Goal of this thesis is to introduce technology of absorption heat pumps in various modifications. Technical design draft is created for chosen modification (single stage unit water-LiBr) and based on given parameters calculated in computing software EES (engineering equation solver) and process is explained step-by-step. Following part of thesis contains reference design draft of heat plant and this design is used to demonstrate several different options of applying absorption heat pump including version capable of providing also cooling. Those options are compared with each other from technological and economical stand point.

The thesis is focused on analyzing the current status of the technology used for cleaning flue gas from persistent organic pollutants, especially PCDD/F. For the three most commonly used methods of solution operational and energy efficiency comparison was made, where achievable energy export and the impact of the change in working conditions on the efficiency indicators of energy production and use of the energy was evaluated. In conditions we considered an alternative machine-technological solutions used for the final disposal of persistent organic pollutants resulting from the waste combustion in terms of additional operating costs and energy efficiency.

Master’s thesis deal with the design of waste to energy plant of municipal waste. The design of technology is to build the component parts of plant and basic calculation of individual apparatus. Overall technology concists of pretreatment of municipal waste, which is then stored in the bunker. Pretreatment municipal waste is fed into the counterflow rotary kiln. Flue Gates from the kilns are routed through multicyklony in the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG). The multicyklon separates the pollutants. The HRSG generates steam required properties from the feedwater from the heat kontent of gas. Superheated steam is driven to the condensing turbine with extract steam for distrikt rating and for power generation. The flue gas from the HRSG are passed through purification section, in which are separand pollutants the dry method purification. The left heat content of flue gas is used in heat exchanger with twist tube for preheating feed water for the HRSG. The flue gas are fed to the stack.

The thesis proposes a new approach to assess sustainability of waste management systems. In the first part current mixed municipal waste (MSW) management system of the Czech republic is reviewed and promising MSW treatment techniques are introduced. In the second part a summary of literature on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to assess sustainability of MSW systems is provided. A new sustainability assessment model is proposed by implementing LCA to a current tool called NERUDA used to optimize waste management costing. It is demonstrated how to connect these two concepts in order to aquire a powerful tool for sustainability assessment.

Analysis of the regional energy supply, shows that suitable alternative may be a combination of primary energy sources with the municipal solid waste to energy plant. Starting from the fact that the regional thermal energy needs are characterized by smaller power demand, but relatively significant seasonal fluctuations in heat supply. These factors limit the processing performance of the considered waste to energy plant that could be included in the system of regional energy supply. The aim of the thesis was to propose adequate treatment capacity for regional waste to energy plant and explore alternative solutions in off-gas cleaning for exhaust gases generated during incineration of MSW. The balance sheets of two alternative solutions off gas cleaning are part of the thesis, both in terms of material and energy consumption. Presented evaluation of economic demands alternative arrangement of off gas cleaning includes operating costs and the impact on earnings from energy production.

