During storage of grain, there may have significant damage to its quality due to unfavorable physical and biological interactions and thus requires continuous monitoring. Therefore, an easy, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method is necessary for efficient monitoring of stored-grain. Arrays of sensors are being used for classifying liquors, perfumes, quality of food products mimicking mammalian olfactory systems. Monitoring of stored grain is a new application of sensor arrays. The main objective was to fabricate a carbon black polymer sensor array which can easily monitor incipient grain spoilage by detecting spoiling stored grain volatiles (benzene derivatives and aliphatic hydrocarbon derivatives) with minimum interference from relative humidity. Various aspects of a good sensor were analyzed using statistical analysis (RSD, LDA, PCA, t-test). The developed sensor array can identify red flour beetle-infected and uninfected wheat and fungal volatiles at ambient conditions as well as some stored grain conditions (MC 16%, RH 52%).

Traditional culvert designs, in many cases, have become habitat barriers to aquatic animal species. In response, environmentally sensitive culvert designs have been developed to function as ecological bridges. Bottomless and buried invert culverts are examples of such designs and are commonly used for fish passage. Additional design guidance specific to streambed stability in buried-invert or bottomless culverts under high flow events is needed. This study investigated incipient motion conditions for four substrate materials in a 2-ft (0.61-m) diameter circular bottomless arch culvert and in a 1-ft (0.30-m) wide rectangular flume in a laboratory setting. General scour of the streambed within the bottomless arch culvert was also investigated under partially pressurized and non-pressurized flow conditions. This thesis discusses the experimental methods used to determine incipient motion conditions and analyses of incipient motion prediction methods. This thesis also presents the experimental results obtained from both test facilities with the results of other published incipient motion studies on gravel streambeds. Finally, the prediction efficiency of eight stone sizing methods (open channel and culvert application) applied to the experimental results was analyzed, which may be useful for determining stable stone diameters to be used as riprap in simulated streambeds through bottomless culverts.

Many methods and equations have been developed to predict bed load transport rates, most of which use some comparison between shear stress and critical shear stress. The critical shear stress is determined by the point of incipient motion. Researchers have attempted to predict bed load transport both deterministically with mean parameters and stochastically attempting to take into account the fluctuations of velocity at points near threshold. This work attempts to show that more than simple force balances are needed to determine the point at which a particle will move. Turbulent fluctuations in velocity seem to have an effect of particle entrainment. The fluctuations in velocity can be several times greater than their time averaged counterparts. These short durations of high velocity often result in particle movement even though the mean flow may be less than or very near critical conditions. Through experiments of a single spherical particle on a simple bed geometry in air without the effects of water, it is shown that time duration of force has an effect on entrainment. This shows that there may be a constant force-time combination, or impulse, required to entrain sediment. / Master of Science

The durability of concrete structures is affected by a number of factors such as environmental exposure, electrochemical reactions, mechanical loading, impact damage and others. Of all of these, corrosion of the reinforcement is probably the main cause for the deterioration of steel reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Corrosion management is becoming increasingly necessary as a result of the growing number of ageing infrastructure assets (e.g. bridges, tunnels etc.) and the increased requirement for unplanned maintenance in order to keep these structures operational throughout their design life (and commonly, beyond). The main RC repair, refurbishment and rehabilitation approaches generally employed can be broadly categorised under a) conventional, b) surface treatments, c) electrochemical treatments and d) design solutions. The overarching aim of this research was to identify the key corrosion management techniques and undertake empirical investigations focused on full-scale RC structures to investigate their long-term performance. To achieve this, individual research packages were identified from the above broad five approaches for repair, replacement and rehabilitation. These were 1) Patch repairs and incipient anodes, 2) Impressed Current Cathodic Protection, 3) Galvanic Cathodic Protection and 4) Hydrophobic treatments. The selection of the above research packages was based on past and present use by the construction industry to repair, refurbish and rehabilitate RC structures. Their contributions may be broadly categorised as i) Investigations on how specific treatments and materials perform, ii) Investigations on the effectiveness of existing methods of measurements and developing alternatives, iii) Changes to the existing theory of corrosion initiation and arrest and iv) Changes to management framework strategies. The key findings from each research package can be summarised as follows: Macrocell activity appears to be a consequence rather than a cause of incipient anode formation in repaired concrete structures, as has previously been presented; ICCP has persistent protective effects even after interruption of the protective current; Discrete galvanic anodes installed in the parent concrete surrounding the patch repair are a feasible alternative to galvanic anodes embedded within the patch repairs of RC structures; Silanes may have a residual hydrophobic effect even after 20 years of service.

