Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14DA011.pdf: 1428690 bytes, checksum: 449aef7542bd13e0b624b66ceb10523f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The proper choice of plant arrangement is important to maximize maize grain yield. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the best strategies to manipulate plant arrangement in order to reach grain yields higher than 18,000 kg ha-1. Four field experiments were set during the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons. In the first experiment, the effect of increasing plant density was assessed. The plant populations of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 pl m-2 were tested at two row spacing (40 and 80 cm). In the second trial, the effect of reducing row spacing was studied. Five row spacings were tested: 40, 60, 80, 100 cm and twin rows. Each row spacing was tested at two plant densities (7 and 9 pl m-2). In the third trial, plant uneven emergence at the sowing row was evaluated. Five levels of unevenness in plant emergence were studied: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 days. In the level 0, all seeds were sowed in the same day. In the other treatments, half seeds were sowed in day 0 and the other half 2,5, 5, 7.5 and 10 days after. It the forth trial spatial uneven plant distribution in the sowing row was simulated. Five levels of spatial unevenness were addressed: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 of the variation coefficient (C.V.). In the level 0, all seeds were placed at the same distance from each other in the sowing row. Uneven temporal and spatial distribution was studied at 18 19 two row spacings: 40 and 80 cm. In the first experiment, grain increased linearly with the increment in plant population from 3 to 11 pl m-2 when maize was grown with the row spacing of 40 cm. In the second trial, grain yield was greater with 9 pl m-2 than with 7 pl m-2 and row spacing did not affect the crop productivity. In the third experiment, the increase in temporal variability of plant emergence decreased grain yield when maize was grown with rows 80 cm apart. In the fourth trial, grain yield was reduced by the increment in spatial variability among plants at the sowing row when the crop was grown with the row spacing of 40 cm. The use of supra-optimum plant densities ( 9 to 11 pl m-2), associated to narrow row spacing (40 cm), are efficient strategies to manipulate plant arrangement in order to lift maize grain yield above 18,000 kg ha-1, as long as the plants are evenly distributed in space and time at the sowing rows / A escolha adequada do arranjo de plantas é importante para potencializar o rendimento de grãos do milho. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o intuito de identificar as melhores estratégias de manipulação do arranjo de plantas para alcançar tetos produtivos superiores a 18.000 kg ha-1. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. No primeiro avaliou-se o efeito do incremento na densidade de plantas sobre o desempenho agronômico do milho. Foram testadas as densidades de 3, 5, 7, 9 e 11 pl m-2, nos espaçamentos entre-linhas de 40 e 80 cm. No segundo avaliou-se o impacto da redução do espaçamento entre-linhas no potencial produtivo do milho. Foram avaliados os espaçamentos entre-linhas de 100, 80, 60 e 40 cm e o de linhas gêmeas, nas densidades de 70.000 e 90.000 pl ha-1. No terceiro quantificou-se o efeito da irregularidade temporal na emergência das plantas na linha de semeadura sobre o rendimento de grãos. Foram testados cinco níveis de desuniformidade temporal, equivalentes a 0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10 dias. No nível 0 todas as sementes foram semeadas no mesmo dia. Nos demais níveis, metade das sementes foi semeada no dia 0 e a outra metade 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10 dias após. No quarto experimento analisou-se o efeito da desuniformidade espacial na linha sobre o rendimento de grãos do milho. Foram testados cinco níveis de desuniformidade espacial, equivalentes a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 % do coeficiente de variação, onde o nível 0 equivale as plantas uniformemente distribuídas nos sulcos. Cada nível de desuniformidade temporal e espacial foi avaliado nos espaçamentos entre-linhas de 40 e 80 cm. No primeiro ensaio, o rendimento de grãos aumentou linearmente com o incremento na densidade de plantas no espaçamento de 0,4m entre-linhas. No segundo ensaio, os rendimentos foram maiores na densidade de 9 pl m-2 do que na de 7 pl m-2 e não houve diferenças significativas no rendimento de grãos entre os cinco espaçamentos entre-linhas. No terceiro trabalho, o aumento da variabilidade temporal das plantas na linha diminuiu o rendimento de grãos do milho quando o mesmo foi cultivado com espaçamentos entre-linhas de 80 cm. No quarto ensaio, o rendimento de grãos reduziu com o aumento do C.V na distribuição espacial de plantas quando o milho foi cultivado no espaçamento entre-linhas de 40 cm. A utilização de densidades supra-ótimas (9 a 11 pl m-2) e de espaçamento entre-linhas reduzido (40-50 cm) são estratégias efetivas de manipulação do arranjo de plantas para alcançar produtividades superiores a 18.000 kg ha-1 em lavouras com distribuição espacial e temporal uniforme das plantas na linha de semeadura

