Resumo: No Brasil os nematóides-chave da cana-de-açúcar são Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica e Pratylenchus zeae. Dentre as práticas de manejo o controle biológico é uma alternativa importante para as grandes culturas. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi, realizar um estudo da dinâmica de população de P. zeae em área de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no período de março a novembro de 2009. avaliar in vitro a ação de 21 isolados de rizobactérias sobre a eclosão e motilidade de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita, M. javanica e sobre a motilidade de formas ativas de P. zeae e avaliar em campo, a influência do plantio na linha e na entrelinha com nematicidas sintéticos e um isolado bacteriano sobre a população de P. zeae. Os isolados bacterianos FCAV 6, FCAV 8 e FCAV 10 apresentaram ação ovicida para M. javanica. Os isolados FCAV 5, FCAV 7 e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mostraram-se promissores no controle biológico de P.zeae. No campo o tratamento com rizobactéria FCAV 9 + adubo organomineral se mostrou superior aos demais em relação número de perfilhos. Estes resultados confirmam a potencialidade das rizobactérias para o controle de nematóides / Abstract: In Brazil, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and Pratylenchus zeae are key nematodes sugar cane. Among management practices for decreasing nematode infestation, biological control is an important alternative for the major crops. So, the objective was to carry a study of population dynamics of P. zeae area in sugar cane in growing, to evaluate the in vitro the action of 21 isolates of rhizobacteria on hatching and motility of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, M. javanica and on the motility of active forms of P. zeae and to assess in the field, the influence of planting in lines and rows with synthetic nematicides and a bacterial isolate on the population of P. zeae. The bacterial isolates FCAV 6, FCAV 8 and FCAV 10 showed ovicidal action for M. javanica. Isolate C116 showed promise for the control of J2 of M. javanica. Isolates FCAV 5, FCAV 7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have shown promise for the biological control of P.zeae. In the treatments 5 (Isolate FCAV 9 in the rows) and 6 (Isolate FCAV 9 between rows), were superior to others for the biometric analysis. These results confirm the potential of rhizobacteria for control of nematodes / Orientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Coorientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Banca: Marineide Mendonça Aguillera / Banca: Júlio Cesar Galli / Mestre

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In the present study it was carried out two experiments. In the first one it was evaluate effects of soil compactness and Meloidogyne incognita parasitism interaction on macronutrient contents in shoots, sugarcane initial development and nematode reproduction. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 (sugarcane varieties: RB962962 and RB863129 ) × 2 (presence and absence of nematode) × 3 (soil density: 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 g.cm-3) factorial arrangement. Fifteen days after planting seedlings were moved to vases and inoculated with approximately 5 M. incognita eggs per cm3 of soil (78000 eggs per plant). After 95 days from inoculation, plants were harvest and it was evaluated plant development, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content in shoots and nematode reproduction. For both varieties at 1.7 g.cm-3 soil density there was reduction in plant height and weight and increase in Ca and Mg content in shoots, but there was decrease in K content of parasited plants shoots. Soil compactness increased weight and leaf area of RB962962. In the second experiment the effects of vinasse application in soil at rate of 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 m³.ha-1 on Meloidogyne incognita reproduction and macronutrient content of sugarcane variety RB863129 were evaluated in a completely casualised design under greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with 20000 M. incognita eggs per vase 30 days after planting, immediately after vinasse application, and results evaluated 90 days after inoculation. Nematode population density, based on number of eggs per plant and per gram of root, decreased as residue rates increased. Vinasse application significantly reduced number of M. incognita eggs per plant with maximum reduction obtained at dose of 728 m³.ha-1, but the presence of nematodes promoted significant decrease in weight of the plants. The N content in shoots was higher in the dose of 100 m³.ha-1, while for P and K, quadratic fit was reaching its maximum respectively at doses of 507 and 425 m³.ha-1. There was no difference among treatments for Ca, Mg and S. / No presente estudo foram conduzidos dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou os efeitos da interação entre a compactação do solo e o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita sobre os teores de macronutrientes da parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar, desenvolvimento inicial da cultura e multiplicação dos nematoides. