Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung der Prävalenz, Konfiguration und Symmetrie eines zweiten Wurzelkanals in Unterkieferfrontzähnen mithilfe der digitalen Volumentomographie.  Methodik: 302 DVTs wurden für die Bewertung der Wurzelkanalmorphologie und Symmetrie in 1208 Unterkieferfrontzähnen untersucht. Die Bilder wurden mit Bezug auf die Variation der Wurzelkanalanatomie, das Alter, sowie das Geschlecht des Patienten und die Frontzahntypen ausgewertet. Die Wurzelkanalmorphologie wurde in Anlehnung an Vertuccis Klassifikation von 1984 eingeteilt. Die Wurzelkanalanatomie wurde im Abstand von 2 mm und 7 mm koronal des röntgenologischen Apex untersucht.  Ergebnisse: In die Studie wurden 116 Männer und 186 Frauen aufgenommen. 919 (76,3%) Zähne zeigten die Typ 1-1 Klassifikation und stellten die am häufigsten vorkommende Konfiguration dar. 262 (21,8%) Zähne zeigten eine 2-1 Morphologie, 13 (1,1%) Zähne Typ 1-2 und 10 (0,8%) Zähne Typ 2-2. Insgesamt konnte in 23,6% aller Zähne ein zusätzlicher Wurzelkanal erkannt werden. 53 (17,5%) Patienten zeigten eine bilaterale Symmetrie in den zentralen Inzisivi und 62 (20,5%) Patienten in den seitlichen Schneidezähnen. Bei 37 Patienten (12,3%) war in allen Unterkieferfrontzähnen ein zweiter Wurzelkanal zu erkennen.  Schlussfolgerungen: Die Nutzung des fazialen DVTs ist zur Bestimmung der Kanalmorphologien 1-1 und 2-1 ein adäquates Hilfsmittel. Für eine präzise Auswertung der Morphologien 1-2 und 2-2 ist das verwendete faziale DVT nicht ausreichend. Nahezu ein Viertel der untersuchten Frontzähne (23,6%) verfügt über einen zusätzlichen Wurzelkanal. In bis zu 17,5% der mittleren und 20,5% der seitlichen Frontzähne kann von einem zusätzlichen Wurzelkanal ausgegangen werden.Ein zweiter Wurzelkanal im gleichen Zahn des gegenüberliegenden Quadranten sollte bei Männern und Frauen in jedem Alter erst dann ausgeschlossen werden, wenn er mit allen nötigen Hilfsmitteln nicht aufgefunden werden kann.Die Studie zeigt, dass knapp jeder fünfte Frontzahn eine bilaterale Symmetrie zeigt.

A thesis submitted to the College of Dental Medicine of Nova Southeastern University of the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Objective: This study aimed to determine and compare the esthetic preference of the general public, dentists, orthodontists and prosthodontists in relation to the width of the most anatomically variable tooth in the mouth, the maxillary lateral incisor. Background: The general public today places more importance on facial esthetics than they have in the past and their esthetic preferences are evolving. The smile is a main feature of facial esthetics and its attractiveness is based in part on the size and proportion of the anterior teeth. The lateral incisors are the most variable in size and there is a continuing debate in the literature with conflicting reports about how wide they should be in proportion to their neighboring teeth. Methods: Two sets of seven images of frontal and oblique (three-quarter) smile views were created with Adobe Photoshop Elements 10 by morphing two "Master Smile" images. The seven images within each set had different width proportions of lateral incisors. However, they were identical in every other aspect such as differences in lip thickness or tooth shape to diminish the impact of compounding variables between photographs. A link to an online survey was distributed by email to four groups: laypeople, general dentists, orthodontists and prosthodontists. Subjects taking the survey ranked the seven photographs in each set from the most to the least esthetic based on their personal preference. The results were studied to ascertain whether the general public has an esthetic preference in the width of lateral incisors and, if that preference exists, whether it is different from that of trained dental professionals. Results: In a frontal view of a smile, the global preference for the width of a lateral incisor falls into the range of 62.5-72.5% of the width of the central incisor. The probability that the most preferred choice is 67.5% or greater is 66%. In the frontal view there was no statistically significant difference between professions. Non-Hispanic white respondents preferred slightly more narrow laterals than other ethnicities in the frontal view. Respondents older than forty preferred slightly wider laterals than respondents under forty in the frontal view. In the oblique view, there was a 69% probability that the most preferred choice was the largest option: a lateral incisor 91.5% of the width of the visible width of the central incisor. In the oblique view, the three groups of dental professionals were more likely than the general public to select a wider incisor as the most esthetic option. Conclusion: Preference for smile attractiveness can be significantly influenced by the width of lateral incisors in a frontal and oblique view. Orthodontist, general dentists, and prosthodontists were shown to be in general agreement with the public in preferring a wider lateral incisor viewed from a frontal smile. In an oblique view, their professions had a statistically significant impact on the difference between their choices compared to laypeople in that they preferred a slightly wider lateral incisor. All groups preferred significantly wider laterals than is proscribed by the Golden Proportion.