Au cours des dernières décennies, nous avons été témoins de la croissance des controverses relatives à l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux dans de nombreuses villes du monde. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les grandes et moyennes villes en Chine. Diverses catégories d’acteurs, y compris l’État, les autorités locales, les acteurs du marché économique et de la société civile, tentent d’exercer leur influence sur la construction, l’extension et/ou l’opération des incinérateurs. Même si les controverses relatives à l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux abordées par le passé dans plusieurs disciplines, nous ne sommes pas en présence d’une véritable compréhension collective suffisante de la stabilité et du changement à l’échelle méso. La thèse traite de la question suivante: dans les débats et les affrontements autour de l’incinération, comment et jusqu’à quel point les interactions et les compétitions entre contestataires et adversaires contribuent-elles à définir un champ d’action stratégique où la structure industrielle et les politiques de gestion des déchets dominées par l’incinération sont remises en question ou reconduites ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette étude considère l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux en Chine sous l’angle d’un champ d’action stratégique. Elle essaie de clarifier ce qui se passe dans ce champ sous trois aspects: les acteurs, les actions stratégiques et les retombées politiques. Faisant appel à une démarche de recherche qualitative, un grand volume de données primaires et secondaires a été amassé, y compris 42 entretiens semi-structurés, 557 posts en ligne, des rapports de recherche, des documents d’archives, des rapports d’évaluation de l’impact sur l’environnement, des nouvelles en ligne, des données statistiques et des documents de politique. À l’aide de ces données, cette étude approfondi la compréhension des relations entre, d’un côté les acteurs s’opposant aux activités découlant de l’incinération – les contestataires – et, de l’autre, les adversaires dans le champ d’action stratégique, mettant en lumière leurs arguments respectifs. En outre, le processus par lequel les militants utilisent les réseaux sociaux pour la mobilisation du consensus a reçu une attention supplémentaire. De plus, cette étude a analysé l’évolution des interactions entre les militants et les décideurs politiques et a contextualisé la transformation du champ au cours des dernières décennies. Les résultats ont montré que les controverses autour de l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux sont allées au-delà des préoccupations pour les intérêts personnels et le bien-être environnemental. Cela permet d’introduire des explications plus nuancées comparativement aux discours conventionnels concernant les protestations contre l’incinération, fournissant une compréhension systématique de l’activisme local. Cette analyse exploratoire a permis également de mieux comprendre la signification politique et sociale des controverses publiques à travers des pratiques locales de gestion des déchets. Dans un sens plus large, la thèse permet de revoir les notions usuelles à l’égard des relations entre conflits et ordre. / The past few decades have witnessed the growth of controversies regarding municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in many cities around the world. This is especially true when it comes to large and medium-sized cities in China. Various categories of actors—including the state, local authorities, market actors, and the civil society—seek to exert their influence on the construction, expansion, and/or operation of incinerators. Even though the controversies over MSW incineration have been discussed across a range of disciplines in previous literature, we are not in the presence of a sufficient collective understanding of stability and change of the meso-level social order. This dissertation addresses the following question: How and to what extent do interactions and competition between pro-incineration and anti-incineration groups contributes to defining a strategic action field (SAF) where the incineration-dominated industrial structure and waste disposal policies are challenged or maintained? To answer the question, this study considers MSW incineration in China an SAF and attempts to clarify what is happening in this SAF from three aspects: actors, strategic action, and policy impacts. Based on a qualitative research design, a great volume of primary and secondary data were collected, including 42 semi-structured interviews, 557 online posts, research reports, archival materials, environmental impact assessment reports, online news, statistical data, and policy documents. With the help of collected data, this study deepened the understanding of the relationship between proponents and opponents in the field of incineration and shed light on their respective arguments. In addition, the process through which activists used social media for consensus mobilization was given additional attention. Moreover, by analyzing the dynamics of the interplay between activists and policy makers, this study revealed and contextualized the evolution of the SAF over the past few decades. The findings showed that controversies around MSW incineration had gone beyond the concerns for personal interests and environmental well-being. This allows to introduce more refined explanations compared to conventional discourses regarding anti-incineration protests and provide a more nuanced understanding of local activism. This exploratory analysis also helped to better understand the political and social significance of public controversies through local practices of MSW management. In a broad sense, this dissertation makes it possible to review the usual conceptions with regard to the relations between conflict and order.

This doctoral thesis deals with potentials of methods for cleaning of flue gas from pollutants such as acidic components. Wet method of flue gas cleaning is analysed in detail with special focus on elimination of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Introduction presents advantages and disadvantages of thermal processing of waste and production of undesired pollutants. Following parts comprise facts about main pollutants produced from incineration. Legislation providing for emission of gaseous pollutants from incinerators is also given. Chapter concerning methods of pollutants elimination is mostly focused on absorption (wet and/or semidry scrubber) and adsorption methods. Several up-to-date technological procedures are mentioned; they have a multifunctional effect such as elimination of acidic components, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzo-furanes from flue gas using single injection of suspense. Elimination of mercury (Hg) is among the technologies for heavy metal elimination which is described in detail. Main part of the thesis is related to experiments at two-stage flue gas cleaning equipment. Function of this experimental unit is described along with methods for measurement of individual quantities and detailed description of all the equipment and its components. Experimental measurements carried out at this equipment are explicated and assessed. Along with experimental work, the author has created a simulation model of wet flue gas cleaning in ChemCad programme. Particular operational parameters were tested on this model. This thesis contains results of the measurement which provide background for verification of the mathematical model. Further, the balance of heavy metals conducted on the basis of measurements in waste incinerator is displayed. Main contribution of the thesis may be summed up as follows: ­ Author has designed and constructed experimental equipment for two stage flue gas cleaning. ­ He also formed calculation for pressure drop of O-element prototype equipment and for packing column with FLEXIPAC structured packing. ­ He created data file with measurements at the experimental unit. ­ He determined temperature at outlet of a random device where liquid is injected into stream of hot flue gas. ­ He designed a simulation model which is identical with experimental equipment and which usage enabled comparison of measured and calculated data; it also serves as a basis for industrial applications. ­ Last part deals with creation off heavy metals balance in a case industrial waste incinerator.

