. In developing the model, this thesis describes kinematic and elastic parameters such as the angle coefficient, C9, the characteristic radius, γl, and the torque coefficient, Tθ. Furthermore, the torque coefficient is divided into two component functions, Tf, and, Tm, which can be used to find the working loads (force and moment) on the beam. The input displacement is the only needed state variable, object variables, which describe the beam, include the material modulus of elasticity, E, the moment of inertia, I, and its length, l.

Orientador: João Roberto Gonçalves / Resumo: A osteoartrite (OA) é a forma mais comum das artrites. Na articulação temporomandibular (ATM) ela se destaca por causar degeneração da cartilagem de forma progressiva, remodelação do tecido ósseo condilar, quadros agudos e crônicos de dor. Atualmente, o diagnóstico da OA na ATM vem se tornando mais preciso, devido ao desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, exames por imagem como a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) de alta resolução, análises computacionais e inteligência artificial. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar possíveis novos biomarcadores para a OA utilizando marcadores clínicos, por imagem e biomoleculares. Os objetivos secundários foram de comparar diferentes softwares para análises dos marcadores por imagem; avaliar o poder de diagnóstico desses marcadores; e por fim, desenvolver um modelo integrativo utilizando inteligência artificial, dados clínicos, biomoleculares e por imagem para o diagnóstico da OA na ATM. Como metodologia, foram desenvolvidos 3 artigos científicos, apresentados em sequência nessa tese. Nossa amostra foi composta por pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de OA na ATM e pacientes controles, sendo que foram coletados exames de TCFC, sangue, saliva e dados clínicos. Nossos resultados mostraram que o software desenvolvido pelo nosso grupo para análises das imagens é confiável e que os novos marcadores por imagens são capazes de diferenciar pacientes controles e com OA. Também demonstramos que nosso modelo es... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. In the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) it stands out for causing progressive cartilage degeneration, condylar bone tissue remodeling, acute and chronic pain. Nowadays, the TMJ OA diagnosis is improved by the development of new technologies and imaging exams such as high-resolution cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), advanced computational analysis and artificial intelligence. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate possible new biomarkers for OA using clinical, imaging and biomolecular markers. The secondary objectives were to compare different software for image marker analysis; evaluate the diagnostic power of these markers; and finally, to develop an integrative model using artificial intelligence, clinical, biomolecular and imaging markers for the diagnosis of TMJ OA. As methodology, 3 papers were developed, presented in sequence in this thesis. The sample consisted of patients with clinical diagnosis of TMJ OA and control patients. CBCT, blood, saliva and clinical data were collected. Our results showed that the software developed by our group for image analysis is reliable and that the new imaging markers can differentiate controls and OA patients. We also demonstrate that our integrative statistical model of clinical, biomolecular, imaging markers and artificial intelligence can diagnose the disease with an accuracy of 0.837 ([0.761.0.902]). Finally, our results suggest that different biomarkers and a statistical and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

La source européenne de spallation (ESS) sera une infrastructure de recherche dévolue aux sciences utilisant les neutrons comme sonde d’observation. Elle est actuellement en construction à Lund, en Suède, et sera la plus brillante des sources de neutrons pulsées au monde. Comme son nom l'indique, la production des neutrons est assurée par les processus de spallation : des protons à haute énergie bombardant une cible de tungstène. Le faisceau de protons est généré par un puissant accélérateur linéaire de 2 GeV qui peut être divisé en deux parties : une partie "chaude" qui accélère les protons jusqu'à 90 MeV, suivie d’une partie « froide » constituée de cavités supraconductrices refroidies à l'hélium liquide, permettant d’atteindre les 2 GeV. La forte intensité de 62.5 mA et la longue impulsion de 2,86 ms répétée 14 fois par seconde, conduisent à une puissance moyenne de faisceau de 5 MW et une puissance crête de 125 MW. La connaissance du faisceau est donc indispensable pour la mise en service, c'est-à-dire le réglage du faisceau afin d'assurer un fonctionnement correct et sûr de la machine. Différents diagnostics seront installés le long de l'accélérateur pour remplir ces tâches.Cette thèse traite du développement d'un profileur transverse non invasif pour la partie froide de l’accélérateur de ESS : les Ionization Profile Monitors (IPM). La thèse se concentre sur les aspects critiques des IPM afin de s’assurer de leur faisabilité dans les conditions du faisceau de ESS. Ces moniteurs sont basés sur l’ionisation induite par le passage des protons du gaz résiduel présent dans le tube de l’accélérateur. Un champ électrique est appliqué entre deux plaques parallèles de l'IPM. Les électrons ou les ions dérivent vers un détecteur segmenté permettant de reconstruire le profil dans une direction transverse du faisceau.Plusieurs défis, qui auraient pu compromettre l’utilisation