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 (variedades: RB962962 e RB863129) × 2 (presença e ausência de nematoides) × 3 (densidades do solo: 1,5, 1,6 e 1,7 g.cm-3). Após 15 dias da brotação, as mudas foram transplantadas para os vasos definitivos e inoculadas com aproximadamente 5 ovos de M. incognita por cm3 de solo (78000 ovos/vaso). Após 95 dias da inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliado o desenvolvimento das plantas, teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S na parte aérea e reprodução do nematoide. Para as duas variedades houve redução na altura e peso do colmo e aumento nos teores de Ca e Mg da parte aérea, quando na densidade de 1,7 g.cm-3, e redução no teor de K quando parasitadas. A RB962962 foi mais tolerante à compactação do solo apresentando incremento em peso e área foliares. No segundo estudo, os efeitos da incorporação ao solo de doses de vinhaça correspondentes a 0, 50, 100, 500 e 1000 m³.ha-1 sobre a reprodução de Meloidogyne incognita e teores de macronutrientes na cana-de-açúcar variedade RB863129 foram determinados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação. As plantas foram inoculadas com 20.000 ovos de M. incognita por vaso 30 dias após a semeadura, imediatamente após aplicação da vinhaça, e os resultados avaliados 90 dias após a inoculação. A densidade populacional dos nematoides, fundamentada no número de ovos por planta, decresceu com o aumento das taxas de resíduo administradas. A incorporação da vinhaça promoveu redução significativa no número de ovos de M. incognita por planta, com máximo de redução obtido na dose de 728 m³.ha-1, porém a presença dos nematoides promoveu decréscimo significativo no peso fresco das plantas. O teor de N na parte aérea foi maior na dose de 100 m³.ha-1, enquanto que para o P e o K, houve ajuste quadrático atingindo seus máximos respectivamente nas doses de 507 e 425 m³.ha-1. Para o Ca, Mg e S, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos.

Thesis (Ph. D. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides, had been researched and developed from indigenous plants at the University of Limpopo, Green Technologies Research Centre, under the auspices of the Indigenous Cucurbitaceae Technologies (ICT) Research Programme. After the international 2005 cut-off withdrawal date of the highly effective methyl bromide nematicide from the agrochemical markets, management options on nematode population densities shifted to more environment-friendly alternatives. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides as environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical nematicides had been consistent in nematode suppression under diverse conditions. In order to avoid challenges similar to those experienced with the use of synthetic chemical nematicides, the South African Fertiliser, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act No. 36 of 1947 (amended) require that the product to be used in agriculture must first be registered with the National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, after extensive efficacy and bioactivity tests. The information on bioactivity of the phytonematicides is also critical in the effective application of the product for efficient management of nematodes. Information on bioactivities of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on nematodes, plant and soil was not available. This study comprised eight objectives: (1) to examine whether (i) increasing concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on second-stage juvenile (J2) hatch of M. incognita, (ii) the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD) model would quantify the three phases of density-dependent growth (DDG) patterns on J2 hatch when exposed to increasing cucurbitacin concentrations, (iii) computed J2 hatch inhibition concentration (EHIC) and xli CARD-generated D-values would be statistically similar, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and (v) J2 hatch inhibition would be reversible when cucurbitacins were diluted, (2) to determine whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on J2 hatch of M. incognita, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 hatch when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed EHIC and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) J2 hatch inhibition would be reversible when phytonematicides were diluted, (3) to establish whether (i) increasing concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on M. incognita J2 immobility, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 immobility when compared to increasing cucurbitacin concentration, (iii) comparison of computed J2 immobility concentration and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) juvenile immobility would be reversible when cucurbitacins were diluted, (4) to test whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on M. incognita J2 immobility, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 immobility when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed J2 immobility concentration and CARD generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes, (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (v) juvenile immobility would be reversible when phytonematicides were diluted, (5) to determine whether (i) increasing xlii concentration of cucurbitacin A and B would have impact on M. incognita J2 