Waste management (WM) is a prominent issue in the world’s most populated country, India. Lack of WM can have a negative impact on the environment through leachate contamination of water bodies and emissions of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly map WM processes in South East India and identify areas with potential for environmental improvement. This was conducted in three steps: by mapping the flows in a WM system in Chennai (India), by qualitatively assessing these flows through a literature review of articles published in the field, and by interviewing representatives from the company that are responsible for the collection and transportation of waste to identify what challenges the process faces and how they can be addressed. The main finding from the study was that the lack of site-specific data made it difficult to quantitatively assess the global warming potential of the process; however, it is possible to make a qualitative analysis. From study visits to the different treatment facilities, it was clear that energy recovery is a technical solution that could reduce the GWP of the process. Additionally, it became clear that the process should be seen as a socio-technical system, as the studied process is currently focusing on developing and improving the social elements of the process. These social elements include getting the residents to segregate their waste through education in schools and door-to-door collection. The results also showed how an improved cultural perception on WM could potentially influence several of the identified challenges in the process and their respective solutions. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of conducting more in-depth research to enable the implementation of an LCA that can contribute with valuable results. / Avfallshantering är en viktig fråga i världens mest befolkade land, Indien. Bristande avfallshantering kan ha en negativ inverkan på miljön genom att lakvatten förorenar vattendrag och utsläpp av växthusgaser. Syftet med den här studien var att noggrant kartlägga en process för avfallshantering i sydöstra Indien och identifiera områden med potential för miljöförbättringar. Detta genomfördes i tre steg: genom att kartlägga flödena i ett avfallshanteringssystem i Chennai (Indien), genom att kvalitativt bedöma dessa flöden genom en litteraturgenomgång av artiklar som publicerats på området och genom att intervjua representanter från det företag som ansvarar för insamling och transport av avfall för att identifiera vilka utmaningar som processen står inför och hur de kan åtgärdas. Det viktigaste resultatet av studien var att bristen på platsspecifika data gjorde det svårt att kvantitativt bedöma processens globala uppvärmningspotential (GWP), men att det var möjligt att göra en kvalitativ analys. Vid studiebesöken vid de olika behandlingsanläggningarna blev det tydligt att energiåtervinning är en teknisk lösning som skulle kunna minska processens GWP. Dessutom blev det tydligt att processen bör ses som ett sociotekniskt system, eftersom den studerade processen för närvarande fokuserar på att utveckla och förbättra processens sociala element. Dessa sociala element omfattar att få invånarna att sortera sitt avfall genom utbildning i skolor och insamling av avfall från dörr till dörr. Resultaten visade också hur en förbättrad kulturell uppfattning om avfallshantering potentiellt skulle kunna påverka flera av de identifierade utmaningarna i processen och deras respektive lösningar. Slutligen betonade studien vikten av att genomföra mer djupgående forskning för att möjliggöra genomförandet av en LCA som kan bidra med värdefulla resultat.

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo propor uma estrutura de modelagem matemática para a localização ótima de unidades de tratamento térmico de resíduos com recuperação energética. Para tal, o ferramental utilizado foi o método de programação inteira mista, sendo a modelagem desenvolvida aplicada para a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista e Litoral Norte. Foi considerada como premissa básica que o processo de incineração seria operado pelo poder público; todos os municípios geradores de Resíduos Sólidos Domiciliares foram considerados como potenciais localidades para a instalação da unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos; todos os aterros sanitários que atendiam os Municípios estudados foram considerados para a recepção das escórias e cinzas provenientes do processo de incineração. Foram especificados quatro cenários para tal análise, que abordaram competitividade em relação ao uso de aterros sanitários e a presença de eficiência na coleta seletiva dos Municípios. Os resultados apontaram para que a unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos se localize no entorno dos Municípios de Santos, Praia Grande e São Vicente. Mesmo com a opção do uso de aterros sanitários, a implantação da unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos se apresentou como uma alternativa mais favorável, tendo sido levados em conta, na modelagem proposta, aspectos tanto ambientais como econômicos. / This study aimed to propose a mathematical modeling framework for optimal location of units of the thermal treatment of waste with energy recovery. To this end, the tool used was the method of mixed integer programming, and the developed modeling applied to the Santos Metropolitan Region and North Coast. It was considered as the basic premise that the incineration process would be operated by the Government; all municipalities solid waste generators were considered as potential locations for the installation of the unit thermal treatment of waste, all landfills that serve municipalities studied were considered for receipt of slag and ash from the incineration process. Four scenarios were specified for this analysis that addressed competitiveness in relation to the use of landfills and the presence of selective collection efficiency in the municipalities. Results showed that the unit of thermal treatment of waste should be located in the vicinity of the cities of Santos, São Vicente and Praia Grande. Even with the option of using landfill, the deployment of the unit of thermal treatment of waste is presented as an alternative more favorable, having been taken into account in the proposed model, both environmental and economic aspects.