des IPM pour les mesures des profils de faisceau à ESS, sont décrits :• Les faibles taux de comptage dus aux faibles sections efficaces d'ionisation à haute énergie (90 à 2000 MeV) ainsi qu’aux basses pressions du gaz résiduel de l’ordre de 10-9 mbar,• L'homogénéité du champ électrique à l'intérieur de l'IPM, essentiel pour assurer des mesures de profils précises mais difficile pour les chambres à vide étriquées des IPM,• L’importante charge d'espace du faisceau, qui distord le profil mesuré en déviant lestrajectoires des produits d'ionisation. Cet aspect fondamental peut remettre en cause l’utilisation d’IPM pour faire des mesures fiables de profil de faisceau.Une fois ces études terminées, nous avons sélectionné trois systèmes de lecture fiables, basés sur :• des pistes conductrices lues par un intégrateur de charge multicanal,• des détecteurs à micro-canaux couplés à un écran phosphore (pMCP),• un détecteur de silicium développé au CERN, et utilisé en particulier pour le futur profileur du faisceau du PS.Ces études ont fait l’objet d’une Revue de Conception Préliminaire (PDR 2017/01) marquant le début de la construction des différents prototypes. Les tests préliminaires ont écarté la possibilité d'utiliser des détecteurs au silicium en raison des trop faibles énergies des ions incidents.En partant de zéro, des IPM, des moniteurs de référence et un banc d’essai ont été conçus et installés sur l’accélérateur de protons IPHI à Saclay. Les conditions expérimentales de ESS ont été reproduites afin de valider une solution pour les IPM, ainsi que tester nos modèles.Les campagnes de test ont montré qu'un MCP était nécessaire pour détecter le signal d’ionisation. De plus, l'IPM optique (pMCP + caméra) est la solution recommandée car elle offre une sensibilité plus élevée. Le retour d’expérience accumulé lors des tests des prototypes, nous a permis de proposer une conception quasi finale d’un IPM, présentée lors de la Revue Critique de Conception (CDR 2019/02), menant au début de la phase de production. / The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be a research infrastructure dedicated to sciences using neutrons as probes. The source is currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, and will be the world’s brightest pulsed source of neutrons. As its name suggests, the production of neutrons is ensured by the spallation process: high energy protons will impinge a tungsten target. To accelerate the protons, a powerful 2 GeV linear accelerator is being built. The accelerator can be split in two parts. A “hot” part is responsible for acceleration up to 90 MeV. Then a “cold” part made of superconducting cavities cooled with liquid helium is used to reach the highest energies. The high intensity of 62.5 mA and he long pulse of 2.86 ms repeated 14 times per second, lead to an incredible beam power of 5 MW in average and 125 MW in peak. The knowledge of the beam is therefore mandatory to ensure the commissioning, i.e. the beam tuning in order to achieve a proper and safe functioning of the machine. Different diagnostics will be installed along the accelerator to fulfil these tasks.This thesis deals with the development of a non-invasive transverse profiler for the cold part of the ESS accelerator: the Ionization Profile Monitor (IPM).The thesis focuses on critical aspects of the IPMs to guarantee its feasibility in ESS beam conditions. These monitors are based on the ionization of the residual gas induced by the proton beam inside the beam pipe. A transverse electrical field is generated between both parallel plates of the IPM. The electrons or ions drift, with respect to the electric field, towards a segmented detector allowing the reconstruction of the beam profile in one transverse direction. For a complete transverse profile, it is necessary to add a second profiler tilted by 90°.Several challenges for facing IPM to the ESS conditions, which may compromise their use, are described:• the weak counting rates due to the low ionization cross-sections at high energy (90 to 2000 MeV) and to the low residual gas pressure of 10-9 mbar,• the electric field homogeneity inside the IPM, which is relevant for insuring a precise profile measurement, was not obvious in the narrow vacuum chambers devoted to them,• the large Space Charge Effect of the beam, distorting the measured profile by deviating the ionization by-product trajectories. This fundamental aspect may compromise the use of an IPM for beam profile measurements.Once these former studies done, we selected the three reliable read-out systems based on:• conductive strips read by a multichannel charge integrator,• micro-channel plates coupled with phosphor screen (pMCP),• a silicon detector developed at CERN and foreseen for the future PS beam profiler.This work was the object of the Preliminary Design Review (PDR 2017/01) marking the beginning of the construction phase of the different prototypes. Preliminary tests discarded the possibility of using silicon detectors due to the low ion energies.Starting from scratch, IPMs, reference monitors and a test bench were designed and installed at the IPHI proton accelerator at Saclay. Close ESS conditions were achieved to validate an IPM solution and our simulations.The test campaigns showed that an MCP is mandatory to detect signal. Moreover, the optical IPM (pMCP + Camera) is the preferred solution since it provides higher sensitivity. Feedbacks from the prototype test campaigns, allows us to deliver an IPM final design presented during the Critical Design Review (CDR 2019/02) leading to the beginning of the production phase.