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15'22"de latitude sul e longitude 48°18'58" WGr, em Jaboticabal - SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada. / Abstract: The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15'22" South latitude and longitude 48°18'58" W, at Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants. / Orientador: Domingos Fornasieri Filho / Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Aildson Pereira Duarte / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Mestre

The objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of spray droplets and grain yield depending on the cultivar, on the arrangement of plants and the spray volume in three stages of soybean. For this two experiments they had been developed in the experimental area of the Department of Fitossanitária Defense of the Federal University of Maria/RS. In the first experiment was used the spacing of 45.0, 52.5 and 60.0 cm between the row and the population of 150,000, 250,000 and 350,000 plants ha-1, being evaluated to cultivate Fundacep 55 and in as the experiment were used will cultivate Fundacep 55 and BRS 243 RR was used the spacing of 30,0; 45,0 and 60,0 cm, kept sine the population in 250.000 plants ha- 1. The penetration of drops was evaluated in the V8 stage using the volumes of 75, 100 and 150 l ha-1 and in stages V14 and R3 using the volumes o 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 l ha-1. The larger spacing and lower plant population of the greater penetration of drops, but the opposite occurs with yield. In cultivar BRS 243 received a higher number of drops which is also more productive when compared to cultivate Fundacep 55. The increase in the volume of spray increases the number of gotas cm-2, especially when the crop is in advanced stage (R3). / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a penetração de gotas de pulverização e o rendimento de grãos em função da cultivar, do arranjo de plantas e volume de calda de soja em três estádios do ciclo da cultura. Para isso foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos na área experimental do Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados os espaçamentos de 45,0; 52,5 e 60,0 cm nas entre linhas e as populações de 150.000, 250.000 e 350.000 plantas ha-1, sendo avaliada a cultivar Fundacep 55 e no segundo experimento utilizou-se as cultivares Fundacep 55 e BRS 243 RR nos espaçamentos de 30,0; 45,0 e 60,0 cm, seno mantida a população em 250.000 plantas ha-1. A penetração de gotas foi avaliada nos estádios V8, quando utilizou-se os volumes de 75, 100 e 150 l ha-1 e nos estádios V14 e R3, quando foram utilizados os volumes de 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300 l ha-1. Quanto maior o espaçamento e menor população de plantas maior a penetração de gotas, porém o inverso ocorre com o rendimento de grãos. Na cultivar BRS 243 observou-se maior número de gotas sendo esta também mais produtiva em comparação a cultivar Fundacep 55. O incremento no volume de pulverização aumenta o número de gotas/cm2, especialmente quando a cultura encontra-se em estádio mais avançado (R3).

Orientador: Carlos Antonio Gamero / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Antonio Renan Berchol da Silva / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Amgeli Furlani / Resumo: Cada sistema de manejo do solo é trabalhado de maneira própria, alterando de forma diferenciada as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo, podendo requerer modificações nas recomendações e no manejo da adubação. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da antecipação da adubação de semeadura, de dois sistemas de manejo do solo e dois espaçamentos entrelinhas no desempenho da cultura do milho, foi realizado este estudo. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, nos anos agrícolas de 2005/2006 e 2006/2007, em Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de manejo do solo (plantio direto e preparo reduzido, caracterizado pela escarificação do solo por meio de equipamento provido de disco de corte da palhada e rolo nivelador/destorroador, trabalhando na profundidade entre 25 e 30 cm), as subparcelas pelas formas de adubação (adubação de pré-semeadura realizada na superfície do solo em área total antes da semeadura do milho e adubação convencional) e as subsubparcelas pelos espaçamentos entrelinhas (90 e 45 cm), totalizando 8 tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparar as médias entre os sistemas de manejo do solo, as formas de adubação, os espaçamentos entrelinhas e os desdobramentos das interações entre esses três fatores. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que o sistema plantio direto apresentou maior densidade do solo e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, quando comparado ao preparo reduzido. Na operação de adubação de pré-semeadura os sistemas de manejo do solo... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Each soil tillage system is worked in proper way, modifying of differentiated form the chemical, physical and biological soil properties, and may require adaptations of fertilization recommendations and management. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sowing fertilization anticipation, two soil tillage systems and two row spacing on performance of the corn crop. The experiment was carried out at the "Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas" (FCA), "Universidade Estadual Paulista" (UNESP), Botucatu-SP campus, from October 2005 to May 2007, in a Dystric Nitosol (FAO, 1974). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with split-split-plots and four repetitions. The main plots consisted of two soil tillage systems (no-tillage and reduced tillage with chisel plow with cut disk and planning roll, working at 25 to 30 cm deep), the split-plots of fertilizer application methods (surface fertilizer application before corn sowing and fertilizer application conventional) and split-split-plots of row spacings (0.90 m and 0.45 m), totalizing 8 treatments. Obtained results were analyzed by Tukey test at 5% of probability for comparing averages. Statistical analysis showed that no-tillage system had higher density as well as mechanical soil resistance to penetration, when compared to reduced tillage. For fertilizer application before corn sowing the soil tillage systems did not influence the traction force, bar power demanded, effective field capacity, demanded time, energy specific consumption and hourly fuel consumption; the reduced tillage showed higher area fuel consumption. For corn sowing it was observed that no-tillage system showed lower traction force, bar power demanded, energy specific consumption, hourly and area consumption of fuel. The 0.45 m row spacing showed higher traction force, bar power demanded, energy specific consumption... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aiming to characterize the main transgenic soybeans cultivars used in Rio Grande do Sul, experiments were conducted during the 2007/2008 season, in Santa Maria/RS. In the field, the cultivars Relmo Anta RR 82, A 6001 RG, A 8000 RG, FUNDACEP 53 RR, FUNDACEP 54 RR, FUNDACEP 56 RR, BRS 244 RR, and CD 214 RR CD 219 RR, drilled at seeds rates of 250, 400 and 550 thousand seed ha-1 and at row spacing of 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60m. The variables were: grain yield, yield components, distribution of income in different strata of the plant, morphological characteristics, rate of soil covering and amount of light incident on the canopy. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions in trifatorial outline (9 cultivars x 3 seed rates x 3 row spacing). In laboratory, tests of peroxidase reaction had been carried through only using the tegument of the seeds or the entire seeds and also seedling color for 50 soybean cultivars. For the grain yield cultivars CD 214 RR and FUNDACEP 53 RR had the best results (3589 and 3530 kg ha-1, respectively). For the distribution of income in the plant strata, there is interaction between density of planting and row spacing, which indicate the trends for each cultivar. For the amount of light incident on the canopy, the interactions between the factors of planting density, row spacing, timing of the cycle of development and level of the canopy, combined with the architecture of each cultivar define the amount of light intercepted, after flowering. The morphological response of each cultivar is different for every situation tested, indicating the need for understanding the behavior of each material, to select the practices to maximize the yield. The use of the test of reaction of peroxidase used the entire seed can be used of so efficient form how much the traditionally used method (tegument). The identification of the seedling color may be an early way to identify varietal blend. / Com o objetivo de caracterizar as principais cultivares transgênicas de soja utilizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, foram realizados experimentos durante a safra agrícola 2007/2008, em Santa Maria/RS. Em campo, as cultivares Relmo Anta 82 RR, A 6001 RG, A 8000 RG, FUNDACEP 53 RR, FUNDACEP 54 RR, FUNDACEP 56 RR, BRS 244 RR, CD 214 RR e CD 219 RR foram submetidas às densidade de semeadura de 250, 400 e 550 mil semente ha-1 e aos espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,30, 0,45 e 0,60m. As variáveis avaliadas foram: rendimento de grãos, componentes do rendimento, distribuição do rendimento em diferentes estratos da planta, características morfológicas, taxa de cobertura do solo e quantidade de luz incidente no dossel. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, no esquema trifatorial (9 cultivares x 3 densidades de semeadura x 3 espaçamentos entre linhas). Em laboratório, foram realizados testes de reação da peroxidase utilizando somente o tegumento das sementes ou as sementes inteiras e também coloração do hipocótilo para 50 cultivares de soja. Para o rendimento de grãos as cultivares CD 214 RR e FUNDACEP 53 RR apresentaram os melhores resultados (3589 e 3530 kg ha-1, respectivamente). Para a distribuição do rendimento nos estratos da planta, existe interação entre densidade de semeadura e espaçamento entre linhas, os quais indicam as tendências para cada cultivar. Para a quantidade de luz incidente no dossel, as interações entre os fatores densidade de semeadura, espaçamento entre linhas, época do ciclo de desenvolvimento e nível do dossel, aliados à arquitetura de cada cultivar definem a quantidade de luz interceptada, após o florescimento. A resposta morfológica de cada cultivar é diferenciada para todas as situações testadas, indicando a necessidade do conhecimento do comportamento de cada material, para a escolha das práticas que visem maximizar o rendimento de grãos. O uso do teste de reação da peroxidase utilizando a semente inteira pode ser utilizado de forma tão eficiente quanto o método tradicionalmente utilizado (tegumento). A identificação da coloração do hipocótilo pode ser uma forma precoce de identificar mistura varietal.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The association of application technology with the crop handling can provide larger adaptation in the phytosanitary handling as well as increasing the exhibition of the leaves to the radiation. This work had for objective to assess the effect of row spacings and spray nozzles interaction in asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) control. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications, in bands with split split-plots. The research was carried out in Itaara RS wher the cultivar M-SOY 8000 RR was sowed in row spacings of 30, 45 and 60 cm, keeping the same plants population of 33 pl.m-2. The spray nozzles used were extended range flat (XR 11001), twinjet flat spray (TJ60-11002), hollow cone spray (TXA 8002) and Turbo Teejet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002). The applications were designed in split splitplots with one, two and three applications. The results showed that the reduction of the row spacing benefited the disease action. The row spacing of 60 cm presented the smallest severity values, rate of disease progress (r) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). When the row spacing was reduced, the previous values were increasing gradually. Thus, the defoliate was larger in row spacings of 30 and 45 cm and the Green Foliate Area (GFA) was obtained better levels in the row spacing of 60 cm. The fungicide covering was larger in the row spacing of 60 cm as in medium as in inferior stratum for all analyzed spray nozzles. The number of pods and number of grains per pods were significantly larger in the row spacing of 60 cm mainly in the inferior stratum, resulting in a superior final productivity than row spacing of 30 and 45 cm, benefited for the largest foliate covering and photosynthetic activity of the inferior and medium stratum. / A associação da tecnologia de aplicação com o manejo fitotécnico pode proporcionar maior adequação no manejo fitossanitário assim como aumentar a exposição das folhas à radiação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da interação de espaçamentos entre linhas da soja com diferentes pontas de pulverização visando controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) da soja. Para isso foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas. O trabalho foi conduzido em Itaara RS onde a cultivar de soja M-SOY 8000 RR foi semeada com espaçamentos de 30, 45 e 60 cm entre linhas, mantendo a mesma população de plantas de 33 pl.m-2. Foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização de jato leque plano de uso ampliado (XR 11001), jato plano duplo comum (TJ-60 11002), cone vazio (TXA 8002) e Turbo TeeJet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002), trabalhadas com pulverizador costal propelido à CO2. As aplicações foram escalonadas nas subsubuparcelas com uma, duas e três aplicações. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a redução do espaçamento entre linhas favoreceu a ação da doença. O espaçamento de 60 cm apresentou os menores valores de severidade, taxa de progresso (r) da doença e Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AACPD). À medida que o espaçamento foi reduzido, os valores citados foram aumentando gradativamente. Por conseqüência, a desfolha foi maior nos espaçamentos de 30 e 45 cm e a Área Foliar Verde (AFV) obteve melhores níveis no espaçamento de 60 cm. A cobertura do fungicida foi superior no espaçamento de 60 cm, tanto no dossel mediano como no inferior para todas as pontas analisadas. Com relação à produtividade, seus componentes, como número de vagens e número de grãos por vagem foram significativamente superiores no espaçamento de 60 cm, principalmente no dossel inferior, favorecido pela maior cobertura foliar e atividade fotossintética dos dosséis inferior e mediano, resultando em uma produtividade final superior aos espaçamentos de 45 e de 30 cm.