Background: Treatment of oral diseases can have a long-lasting impact on a child’s life well beyond its childhood years. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of treatment on the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children with severe caries and severe molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Methods: A total of 210 children (mean age 9 years; 49% female) with severe caries (inner third of dentin) and severe MIH (post-eruptive breakdown, crown destruction) were included in the study. Both groups were matched according to age, gender, and social status. The German version of the Child Perception Questionnaire for 8–10-year-olds (CPQ-G8–10) was used before and after treatment to analyze the impact on OHRQoL. Results: Patients with severe MIH showed a significantly higher total CPQ score (17.8 (±10.6)) before treatment compared to the caries group (13.8 (±14.3)). The mean CPQ score in all subdomains decreased significantly after therapy in the MIH group. Children with severe carious lesions had similar results except in the domain “functional limitations”, as treatment led to only minor changes (2.9 (±3.6) to 2.2 (±2.6)). Conclusions: Despite a narrower treatment spectrum, patients with severe MIH experienced a greater overall improvement in OHRQoL compared to the caries group.

Background: Molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has a strong negative effect on oralhealth-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Malformed teeth can be hypersensitive, and the discoloration might affect children’s appearances, reducing their well-being. The purpose of the study was to investigate how hypomineralized incisors and molars differ in children’s perceived OHRQoL. Materials and Methods: 252 children aged 7–10 years old were included and subdivided into three equal groups (n = 84). Group A included children with asymptomatic molars and affected incisors. Group B included children presenting only affected molars. Group C was the control group, with children showing no MIH. All participants were asked to complete the German version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ-G8-10) to measure OHRQoL. Results: Participants in the posterior group showed a median total CPQ of 13.4 (±1.7), which was significantly higher than scores in the anterior and control group, which showed a median total CPQ of 8.4 (±1.4) and 4.2 (±0.7), respectively. Children in the posterior group suffered more from oral symptoms and functional limitations, whereas the anterior group dealt more with social and emotional well-being problems. Conclusions: The position of the MIH-affected teeth causes different influences on perceived OHRQoL.

No description available.

No description available.