mortality, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG patterns on J2 mortality when compared to increasing cucurbitacin concentration, (iii) comparison of computed lethal concentration (LC) and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on minimum lethal concentration (MLC), (6) to investigate whether (i) increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would have impact on M. incognita J2 mortality, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern on J2 mortality when compared to increasing phytonematicide concentrations, (iii) comparison of computed LC and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MLC, (7) to test whether (i) increasing concentrations of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would impact on M. incognita J2 infectivity of susceptible tomato plant, (ii) the CARD model would quantify the three phases of DDG pattern (iii) generated inhibition concentration (IC) and CARD-generated D-values would be statistically comparable in magnitudes and (iv) the CARD model would provide information on MIC and (8) to determine whether nematodes can serve as bioindicators of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides in tomato plant roots/fruits, soil types and organic matter at different depths. To achieve these objectives, reliability of measured variables was ensured by using statistical levels of significance (P ≤ 0.05) and coefficient of determination (R2), with validity ensured by conducting three independent experiments over time. In Objective 1, pure cucurbitacin A and B concentration effects on J2 hatch were significant, with both exhibiting DDG patterns. xliii The DDG patterns demonstrated that J2 hatch was inhibited at low pure cucurbitacin concentrations and slightly stimulated at higher cucurbitacin concentrations. At 24-, 48- and 72-h exposure periods, cucurbitacin A reduced J2 hatch by 40‒67, 34‒66 and 34‒45%, respectively, whereas cucurbitacin B reduced J2 hatch by 12‒57, 3‒36 and 9‒54%, respectively. CARD model quantified the concentration ranges of the two pure cucurbitacins associated with the phases of DDG patterns. The J2 hatch was highly sensitive to cucurbitacin B and highly tolerant to cucurbitacin A, as shown by sensitivities values of 0‒2 and 5‒20 units, respectively. The CARD-generated MIC values for cucurbitacin A and B were 1.75‒2.88 and 1.31‒1.88 µg.mL-1, respectively. The conventionally generated J2 hatch inhibition concentrations were higher than CARD-generated D-values at all exposure periods for both pure cucurbitacins. The J2 hatch inhibition effect was not reversible for both pure cucurbitacins. In Objective 2, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration effects on J2 hatch were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG patterns demonstrated that J2 hatch inhibition increased with increase in phytonematicide concentrations. Relative to water control, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide significantly reduced J2 hatch at 48-, 72-h and 7-d by 22‒92, 3‒79 and 1‒42%, respectively, whereas Nemafric-BL phytonematicide reduced it by 41‒93, 1‒80 and 12‒84%, respectively. The J2 hatch inhibition was highly sensitive to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric BL phytonematicides, with sensitivity of 0‒1 and 0‒4 units, respectively. The conventionally generated J2 hatch inhibition concentrations at 50 and 100% were higher than CARD-generated D-values for both phytonematicides. The J2 hatch inhibition effect was not reversible for both phytonematicides. In Objective 3, pure cucurbitacin A xliv and B concentration effects on J2 immobility were significant, with both exhibiting DDG patterns. The J2 immobility over increasing concentrations of pure cucurbitacins had DDG patterns which were similar for conventional method and those from CARD model. The DDG patterns were characterised by stimulation of J2 immobility at low concentrations, followed by saturation at higher concentrations. The CARD model could not generate the D-values for comparison with JMC-values, but generated MIC-values for cucurbitacin A and B which were 0.5‒0.6 and 0.5‒0.7 µg.mL-1, respectively. The J2 immobility was moderately sensitive to both cucurbitacins with sensitivity of 4 units and the inhibition effect of the two pure cucubitacins was not reversible. In Objective 4, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration effects on J2 immobility were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both phytonematicides exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation, saturation and inhibition effects for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide they had stimulation and saturation effects on J2 immobility as concentrations increased. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 3.6‒115.2 and 0.1‒6.5%, respectively. The CARD generated D-values were comparable with computed JMC values for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide unlike for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. The J2 immobility was highly sensitive to the two phytonematicides with sensitivity values of 0‒4 and 0‒2 units, respectively. The effects on J2 immobility of the two phytonematicides were not reversible. In Objective 5, pure cucurbitacin A and B concentration effects on J2 mortality were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both cucurbitacins exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation, saturation and slight inhibition effects for both cucurbitacin A and B as concentrations increased. The xlv MIC-values for cucurbitacin A and B were 0.63 and 0.61 µg.mL-1, respectively. The CARD-generated D-values were higher than the computed LC-values for both cucurbitacin A and B, with J2 mortality being highly sensitive to cucurbitacin A and B, with sensitivity of 4 units for both cucurbitacins. In Objective 6, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide effects on J2 mortality were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), with both phytonematicides exhibiting DDG patterns. The DDG pattern had stimulation effect at low phytonematicide concentrations and saturation effects at higher concentrations for both relative impact and CARD-generated graphs of J2 exposed to both phytonematicides. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 1.12 and 0.67%, respectively. The CARD-generated D-values were higher than the computed LC-values for both phytonematicides and J2 mortalities were highly sensitive to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides with sensitivity value of 2 and 1 units, respectively. In Objective 7, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations had a highly significant effect on infectivity of M. incognita post-exposure on susceptible tomato seedlings. The relationship between infectivity and increasing concentrations of the two phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns. The DDG patterns were characterised by stimulation effect at low Nemarioc AL phytonematicide concentrations and saturation effects at higher phytonematicide concentrations, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide slight inhibition, saturation and stimulation effects were observed. The CARD-generated inhibition concentrations for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide were comparable with computed inhibition concentrations, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicides, the values were not comparable. The MIC-values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were xlvi 0.2 and 0.7%, respectively and J2 infectivity were highly sensitive to the two phytonematicides, with sensitivity value of 2 and 0 units, respectively. In Objective 8, M. incognita was an excellent bioindicator in response to the application of two phytonematicides. The two phytonematicides significantly affected distribution of population densities of M. incognita across the tested soil types, with Nemafric-BL phytonematicide reducing population densities of M. incognita relative to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. The active ingredient of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin B tended to remain in the top layers of soil, where more roots accumulated, thereby reducing a relatively higher population densities of M. incognita than did active ingredient of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin A which moved with water beyond the effective root zone. Soil type alone and phytonematicide alone had no effect on nematode numbers, whereas the interaction of soil type, phytonematicides and depth, the nematode population densities were inversely proportional to soil depth. The interaction of clay with any of the two phytonematicides, reduced M. incognita population densities compared to sand and loam interactions. More than 62% tomato root systems occurred in the top 0–25 cm depth. The interactions between organic matter levels, phytonematicides and depth had no effect on the population densities of M. incognita. The two phytonematicides were able to reduce nematode population densities throughout the soil column in all four soil types and organic matter levels. Cucurbitacin residues were not detected in all tomato fruit samples. In conclusion, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides have bioactivities on J2 hatch, J2 immobility, J2 mortality and J2 infectivity. The CARD model quantified the three phases of DDG patterns for most of the variables. Even though CARD-generated inhibition xlvii concentrations at 50 and 100% were not comparable with computed values for pure cucurbitacins they were for most phytonematicide variables, the model was able to generate excellent MIC-values for all variables. The inhibition effects of the two phytonematicides were irreversible. The major findings of this study were that the two phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns for all variables tested and that the CARD model could be adopted for the in vitro evaluation of phytonematicides. Meloidogyne incognita was an excellent bioindicator on movement of two phytonematicides across soil types and organic matter levels at different depths. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides did not leave any cucurbitacin residues in tomato fruit. The information on bioactivities of the two phytonematicides generated in this study provides a much needed data for the registration of the products as required by the law. Proposed future research area includes, microscopy study of molecular effects of the phytonematicides on nematodes post-exposure. / National Research Foundation (NRF), Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR) and Land Bank Chair-University of Limpopo.