Sedimentation buildup and accumulation can cause serious impediments to the hydraulic capacity of culvert systems. There has not been any significant research to date regarding the behavior of bed load transport nor the implications of bed forms upon the hydraulics associated with culvert flow. The primary objective of this study was to investigate how sediment transport occurs in a culvert and to then develop a methodology and test setup to successfully investigate this sediment transport. The investigation was limited to studying culvert and pipeline transport of alluvial material in sand and gravel sizes. This dissertation develops a semi-empirical bed load transport equation from existing open channel flow models to be used in predicting sediment yields in culvert applications. Incipient motion and critical shear stresses were investigated for application into eight empirically based models. The methods analyzed include the Meyer-Peter Müller, Engelund and Hansen, Shields, Toffaleti (as seen in the United States Army Corps of Engineers program HEC RAS), Schoklitsch, DuBoy, Yang, and Rottner methods. These methods were tested for predictive accuracy to physically modeled bed load transport data obtained from a 304.8 mm (11.89 in) diameter culvert. Tests involved fully pressurized, partially pressurized inlet controlled, and open channel flow regimes for a variety of bed elevations and bedforms. Bedform regime and associated resistance impacts on flow energy were presented to better understand their hydraulic consequence in culvert applications. An extensive literature review regarding sediment transport in both open channel and closed conduit applications is provided to develop a foundation of knowledge to pursue further research in this area. This literature review summarizes the current body of scientific knowledge that is applicable to sediment transport in culverts. Investigations into both historical and current works are cited throughout this studies literature review. A tested methodology is presented for the investigation of sediment bed load transport in culvert applications. Development of a procedure for the testing of critical shear limits and bed load transport is outlined. A detailed application example is provided. Recommended changes in testing techniques and physical model are made for the next generation of culvert sediment transport research.

This dissertation presents a methodology for an efficient, non-destructive, and online incipient fault diagnosis system (IFDS) to detect underground cable incipient faults before they become catastrophic. The system provides vital information to help the operator with the decision-making process regarding the condition assessment of the underground cable. It incorporates advanced digital signal processing and pattern recognition methods to classify recorded data into designated classes. Additionally, the IFDS utilizes novel detection methodologies to detect when the cable is near failure. The classification functionality is achieved through employing an ensemble of rule-based and supervised classifiers. The Support Vector Machines, designed and used as a supervised classifier, was found to perform superior. In addition to the normalized energy features computed from wavelet packet analysis, two new features, namely Horizontal Severity Index, and Vertical Severity Index are defined and used in the classification problem. The detection functionality of the IFDS is achieved through incorporating a temporal severity measure and a detection method. The novel severity measure is based on the temporal analysis of arrival times of incipient abnormalities, which gives rise to a numeric index called the Global Severity Index (GSI). This index portrays the progressive degradation path of underground cable as catastrophic failure time approaches. The detection approach utilizes the numerical modeling capabilities of SOM as well as statistical change detection techniques. The natural logarithm of the chronologically ordered minimum modeling errors, computed from exposing feature vectors to a trained SOM, is used as the detection index. Three modified change detection algorithms, namely Cumulative Sum, Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages, and Generalized Likelihood Ratio, are introduced and applied to this application. These algorithms determine the change point or near failure time of cable from the instantaneous values of the detection index. Performance studies using field recorded data were conducted at three warning levels to assess the capability of the IFDS in predicting the faults that actually occurred in the monitored underground cable. The IFDS presents a high classification rate and satisfactory detection capability at each warning level. Specifically, it demonstrates that at least one detection technique successfully provides an early warning that a fault is imminent.

Sonoran Desert Drosophila mettleri breeds in soil soaked by the necrotic cacti juices from saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and cardon (Pachycereus pringlei). An isolated population on Santa Catalina Island, 300 kilometers NW of the Sonoran Desert limit, was discovered breeding in several Opuntia cacti species. Host shifts are associated with the speciation process in phytophagous insects. I tested for evidence of premating isolation, postmating isolation, and ecological differences among allopatric populations of Drosophila mettleri using a variety of approaches. No sexual isolation was detected. However, Drosophila mettleri from Santa Catalina Island shows significant behavioral and physiological differences compared with Sonoran Desert populations. Furthermore, Drosophila mettleri from Santa Catalina Island was significantly genetically differentiated from all other populations in the study. Finally, I observed sufficiently significant F1 male sterility in crosses involving the Santa Catalina Island population to consider it indicative of early postzygotic isolation.

During storage of grain, there may have significant damage to its quality due to unfavorable physical and biological interactions and thus requires continuous monitoring. Therefore, an easy, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method is necessary for efficient monitoring of stored-grain. Arrays of sensors are being used for classifying liquors, perfumes, quality of food products mimicking mammalian olfactory systems. Monitoring of stored grain is a new application of sensor arrays. The main objective was to fabricate a carbon black polymer sensor array which can easily monitor incipient grain spoilage by detecting spoiling stored grain volatiles (benzene derivatives and aliphatic hydrocarbon derivatives) with minimum interference from relative humidity. Various aspects of a good sensor were analyzed using statistical analysis (RSD, LDA, PCA, t-test). The developed sensor array can identify red flour beetle-infected and uninfected wheat and fungal volatiles at ambient conditions as well as some stored grain conditions (MC 16%, RH 52%).

As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.

As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.