Environ 50% des patients recevant un traitement contre le cancer bénéficient de la radiothérapie. La radiothérapie conventionnelle consiste à utiliser des rayons X de haute énergie capables de traverser les tissus et de traiter des tumeurs situées en profondeur de façon non-invasive. Malheureusement, les rayons X ne font pas la distinction entre les tumeurs et les tissus sains, qui peuvent donc être endommagés. Cette non-sélectivité est à l’origine de graves effets secondaires, voire du développement de cancers secondaires. Par conséquent, l’amplification des effets radiatifs au sein de la tumeur par rapport aux tissus environnants représente un défi majeur.L’hadronthérapie (traitement par faisceaux de protons ou d’ions carbone) est considérée comme l’une des techniques les plus prometteuses car, contrairement aux rayons X, la quantité d’énergie déposée atteint son maximum en fin de trajectoire. Lorsque le faisceau est réglé de manière à ce que ce maximum atteigne la tumeur, aucun dommage n’est causé aux tissus situés au-delà. Un autre avantage majeur est que les ions lourds sont plus efficaces pour traiter les tumeurs radiorésistantes. L’utilisation de cette technique est cependant restreinte du fait des dommages – plus faibles mais néanmoins significatifs – causés aux tissus normaux situés sur la trajectoire du faisceau d’ions en amont de la tumeur. Afin d’améliorer les performances de l’hadronthérapie, l’équipe a développé à l’ISMO une nouvelle stratégie combinant l’utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) métalliques avec l’irradiation par faisceaux d’ions. L’utilisation de NPs a pour but non seulement d’amplifier les effets des rayonnements dans la tumeur mais également d’améliorer l'imagerie médicale à l’aide des mêmes agents (théranostic). Les NPs possèdent une chimie de surface permettant leur fonctionnalisation avec des ligands capable d’améliorer la biocompatibilité, la stabilité ainsi que la circulation sanguine et l’accumulation dans la tumeur. L’équipe a déjà démontré que les petites NPs d’or et de platine (≈ 3 nm) avaient la capacité d’amplifier les effets causés par les faisceaux d’ions carbone médicaux en présence d’oxygène. Cependant, les tumeurs radiorésistantes sont susceptibles de contenir des régions hypoxiques. Il est donc urgent de quantifier et de caractériser l’influence de l’oxygène sur l’effet radio-amplificateur. Le but de ma thèse était d’étudier l’influence de l’oxygène lors d’irradiations par des faisceaux d’ions médicaux en présence de NPs d’or et de platine. Pour cela, deux lignes de cellules cancéreuses humaines radiorésistantes ont été testées: HeLa (col de l’utérus) et BxPC-3 (pancréas). Plusieurs techniques d’irradiation ont été utilisées : des faisceaux d’ions carbone et hélium générés par « passive scattering » et des faisceaux d’ions carbone générés par « pencil beam scanning ». Les principaux résultats de cette étude sont les suivants. En condition oxique (concentration d’O₂ = 20%), une amplification des effets radiatifs a été observée pour les deux types de NPs (à concentration de métal égale). Ce phénomène se réduit à mesure que la concentration d’oxygène diminue mais reste significatif jusqu’à 0.5%. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les deux lignes cellulaires. Il est intéressant de noter que la dépendance à l’oxygène varie en fonction de la technique d’irradiation utilisée. Une tentative d’explication de l’influence de l’oxygène par des processus moléculaires est proposée. Des perspectives de développements ultérieurs sont suggérées. / About 50% of the cancer patients who are treated benefit from radiation therapy. Conventional radiotherapy consists of high energy X-rays traveling through the tissues, so that deeply sited tumors are treated in a non-invasive way. Unfortunately, X-rays are not tumor selective and healthy tissues may be damaged. This lack of selectivity is responsible for severe side effects and/or secondary cancers. Hence, improving the differential of radiation effects between the tumor and surrounding tissues remains a major challenge. Particle therapy (treatment by protons or carbon ion beams) is considered as one of the most promising technique because, by opposition to X-rays, the energy deposition of ions is maximum at the end of their tracks. When the beam is tuned so that the maximum reaches the tumor, there is no damage induced in tissues siting after the tumor. Another important added value is that heavy ions are more efficient to treat radioresistant tumors. The use of this modality is however restricted by the low but significant damage that is induced to normal tissues located at the entrance of the track prior to reaching the tumor. To improve the performance of particle therapy, a new strategy based on the combination of high-Z nanoparticles with ion beam radiation has been developed by the group at ISMO. This approach aims at using nano-agents not only to increase radiation effects in the tumor but also to improve medical imaging with the same agent (theranostic). Nanoparticles present a