Yes / BACKGROUND: Diffuse alopecia areata (DAA) often leads to a complete hair shedding within a few months. OBJECTIVE: To explore features and mechanisms underlying DAA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scalp and hair root dermoscopy were conducted on 23 DAA patients throughout the disease process, 20 patchy Alopecia areata patients, 23 acute telogen effluvium (ATE) patients and 10 normal controls. Histopathology was also evaluated. RESULTS: We found almost all hair roots were anagen in early stage DAA in 18 patients (18/23, 78.3%) within the first 4-8 weeks after hair loss onset. Anagen effluvium (~4 weeks) was followed by catagen (~4 weeks) and then telogen/exogen (~8 weeks) effluvium with overlap. Hair root and proximal hair shaft depigmentation was more prominent in later DAA disease stages. Black dots, exclamation mark hairs and inconsistent thickness of hair shafts were found more often in early than later DAA (Ps < 0.01). Early DAA histopathology revealed more prominent inflammation and hair follicle regression than that observed in the later stages. Patchy alopecia areata patients showed mixed anagen, catagen and telogen hair roots while ATE patients showed increased exogen and mildly decreased hair root pigmentation. CONCLUSION: Sequential cyclic staging of shed hairs in DAA indicates the insult may be hair-cycle specific. We suggest that DAA is initially an anagen effluvium disease involving an intense inflammatory insult, later progressing to a brief catagen effluvium, and then to telogen effluvium with premature exogen, in later stages of DAA. / This study was supported by the following grants to Xingqi Zhang: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573066); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2014A030313098).

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-09-14T17:56:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-09-14T17:57:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T17:57:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_EssentialOilsComponents.pdf: 4263439 bytes, checksum: c1189e55f12d63ca94f4a519200746ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Óleos essenciais derivados do metabolismo secundário de plantas podem ter atividades contra nematóides das galhas, Melodogyne incognita. Devido à necessidade de nematicidas mais eficientes e menos tóxicos para o homem e para o ambiente do que os disponíveis para o controle de Meloidogyne incognita, assim, neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar os óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia e de Allium sativum, que foram descritos como ativos in vitro contra o nematóide Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. O óleo essencial de ambas as espécies foi obtido por hidrodestilação, dissolvidos em solução aquosa de Tween 80 a 0,01 g mL-1 e testado in vitro contra M. incognita. A 62 μg mL-1 as emulsões dos óleos foram mais ativas sobre ovos e juvenis de segundo estagio (J2) do que o Carbofuran a 173 μg mL-1. De acordo com a análise de cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas, o constituinte majoritário de C. cassia é o (E)-cinamaldeído (83,3%), enquanto para o óleo de alho foram trisulfeto de dialila (66.7%) e dissulfeto de dialila (21.3%). Esses constituintes explicaram a atividade nematicida in vitro do óleo essencial de cada espécie de planta. A emulsão do óleo de C. cassia (500 μg mL-1), (E)-cinamaldeído (416 μg mL-1) e alho (250 μg mL-1) reduziram o numero de galhas e de ovos em plantas de soja e tomateiro, respectivamente, a valores estatisticamente iguais àquele obtido pelo Carbofuran (416 μg mL-1). Vapores dos óleos essenciais e do (E)-cinamaldeído foram ativos tanto quanto o nematicida fumigante Basamid usado nos ensaios in vitro contra M. incognita. A infectividade e a reprodução de M. incognita em plantas de soja e de tomate cultivadas em substrato infestado artificialmente com ovos do nematóide e tratado com 0,2 mL (alho), 1,0 mL (E)-cinamaldeído e 0,25 g de Basamid foram estatisiticamente iguais entre si na redução da população do nematoide. Esses resultados inequivocamente provam a atividade nematicida dos óleos essenciais e da substância (E)-cinamaldeído contra M. incognita, portanto, tanto o óleo quanto o (E)-cinamaldeído são muito promissores ao desenvolvimento de novos nematicidas fumigantes para o controle de nematóides em plantas de soja e de tomate. / Essential oils derived from secondary plant metabolism may have activities against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita. Because nematicides that are more efficient and less toxic to humans and the environment than those available are desirable to control this pathogen, this work aimed at studying the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia and Allium sativum, which were described as active in vitro against the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The essential oils of both species were obtained by hydrodistillation, initially dissolved in aqueous solution of Tween 80 at 0.01 g mL-1 and tested in vitro against M. incognita. At 62 μg mL-1 the oil emulsions were more active on eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) than Carbofuran at 173 μg mL-1. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the major constituent of C. cassia is (E) -cinnamaldehyde (83.3%), while for garlic oil were diallyl trisulfide (66.7%) and diallyl disulfide (21.3%). These constituents explained the in vitro nematicidal activity of the essential oil of each plant species. The emulsion of the C. cassia (500 μg mL-1), E)-cinnamaldehyde (416 μg mL-1) and garlic (250 μg mL -1) reduced the number of galls and eggs in roots soybean and tomatoes to values statistically equal to those obtained with Carbofuran at 415 μg mL-1. Vapors from the essential oils and (E)-cinnamaldehyde were active as much as the basamid fumigant nematicide used in the in vitro assays against M. incognita. Infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita in soybean and tomato plants grown on substrate artificially infested with nematode eggs and treated with 0.2 mL (garlic), 1.0 mL (E)-cinnamaldehyde and 0.25 g of Basamid were statistically equal among themselves in reducing the nematode population. These results unequivocally proofs of the nematicidal activity of the essential oils and of the (E)-cinnamaldehyde substance against M. incognita, therefore, both oil (E)-cinnamaldehyde are very promising to the development of new fumigant nematicides for the control of nematodes in soybean and tomato plants. / UFPA/Altamira

Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-20. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000829026.pdf: 336457 bytes, checksum: 8b02bbfade913853e331d4f14b9e3cc1 (MD5) / A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Bruno Flávio Figueiredo Barbosa / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Resumo: A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / Abstract: The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes / Mestre

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Sebastião Wilson Tivelli / Banca: Arlete Marchi Tavares de Melo / Resumo: Avaliou-se a produtividade, o acúmulo e a exportação de nutrientes por plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de agosto de 2003 a maio de 2004 na Escola Técnica Estadual Augusto Tortolero Araújo pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP. Os porta-enxertos utilizados, AF 2638 e AF 2640, possuem resistência à Phytophthora capsici Leonian e Meloidogyne incognita raça 2. Os tratamentos constaram dos híbridos 'Rúbia R' e 'Margarita' sem enxertar, enxertados sobre os dois porta-enxertos e enxertados neles mesmos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto a altura da maior haste, altura da primeira bifurcação, precocidade de florescimento, comprimento e número médio de internódios, produção e características dos frutos produzidos em 12 colheitas, massa de matéria verde e seca de folhas, caules e frutos. As análises químicas foram realizadas em uma planta por parcela aos 35, 83, 135, 178 e 213 dias após o transplante, para determinar a marcha de absorção e exportação de nutrientes. Verificou-se que os híbridos enxertados e não enxertados apresentaram produtividades médias de 132 e 153 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Rúbia R' e 'Rúbia R' pé-franco respectivamente e de 144 e 132 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Margarita' e 'Margarita' pé-franco respectivamente. O acúmulo de nutrientes não foi significativamente diferente entre plantas enxertadas e pés-francos, e a ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. A partir do que foi observado, concluiu-se que, nessas condições, a enxertia em plantas de pimentão não alterou seu desempenho agronômico, nem teve influência sobre a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. / Abstract: It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Luciane_Arantes_de_Paula.pdf: 858789 bytes, checksum: 8b70288e22f4a33dd49c0ffd4f1e0624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-23 / The Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) represents great importance in the stone fruit, with approximately 65% of the area cultivated with peach country. This should highlight the contribution of the breeding of new cultivars crown, which extend the period allowed for collection and quality of fruit. Still, the average productivity in the RS is still