Dans un contexte accru d’économie circulaire et de valorisation des matières premières recyclées, les mâchefers d’incinération de déchets non dangereux (MIDND) constituent des déchets granulaires minéraux identifiés comme ressources renouvelables potentiellement valorisables dans la filière construction, notamment dans le domaine des matériaux cimentaires (type mortier/béton). Compte tenu de l'origine et de la nature des granulats de mâchefers, dans une finalité de concourir à une meilleure compatibilité mâchefer/ciment, il apparait essentiel en premier lieu de considérer des fractions minérales de mâchefers au mieux épurées par l’optimisation de l’enlèvement des métaux ferreux, non-ferreux et indésirables. En second temps, tenant compte des spécificités physico-chimiques résultantes des mâchefers, le choix de la base cimentaire constitue le second facteur prépondérant en sus de la nécessité de meilleure qualité de la fraction minérale de mâchefer. Le présent travail doctoral traite spécifiquement de l’apport de l’utilisation d’un ciment sulfo-alumineux dans le contexte de valorisation des mâchefers en matrice cimentaire. Des sables de mâchefers améliorés de fraction 0/2 mm ont été élaborés et utilisés pour l’étude. Dans une première partie, les résultats de formulation de mortiers cimentaires (ciment Portland, noté OPC / ciment sulfo-alumineux, noté CSA) à base de mâchefers en substitution volumique partielle du sable naturel (25, 50 et 75 %) et totale (100 %), mettent en évidence l’apport bénéfique du ciment CSA sur les résistances en compression par comparaison aux mortiers OPC. Une analyse expérimentale du réseau poreux des mortiers à 90 jours révèle que la frange de porosité supérieure à 50 nm est nettement plus faible pour les mortiers CSA. La thèse met en évidence un résultat majeur et pionnier : en interaction mâchefer, le niveau de basicité du milieu réactionnel joue un rôle prépondérant sur le potentiel de dégagement gazeux (hydrogène) après la mise en œuvre et avant la prise. Ce gaz impacte le niveau de porosité de la frange la plus grossière des mortiers durcis. La seconde partie concerne l’étude physique et microstructurale des mortiers soumis à l’attaque à l’eau pure ou à attaque sulfatique pour des substitutions volumiques de 50 et 100 %, avec les témoins pour référentiels. Les observations MEB sur les différentes matrices mettent en évidence une nette moindre sensibilité des mortiers mâchefer/CSA que des mortiers mâchefer/OPC, traduit par des porosités, fissurations et épaisseurs dégradées moindres. / In a world where circular economy and the valorization of raw materials is taking a greater importance, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is identified as potentially renewable resource in the construction field and more specifically in cementitious materials like mortar and concrete. Given the origin of the bottom ash and in order to have a better cement/MSWI bottom ash compatibility, the fraction used was as refined as possible by removing ferrous, non-ferrous and unwanted materials. The choice of the cement used is a critical factor as well because it affects the quality of the end product since MSWI bottom ash has particular physicochemical properties. The work in this PhD studies the advantages of using a sulfo-aluminate cement to valorize an improved 0/2 mm fraction of bottom ash that has been developed to be used in cementitious matrices. The first part presents the results of the mortar sample mixes containing bottom ash in a substitution by volume of the standard sand. To better highlight the effect of using a sulfo-aluminate (CSA), CSA mortars containing bottom ash were compared to a Portland cement (OPC) mortars, with substitution rates of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were used. A study of the porosity was then conducted at 90 days ; it shows that the pores larger to 50 nm are remarkably less present for CSA mortars. This thesis brings forward a major and innovative result : the level of alkalinity of the mortar plays an important role in the release of hydrogen gas after mixing and before setting. The presence of these gases creates large porosity in the hardened mortar samples. The second part studies the physical and microstructural aspects of the mortars after being immersed in aggressive environments : pure water and sulfate solution. The substitution rates used in this experiment were 50 % and 100 % by volume as well as the reference mortars with no bottom ash. These samples were then studied in the SEM which showed that CSA/bottom ash mortars were clearly less affected than the OPC/bottom ash mortars. This was highlighted by the porosity, the cracking and the depth of degraded zone.