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_eduardo_da_silveira_goulart.pdf: 299684 bytes, checksum: 7ca742a050e5fef40fcdef705495dd58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-05 / The practices and techniques used in irrigated rice to obtain better performances include the optimal density and the best arrangement of plants in the area. This study aims to evaluate the behavior and plasticity in the yield and grain quality of three rice hybrids with different sowing arrangements in the density and row spacing. The experimental field was conducted in rice season 2010/2011 in Capão do Leão, Viamão and Uruguaiana at Rio Grande do Sul state. Three different sowing arrangements, involving row spacing with 17 cm, 34 cm and 17cm intercalated with 34 cm which corresponded respectively to densities of 40 kg.ha-1, 20 kg.ha-1 and 32 kg.ha-1. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with sub divided plots with three replications considering each location as a replication. Were evaluated the yield and grain quality. The results show that the grain yield and grain quality components of hybrid rice were not affected by sowing arrangement. The hybrids behavior demonstrates the plasticity to compensate lower densities and different distance between planting rows. This allow recommendations of seeding rates and row spacing for these hybrids reducing the amount of seed to be sown per area compared with what is currently recommended. It means cost reduction and can make the use of this technology more attractive and widely used in commercial rice fields. / Entre as práticas empregadas no cultivo do arroz irrigado para se obter melhores rendimentos, a escolha da densidade ideal e do melhor arranjo de plantas na área são muito importantes. O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar o comportamento e a plasticidade de três híbridos de arroz com relação à produtividade e qualidade industrial, quando os arranjos de semeadura envolvem variações na densidade e espaçamento entre linhas. O trabalho foi conduzido na safra 2010/2011 nos municípios do Capão do Leão, Viamão e Uruguaiana. Foram testados três arranjos de semeadura, com espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,17m, 0,34m e linhas intercaladas com 0,17 e 0,34m, que corresponderam respectivamente às densidades de 40kg.ha-1, 20kgha-1 e 32kg.ha-1. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, considerando o local como repetição. Avaliou-se o rendimento e a qualidade industrial dos grãos. Os resultados mostram que a produtividade e os componentes de qualidade industrial dos genótipos não foram afetados pelos diferentes arranjos de semeadura. Este comportamento mostra a plasticidade dos híbridos em compensar as densidades menores e as diferentes distribuições das linhas de semeadura. Isso torna possível a flexibilização das recomendações de densidades de semeadura e espaçamentos entre linhas para estes híbridos, permitindo a redução da quantidade de sementes a ser semeada por área, em relação ao que está sendo atualmente recomendado, dessa forma reduzir os custos de produção e tornar o uso desta tecnologia mais atraente e largamente utilizada nas lavouras comerciais de arroz irrigado.

<p dir="ltr">Sweetpotato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i> L.) is a staple crop that provides nutritional benefits to humans globally, but it is subjected to yield loss when competing with weeds, especially during the early stage of establishment. Despite increased organic sweetpotato production in the United States, growers face challenges with limited weed management options and often resort to time-consuming and costly cultivation and hand-weeding. To address this challenge, experiments were developed to determine (1) the effect of sweetpotato cultivar on the critical weed-free period, (2) the effects of in-row plant spacing and cultivar selection on weed suppression and sweetpotato yield, and (3) the impact of buckwheat and silage tarps for row-middle weed control. 1) In 2022, field research was conducted at the Samuel G. Meigs Horticulture Research Farm (Meigs), Lafayette, IN, and at the Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center (SWPAC), Vincennes, IN to estimate the critical weed-free period for ‘Covington’, ‘Murasaki’, and ‘Monaco’ in the Midwest. The experiment was a split-plot design, with weed-free interval treatments as the main plot factor and cultivar as the subplot factor. Weeds were removed by hand and allowed to establish and compete with the crop beginning at 0, 14, 21, 28, 35, or 42 days after transplanting (DAP). As weed-free interval increased from 0 to 42 DAP, predicted total yield increased from 19 kg ha^-1 to 20,540 kg ha^-1for Covington, 3 kg ha^-1 to 11,407 kg ha^-1 for Monaco, and 125 kg ha^-1to 13,460 kg ha^-1for Murasaki at the Lafayette location. A threshold of ≤10% total yield reduction was achieved by maintaining sweetpotatoes weed-free 24 DAP for Covington, 20 DAP for Murasaki, and 33 DAP for Monaco. 