considered low, mainly due to lack of knowledge about factors related to incidence of pests, diseases and lack of root stock suitable for cultivation, because unlike other countries, the improvement in Brazil genetic of the rootstocks for stone fruit of importance has taken only a few years ago. This thesis is divided into three chapters, with chapter 1 was to evaluate the reaction of five peach rootstocks, from front to inoculation with Meloidogyne incognita, in a home-de-vegetation. And we can conclude that 'Selection UFPel-0402', 'Okinawa', 'Flordaguard', Nagano Wild‟ and 'Select NR-0080407' are immune to Meloidogyne incognita, and may be used in genetic improvement programs for the rootstocks of peach and as alternative use for the deployment of orchards in areas with occurrence of the pest, and the strength of the 'Nagano Wild' needs further studies to identify more clearly this characteristic. Chapter 2 objective evaluated the genetic variability and differentiation of 14 rootstocks, peach, setting a standard for molecular characterization of each genotype, based on loci of SSR, SCAR and STS, for future work on genetic improvement and it is concluded that markers of microsatellites can be relatively easily a pattern of molecular genotypes of the rootstocks of peach and solve problem of homonymy, the example of the evaluated genotypes of Okinawa, and shows which are more contrasting genotypes for use in breeding. Chapter 3 objective to estimate frequencies of recombination among molecular markers, and the color of leaf, from the analysis of a F2 segregating population ('Capdeboscq' x 'Flordaguard'), and check if the connection is similar to that obtained in other mapping populations. It can be concluded that based on molecular maps for Prunus spp. available in the literature and from results obtained in this work, it was concluded that the markers UDP96-013 and BPPCT-034 are linked in different mapping populations, and potential candidates for use in the selection of new resistant genotypes to Meloidogyne spp. . / O Rio Grande do Sul (RS) é o principal produtor de frutas de caroço do Brasil, com aproximadamente 65% da área cultivada com pêssego do país. Esse destaque se deve a contribuição dos programas de melhoramento genético de novas cultivares copa, que possibilitou ampliar o período de colheita e a qualidade das frutas. Mesmo assim, a produtividade média no RS ainda é considerada baixa, principalmente devido à falta de conhecimento sobre fatores relacionados à incidência de pragas, doenças e a falta de porta-enxertos adequados para a cultura, pois ao contrário de outros países, no Brasil o melhoramento genético de porta-enxertos para frutíferas de caroço tem assumido importância apenas há poucos anos. Esta tese está dividida em três capítulos, sendo que o capítulo 1 teve como objetivo avaliar a reação de cinco porta-enxertos de pessegueiro à Meloidogyne incognita, em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Pode-se concluir que Seleção UFPel-0402‟, Okinawa‟, Flordaguard‟, Nagano Wild‟ e Seleção NR-0080407‟ são imunes a Meloidogyne incognita, podendo ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro e também como alternativa de uso para implantação de pomares em áreas com ocorrência da praga. A resistência do Nagano Wild‟ necessita de estudos complementares para identificar, de forma mais clara, a amplitude dessa característica. No capítulo 2 objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade genética e diferenciar 14 porta-enxertos de pessegueiro, estabelecendo-se um padrão molecular de caracterização para cada genótipo, baseado em locos de SSR, SCAR e STS, para futuros trabalhos de melhoramento genético. Neste estudo concluindo-se que marcadores de microssatélites permitem estabelecer com relativa facilidade um padrão molecular de genótipos de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro e resolver problema de homonímia, a exemplo dos genótipos de Okinawa avaliados, bem como seu uso permite verificar quais genótipos são mais contrastantes para uso em melhoramento genético. O capítulo 3 teve como objetivo estimar freqüências de recombinação, entre marcadores moleculares e o caractere cor de folha, a partir da análise de uma população F2 segregante ( Capdeboscq‟ x Flordaguard‟), e também verificar se a ligação ocorre de forma similar ao obtido em outras populações de mapeamento. Foram avaliados nove locos de microssatélites, sendo possível verificar, com base nos dados do presente trabalho e em mapas moleculares para Prunus spp. disponíveis na literatura, que os marcadores UDP96-013 e BPPCT-034 estão ligados em diferentes populações de mapeamento, sendo potenciais candidatos para uso na seleção de novos genótipos resistentes à M. incognita.