Os dentes incisivos inferiores apresentam, em sua maioria, canal radicular único, que pode ter conformações distintas. De acordo com a literatura científica, a presença de um segundo canal radicular pode ser constatada em 10 a 40% dos casos. A não-detecção do segundo canal é um importante fator para o insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os seguintes objetivos: 1) comparar a eficácia na identificação de padrões anatômicos internos em incisivos inferiores permanentes extraídos com uso de imagem radiográfica periapical digital e de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC); e 2) determinar a prevalência de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores em imagens de TCFC de um banco de dados de exames previamente realizados, associando com localização do dente, gênero e idade do paciente. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, 40 dentes incisivos inferiores foram submetidos a escaneamento em microtomógrafo computadorizado da FOB-USP (Skyscan 1074) para estabelecer o padrão ouro do tipo anatômico interno de cada dente. Os dentes foram então classificados em: Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular, n=12), Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval, n=12) e Tipo III (2 canais radiculares, n=16). Em seguida, os dentes foram divididos em 10 grupos de 4 dentes e posicionados em alvéolos de uma mandíbula humana para exposição radiográfica periapical digital direta com duas tomadas variando o ângulo horizontal de incidência (Schick CDR) e para escaneamento em 3 tomógrafos (Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De e NewTom 5G) da Universidade de Loma Linda, CA, EUA. Dois examinadores treinados classificaram o tipo anatômico de cada dente e suas respostas foram comparadas ao padrão ouro estabelecido por microtomografia. Para descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%) de respostas certas / erradas. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%, para verificação da associação entre variáveis. As concordâncias inter e intraexaminador foram determinadas por teste de kappa. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, foram interpretadas imagens de incisivos inferiores de 100 pacientes, cujos exames estavam disponíveis no banco de dados do tomógrafo i-CAT Classic da FOB-USP. Dois examinadores avaliaram a anatomia interna de incisivos inferiores, em reconstruções axiais, sagitais e coronais, classificando-a de acordo com o número de canais radiculares. A prevalência de 2 canais radiculares foi relacionada à localização do dente e ao gênero e idade do paciente. Para descrição dos dados coletados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%). Para verificar a associação entre variáveis, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%. Para a concordância intra e interexaminador, utilizou-se o teste de kappa. Como resultado da primeira etapa da pesquisa, obteve-se alto índice de detecção de tipos anatômicos para todos os métodos avaliados (p <0,05). Para dentes com Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular), as imagens de TCFC foram superiores em comparação à radiografia periapical digital com dupla exposição (RP= 67% de acerto; TCFC= 98% de acerto, p <0,05). Considerando os 3 aparelhos de TCFC, não houve diferença estatística significante entre eles para identificação do Tipo I. Já para dentes com Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval), houve diferença estatística significante somente entre radiografia periapical digital com dupla exposição e o tomógrafo NewTom (RP= 44% de acerto; TCFC NewTom= 88% de acerto). Não houve diferença significante entre os outros 2 tomógrafos e radiografia periapical ou entre os 3 tomógrafos. Considerando dentes com Tipo III (2 canais radiculares), não houve diferença estatística significante entre nenhum dos métodos. Todos os métodos apresentaram números de respostas certas semelhantes para o Tipo III, sugerindo que a radiografia periapical com dupla angulação é suficiente para identificação de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores. A concordância intraexaminador para radiografia periapical foi regular (kappa=0,40 a 0,66) e de boa a excelente para os aparelhos de TCFC (kappa=0,62 a 0,85). A concordância interexaminador para radiografia periapical foi de ruim a regular (kappa=0,25 a 0,32) e de boa a excelente para os aparelhos de TCFC (kappa=0,62 a 0,92). Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, o total de 386 incisivos inferiores foi avaliado, sendo 192 incisivos centrais e 194 incisivos laterais. A prevalência de 2 canais radiculares constatada no total de dentes foi de 16,5%, sendo de 13% em incisivos centrais e de 20% nos incisivos laterais (p >0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre gêneros e idades. A concordância intra e interexaminador foi regular (kappa intra=0,60; kappa inter=0,57). Como conclusão da primeira etapa da pesquisa, observou-se que a identificação do número de canais radiculares foi efetiva em todos os métodos. No entanto, limitações foram encontradas para a diferenciação da forma do canal radicular. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, concluiuse que a presença de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores de pacientes da região de Bauru é de aproximadamente 20% e não depende da localização do dente ou de gênero e idade do paciente. / Mandibular incisors most commonly have a single root canal, which can present with different anatomic configurations. According to the literature, the presence of a second root canal can be observed in 10 - 40% of the teeth. Difficulty in detecting the second root canal is an important factor for the endodontic treatment failure. The aim of this research was: 1) to compare the efficacy of digital periapical radiography (PA) with double exposure and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the identification of internal anatomic patterns in mandibular incisors, and 2) to determine the prevalence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors using cone beam computed tomographic images of a patient database, comparing to tooth position and patients gender and age. In the first part of this research, 40 extracted mandibular incisors underwent microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning (Skyscan 1074) in order to establish the gold standard for internal anatomic pattern. The teeth were classified according to: Type I (1 regular root canal, n=12), Type Ia (1 oval root canal, n=12), and Type III (2 root canals, n=16). Then, the teeth were divided into 10 groups of 4 teeth and placed in a preserved human mandible for direct digital periapical radiographic double exposure (Schick CDR) and CBCT scans using Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De and NewTom 5G. Two blinded examiners classified the anatomic pattern of each tooth and their answers were compared to the gold standard (microtomographic images). Percentage (%) of right / wrong answers was used for the statistical analysis of the results. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. In the second part of this research, CBCT images of a 100 patients database from FOB-USP were examined. Two examiners assessed the internal anatomy of mandibular incisors in axial, sagittal and coronal reconstructions and classified the teeth according to the number of root canals. The prevalence of 2 root canals was related to the tooth location and patients gender and age. Percentage (%) was used to describe the collected data. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. The results of the first part of the research showed a high level of identification of anatomic patterns for all the methods (p <0.05). Considering Type I (1 regular root canal), CBCT images were better in comparison to PA (PA= 67%; CBCT= 98%, p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the 3 CBCT scanners. For Type Ia (1 oval root canal), there was a significant difference between PA and CBCT imaging using the NewTom unit only (PA= 44%, NewTom CBCT= 88%). No significant differences were found between the other 2 CBCT units and PA or between the 3 CBCT units. Considering Type III (2 root canals), there was no significant difference between the various methods. All the methods presented similar corrected answers index for Type III, which may suggest that PA with double exposure is sufficient for the identification of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors. The intraexaminer agreement was fair for PA (kappa=0.40 to 0.66) and good to very good for the CBCT units (kappa=0.62 to 0.85). The interexaminer agreement was poor to fair for PA (kappa=0.25 to 0.32) and good to very good for CBCT units (kappa=0.62 to 0.92). In the second part of this research, the total amount of 386 mandibular incisors was assessed in CBCT images (192 mandibular central incisors and 194 mandibular lateral incisors). The overall prevalence of 2 root canals was 16.5%, and 13% in mandibular central incisors and 20% in mandibular lateral incisors (p >0.05). There was no significant difference between gender and age. The intra and interexaminer agreement was fair (kappa intra=0.60; kappa inter=0.57). For the first part of this research, it is possible to conclude that the identification of the number of root canals was effective using all the methods. However, limitations were found in differentiating the shape of the root canal. As a conclusion of the second part of this research, the presence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors of Bauru region patients is approximately 20% and it does not depend on tooth location or patients gender and age.