remarkable surface chemistry, which allows functionalization with ligands able to improve biocompatibility, stability as well as blood circulation and accumulation in tumors. The group already demonstrated the efficiency of small (≈ 3 nm) gold and platinum nanoparticles to amplify the effects of medical carbon ions in normoxic conditions (in the presence of oxygen). However, radioresistant tumors may host hypoxic regions. It is thus urgent to quantify and characterize the influence of oxygen on the radio-enhancement effect. The goal of my thesis was to study the influence of oxygen on medical ion radiation effects in the presence of gold and platinum nanoparticles. This was performed using two radioresistant human cancer cell lines: HeLa (uterine cervix) and BxPC-3 (pancreas). Different radiation modalities were used: carbon and helium ion beams delivered by a passive scattering delivery system and carbon ion beams delivered by a pencil beam scanning system. The major results of this work are the following. In oxic conditions (O₂ concentration = 20%), an enhancement of ion radiation effects was observed for the two nanoparticles (at the same concentration in metal). This effect decreased with the oxygen concentration but remained significant for a concentration of 0.5%. No significant difference was found between the cell lines. Interestingly, the oxygen-dependence varied with the type of radiation. An attempt to explain the effect of oxygen by molecular processes is proposed. Perspectives of further developments are suggested.

La consommation d'énergie est au centre de nos préoccupations. Quelle qu'en soit la raison, économique, écologique, ou politique, ce problème est aujourd'hui au coeur de notresociété.L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un moyen de réduire le coût énergétique de composants spécifiques: les klystrons et les klystrodes, appelées aussi IOTs pour Inductive Output Tubes. Ces composants sont des amplificateurs utilisés comme source de haute puissance RF (Radio-Fréquence). Ces tubes existent sous plusieurs formes mais l'état de l'art, en matière de consommation d'énergie, sont les tubes multi-faisceaux. Nous nous fixons donc comme objectif d'améliorer ces klystrons et IOTs multi-faisceaux : les MBKs et MBIOTs. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte d'amélioration des accélérateurs de particules, par le biais d'une meilleure production des ondes radiofréquence; plus particulièrement en améliorant le rendement des tubes. Améliorer le rendement signifie simplement diminuer l'écart entre l'énergie fournie pour générer les ondes radios et l'énergie effectivement produite etutilisée dans les accélérateurs. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, la thèse décrit une nouvelle méthode d’analyse des données des simulations (le diagramme de dispersion de vitesse), explique les étapes de conception d’un tube, et approfondit théoriquement la dynamique des électrons et les structures liées au haut rendement. / Nowadays, energy consumption is a capital issue. It is a central problematic in our society for economical, ecological or politicalreasons.The aim of this thesis is to study ways to lower energical costs of specific components : klystrons and klystrodes, also known as IOTs (Inductive Output Tubes). Those components are amplifiers which are used as RF (Radio Frequency) sources in particle accelerators.Various forms of those tubes exist, however themulti-beam tubes are the state of the art regarding energy consumption. Thus, we focus on enhancing the efficiency of multi-beam klystrons and IOTs : the MBKs and MBIOTs.As a result, this thesis is part of the effort to decrease the costs of particle accelerators, by better producing RF waves; and more specifically enhancing the efficiency of tubes.This simply means lowering the gap between the energy needed to produce RF waves and the energy used in accelerators.In order to fulfill this task, the thesis describes a new method to analyse simulated data (the velocity dispersion diagram), explains the steps to develop a tube, and study theoretically beam dynamics and structures in order to reach high efficiency.

A code that solves the coupled electron drift kinetic and temperature equations has been written to study the effects of collisionality and particle trapping on temperature equilibration along magnetic field lines. A Chapman-Enskog-like approach is adopted with the time-dependent distribution function written as the sum of a dynamic Maxwellian and a kinetic distortion expanded in Legendre polynomials. The drift kinetic equation is solved on a discrete grid in normalized speed, and an FFT algorithm is used to treat the onedimensional spatial domain along the magnetic field. The dependence of the steady-state temperature on collisionality and magnetic well depths is discussed in detail. As collisionality decreases (increasing background temperature), temperature variations decrease. As magnetic well depth increases (at fixed collisionality), temperature variations along the field line increase.