2) In 2022 and 2023, studies were conducted at Meigs, Lafayette, IN and SWPAC, Vincennes, IN to evaluate in-row plant spacing and cultivars for weed control and sweetpotato yield. The experiment was a split-split plot design, with in-row spacings of 20, 30, and 40 cm as the main plot factor, weeding frequency (‘critical weed-free period’ and ‘weed free’) as the subplot factor, and sweetpotato cultivar (‘Covington’ and ‘Monaco’) as the sub-subplot factor. However, in 2022, we evaluated only in-row spacing and weeding frequency because of poor establishment of Monaco. In-row spacing had no significant effect on weed densities at 4, 5, and 6 WAP. As in-row spacing increased from 20 to 40 cm, total sweetpotato yield pooled across both locations in 2023 decreased from 30,223 to 21,209 kg ha^-1 for Covington and 24,370 to 20,848 kg ha^-1 for Monaco, however, jumbo yield increased for both cultivars. Findings from this study suggest that an in-row spacing of 20 cm may provide greater yield than the standard spacing, 30 cm, for both Monaco and Covington cultivars and could reduce weed interference through more rapid sweetpotato canopy closure. 3) The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with three row-middle treatments [tarp, buckwheat, and cultivation] and four replicates. Row-middle treatments were established immediately after transplanting ‘Covington’ slips 30 cm apart into raised bed plots consisting of a single row 6 m long and 2 m apart on-center. Buckwheat was planted three weeks after transplanting (WAP) at a rate of 108 kg ha^-1 in row-middle. Row-middles for the tarp treatment were covered for the entire growing season. Weed density at 6 WAP was 184 plants m^-2 for the buckwheat, and 162 plants m^-2 for the cultivation treatments. Total yield was 11,050 kg ha^-1 for the buckwheat, 19,790 kg ha^-1 for the cultivation, and 17,810 kg ha^-1 for the tarping treatments. Tarping effectively suppressed weeds and produced sweetpotato yields comparable to cultivation indicating potential for organic growers. Buckwheat yields were lower than those from tarping and cultivation.</p>

Background: This research explores the integration of satellite imagery and imageprocessing techniques to innovate forest monitoring methods. Traditional approachesoften fall short in scale and efficiency, necessitating enhanced techniques for accurateforest structure analysis. Objectives: The main goal is to develop a software prototype capable of automat-ing the measurement of tree row spacing and detecting clearing areas within forests,thereby facilitating more informed and efficient forest management and conservationefforts. Methods: The study employed computer vision techniques and image processingalgorithms using OpenCV to process high-resolution satellite images. The develop-ment and testing of the prototype involved iterative enhancements to refine accuracyand functionality. Results: The findings demonstrate that the prototype successfully identifies andmeasures forest structural features with high accuracy, confirming the effectivenessof integrating computational techniques with ecological monitoring practices. Conclusions: The successful application of satellite imagery and image processingsignificantly enhances forest monitoring capabilities, promoting sustainable forestmanagement. This research underscores the potential of technology to transformenvironmental conservation efforts by providing detailed, reliable data that supportsproactive management strategies. / Bakgrund: Denna forskning utforskar integrationen av satellitbilder och avanceradebildbehandlingstekniker för att innovera metoder för skogsövervakning. Traditionellatillvägagångssätt är ofta bristfälliga i skala och effektivitet, vilket kräver förbättradetekniker för noggrann analys av skogsstrukturer. Syften: Huvudmålet är att utveckla en programvaruprototyp som kan automatiseramätningen av trädradsavstånd och upptäcka kalhyggen inom skogar, vilket underlät-tar mer informerad och effektiv skogsförvaltning och bevarandeinsatser.Metoder: Studien använde datorsynstekniker och bildbehandlingsalgoritmer medOpenCV för att bearbeta högupplösta satellitbilder. Utvecklingen och testningen avprototypen involverade iterativa förbättringar för att förfina noggrannhet och funktionalitet. Resultat: Resultaten visar att prototypen framgångsrikt identifierar och mäterskogsstrukturella egenskaper med hög noggrannhet, vilket bekräftar effektivitetenav att integrera avancerade datatekniker med ekologiska övervakningsmetoder. Slutsatser: Den framgångsrika tillämpningen av satellitbilder och bildbehandlingförbättrar avsevärt möjligheterna till skogsövervakning och främjar hållbar skogsför-valtning. Denna forskning understryker teknikens potential att transformera miljöbe-varande insatser genom att tillhandahålla detaljerade, tillförlitliga data som stöderproaktiva förvaltningsstrategie