Os dentes incisivos inferiores apresentam, em sua maioria, canal radicular único, que pode ter conformações distintas. De acordo com a literatura científica, a presença de um segundo canal radicular pode ser constatada em 10 a 40% dos casos. A não-detecção do segundo canal é um importante fator para o insucesso do tratamento endodôntico. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os seguintes objetivos: 1) comparar a eficácia na identificação de padrões anatômicos internos em incisivos inferiores permanentes extraídos com uso de imagem radiográfica periapical digital e de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC); e 2) determinar a prevalência de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores em imagens de TCFC de um banco de dados de exames previamente realizados, associando com localização do dente, gênero e idade do paciente. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, 40 dentes incisivos inferiores foram submetidos a escaneamento em microtomógrafo computadorizado da FOB-USP (Skyscan 1074) para estabelecer o padrão ouro do tipo anatômico interno de cada dente. Os dentes foram então classificados em: Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular, n=12), Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval, n=12) e Tipo III (2 canais radiculares, n=16). Em seguida, os dentes foram divididos em 10 grupos de 4 dentes e posicionados em alvéolos de uma mandíbula humana para exposição radiográfica periapical digital direta com duas tomadas variando o ângulo horizontal de incidência (Schick CDR) e para escaneamento em 3 tomógrafos (Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De e NewTom 5G) da Universidade de Loma Linda, CA, EUA. Dois examinadores treinados classificaram o tipo anatômico de cada dente e suas respostas foram comparadas ao padrão ouro estabelecido por microtomografia. Para descrição dos resultados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%) de respostas certas / erradas. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%, para verificação da associação entre variáveis. As concordâncias inter e intraexaminador foram determinadas por teste de kappa. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, foram interpretadas imagens de incisivos inferiores de 100 pacientes, cujos exames estavam disponíveis no banco de dados do tomógrafo i-CAT Classic da FOB-USP. Dois examinadores avaliaram a anatomia interna de incisivos inferiores, em reconstruções axiais, sagitais e coronais, classificando-a de acordo com o número de canais radiculares. A prevalência de 2 canais radiculares foi relacionada à localização do dente e ao gênero e idade do paciente. Para descrição dos dados coletados, utilizou-se a porcentagem (%). Para verificar a associação entre variáveis, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado (X2), com nível de significância estatística de 5%. Para a concordância intra e interexaminador, utilizou-se o teste de kappa. Como resultado da primeira etapa da pesquisa, obteve-se alto índice de detecção de tipos anatômicos para todos os métodos avaliados (p <0,05). Para dentes com Tipo I (1 canal radicular regular), as imagens de TCFC foram superiores em comparação à radiografia periapical digital com dupla exposição (RP= 67% de acerto; TCFC= 98% de acerto, p <0,05). Considerando os 3 aparelhos de TCFC, não houve diferença estatística significante entre eles para identificação do Tipo I. Já para dentes com Tipo Ia (1 canal radicular oval), houve diferença estatística significante somente entre radiografia periapical digital com dupla exposição e o tomógrafo NewTom (RP= 44% de acerto; TCFC NewTom= 88% de acerto). Não houve diferença significante entre os outros 2 tomógrafos e radiografia periapical ou entre os 3 tomógrafos. Considerando dentes com Tipo III (2 canais radiculares), não houve diferença estatística significante entre nenhum dos métodos. Todos os métodos apresentaram números de respostas certas semelhantes para o Tipo III, sugerindo que a radiografia periapical com dupla angulação é suficiente para identificação de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores. A concordância intraexaminador para radiografia periapical foi regular (kappa=0,40 a 0,66) e de boa a excelente para os aparelhos de TCFC (kappa=0,62 a 0,85). A concordância interexaminador para radiografia periapical foi de ruim a regular (kappa=0,25 a 0,32) e de boa a excelente para os aparelhos de TCFC (kappa=0,62 a 0,92). Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, o total de 386 incisivos inferiores foi avaliado, sendo 192 incisivos centrais e 194 incisivos laterais. A prevalência de 2 canais radiculares constatada no total de dentes foi de 16,5%, sendo de 13% em incisivos centrais e de 20% nos incisivos laterais (p >0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre gêneros e idades. A concordância intra e interexaminador foi regular (kappa intra=0,60; kappa inter=0,57). Como conclusão da primeira etapa da pesquisa, observou-se que a identificação do número de canais radiculares foi efetiva em todos os métodos. No entanto, limitações foram encontradas para a diferenciação da forma do canal radicular. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, concluiuse que a presença de 2 canais radiculares em incisivos inferiores de pacientes da região de Bauru é de aproximadamente 20% e não depende da localização do dente ou de gênero e idade do paciente. / Mandibular incisors most commonly have a single root canal, which can present with different anatomic configurations. According to the literature, the presence of a second root canal can be observed in 10 - 40% of the teeth. Difficulty in detecting the second root canal is an important factor for the endodontic treatment failure. The aim of this research was: 1) to compare the efficacy of digital periapical radiography (PA) with double exposure and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the identification of internal anatomic patterns in mandibular incisors, and 2) to determine the prevalence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors using cone beam computed tomographic images of a patient database, comparing to tooth position and patients gender and age. In the first part of this research, 40 extracted mandibular incisors underwent microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning (Skyscan 1074) in order to establish the gold standard for internal anatomic pattern. The teeth were classified according to: Type I (1 regular root canal, n=12), Type Ia (1 oval root canal, n=12), and Type III (2 root canals, n=16). Then, the teeth were divided into 10 groups of 4 teeth and placed in a preserved human mandible for direct digital periapical radiographic double exposure (Schick CDR) and CBCT scans using Kodak 9000 3D, Veraviewepocs 3De and NewTom 5G. Two blinded examiners classified the anatomic pattern of each tooth and their answers were compared to the gold standard (microtomographic images). Percentage (%) of right / wrong answers was used for the statistical analysis of the results. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. In the second part of this research, CBCT images of a 100 patients database from FOB-USP were examined. Two examiners assessed the internal anatomy of mandibular incisors in axial, sagittal and coronal reconstructions and classified the teeth according to the number of root canals. The prevalence of 2 root canals was related to the tooth location and patients gender and age. Percentage (%) was used to describe the collected data. Chi-square test (X2) was used to verify the association between variables (p <.05). Inter and intraexaminer agreements were determined using kappa values. The results of the first part of the research showed a high level of identification of anatomic patterns for all the methods (p <0.05). Considering Type I (1 regular root canal), CBCT images were better in comparison to PA (PA= 67%; CBCT= 98%, p <0.05). There was no significant difference between the 3 CBCT scanners. For Type Ia (1 oval root canal), there was a significant difference between PA and CBCT imaging using the NewTom unit only (PA= 44%, NewTom CBCT= 88%). No significant differences were found between the other 2 CBCT units and PA or between the 3 CBCT units. Considering Type III (2 root canals), there was no significant difference between the various methods. All the methods presented similar corrected answers index for Type III, which may suggest that PA with double exposure is sufficient for the identification of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors. The intraexaminer agreement was fair for PA (kappa=0.40 to 0.66) and good to very good for the CBCT units (kappa=0.62 to 0.85). The interexaminer agreement was poor to fair for PA (kappa=0.25 to 0.32) and good to very good for CBCT units (kappa=0.62 to 0.92). In the second part of this research, the total amount of 386 mandibular incisors was assessed in CBCT images (192 mandibular central incisors and 194 mandibular lateral incisors). The overall prevalence of 2 root canals was 16.5%, and 13% in mandibular central incisors and 20% in mandibular lateral incisors (p >0.05). There was no significant difference between gender and age. The intra and interexaminer agreement was fair (kappa intra=0.60; kappa inter=0.57). For the first part of this research, it is possible to conclude that the identification of the number of root canals was effective using all the methods. However, limitations were found in differentiating the shape of the root canal. As a conclusion of the second part of this research, the presence of 2 root canals in mandibular incisors of Bauru region patients is approximately 20% and it does not depend on tooth location or patients gender and age.

Background: Maximal voluntary occlusal bite force (MVOBF) is the maximal force applied by the jaw muscles in dental occlusion. MVOBF is one parameter for functional capacity of the jaw system.  Aim: To evaluate MVOBF in different positions in the bite and to evaluate possible intra-individual differences between sessions.  Methods: MVOBF was measured with an electronic bite force device, with transducers sensitive to force, in 20 healthy men (mean 24.5 years). Eligibility of participants was full dental occlusion, Angle Class I relation, no diagnosis according to Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. The test included three repeated measurements on each site: first molar right, first molar left and central incisor, in random order, with test-retest study design. Unpaired T-test was used to test the MVOBF in different positions in the bite and paired T-test for possible intra-individual differences between sessions. A post hoc test for repeated measure one-way ANOVA was added.  Results: MVOBF in different positions in the bite was lower in the incisor area compared with the molar region (P&lt;0.0001), but similar between right and left molar side (P=0.48 and P= 0.96, respectively). No intra-individual differences between sessions (molar right P= 0.40; molar left P= 0.81; incisor area P= 0.66). The intra-individual variability for repeated measurements showed variability for incisor area (P= 0.007), but not for molar right and left region (P=0.95 and P=0.49, respectively).  Conclusion: The results may provide reference values for MVOBF in young adult men, to be compared with men with pain or dysfunction in the jaw system.

Some orthodontics clinicians apply an empirical method to evaluate the anteroposterior inclination of the upper incisor, in order to visually and qualitatively assess its inclination. It consists in projecting the prolongation of the upper incisor’s axis in relation to the cephalometric point Orbitale (Or) without referring to the conventional cephalometric measures related to the upper incisor. However, this method does not have a scientific basis due to the lack of studies conducted to demonstrate it. Aim: To validate the new measurement I-Or as a reliable method to classify the sagittal inclination of the upper incisor. Method: A total of 305 cephalometric radiographs were selected and classified into three incisor groups: proclined, retroclined, and normal. Cephalometric analyses were performed using standard measures of upper incisor inclination such as I/FH angle, I/NA angle, I/SN angle, and I- NA distance (mm). The shortest distance between the extension of the incisor axis with the Golden point (I-Or) was measured and compared with the I/FH measurement (angle), which was considered the conventional standard to determine the classification of the incisor inclination in this study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in I-Or values between the 3 groups identified by standard measurement I/FH (p<0.001). I-Or cut-off values of incisors having a normal inclination varied between +2 mm and -4 mm. Conclusion: I-Or is a reliable reference to determine the upper incisor’s inclination in 73% of the cases selected in this study. The sagittal position of the maxilla, the deflection of the incisor axis and cephalometric tracing errors would play a major role in the 27% of cases for which the measurement is not reliable. / Certains cliniciens orthodontistes appliquent une méthode empirique d’observation de l’inclinaison antéro postérieure de l’incisive supérieure, afin d’évaluer visuellement et de façon qualitative son inclinaison. Cette méthode consiste à projeter l’axe de l’incisive par rapport au point céphalométrique Orbitale (Or), et ceci, sans avoir recours au tracé céphalométrique incluant les mesures conventionnelles se rapportant à l’incisive supérieure. Or, cette méthode n’a aucun fondement scientifique en raison de l’absence d’études réalisées pour la démontrer. But : Valider la nouvelle mesure I-Or comme une méthode fiable pour classer l'inclinaison sagittale de l'incisive supérieure. Matériel et Méthodes : Un total de 305 radiographies céphalométriques a été sélectionné et classé en trois groupes d’incisives : proclinées, rétroclinées et normales. Les analyses céphalométriques ont été effectuées en utilisant les mesures standards d’inclinaison de l’incisive supérieure telles que I/FH angle, I/NA angle, I/SN angle et la distance I- NA (mm). La plus courte distance entre le prolongement de l’axe de l’incisive avec le point Or (I-Or) a été mesurée et comparée à la mesure I/FH (angle) qui a été considérée le standard conventionnel pour déterminer la classification de l’inclinaison de l’incisive dans cette étude. Résultats : Il y a une différence statistiquement significative des valeurs I-Or entre les 3 groupes identifiés par la mesure standard I/FH (p<0,001). Les valeurs seuils I-Or des incisives à inclinaison normale étaient de +2 mm et de -4 mm. Conclusion : I-Or est une référence fiable pour déterminer l'inclinaison de l'incisive supérieure dans 73% des cas sélectionnés dans cette étude. La position sagittale du maxillaire, la déflexion de l’axe de l’incisive et les erreurs de traçage céphalométrique joueraient un rôle majeur dans les 27% des cas pour lesquels la mesure n’est pas fiable.