This thesis examines the relationship between received remittances and education using random samples from panel survey data from households in rural Malawi collected between 2008 and 2010. Past research as well as that conducted in this paper point to the fact that remittances and education share an important correlation. The results of this study indicate that on a microeconomic level, remittances have a highly significant and positive impact on household education. Other remittance-related factors such as the distance from agent, the remittance amount, and the type of account held by an individual also have a significant impact on the highest level of education attained by an individual, whereas the account type, age, gender, and marital status are important determinants in the probability of an individual ever having attended school. The results from this study raise questions as to whether the “brain drain” can actually have a positive impact on developing nations. The study also discusses policy implications for money transfer operators in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper will discuss the obstacles governments of developing countries face in regulating related party transactions in this rapidly globalizing world. The first section of this paper will focus on foreign direct investment, its benefits, and the tax incentives instituted by developing countries to attract the capital of multinational corporations. Next, this paper will examine the major obstacles to growth a developing country must combat: shadow economies and corruption. These two enemies of growth hurt a developing country’s ability to attract foreign direct investment, to develop its rule of law and tax administration, and to efficiently allocate its resources with the goal of developing a stable economy. Finally, I will explain the difficulties developing countries must overcome to regulate firm transfer pricing under the current global standard.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Örebro : Örebro universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 157 - 168.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1995. / Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Thomas Bailey. Dissertation Committee: Francisco Rivera-Batiz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-212).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 822142 bytes, checksum: 70627e6205ffe1543bf344518400aca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Despite the inequality in income distribution of the Brazilian population come down over time, Brazil also has one of the worst income distributions in the world, especially when taking into account other countries with similar levels of development. In this context, is the Northeast, which has the highest income inequality and where the concentration of income has been falling more slowly compared to the rest of Brazil. An improvement exacerbated indicators such as poverty and income distribution may be related to economic structure, so that not all sections of the population to benefit from the fruits produced by an increase in income or economic growth. That is, trade flows, the sectoral structure of employment and production, the technology standard, the structure of consumption, and others may influence the effects caused by changes in the economy on indicators such as inequality. Accordingly, this study aims to assess how the economic structure of the Northeast region influences the effects of changes in the local economy on inequality, using the model of Leontief-Miyazawa. For this, were used information contained in the input-output matrix of the Northeast for the year 2004, the primary data of the Survey by Household Sampling - PNAD 2004, addition to the data from the Household Budget Survey - POF, using the structure of POF 2002/2003. Through simulations of impacts in each sector of economic activity was obtained the distribution of income provided for that impact and, consequently, the sectors responsible for the increase or reduction of inequality. Through the results it was found that only nine sectors improved the Gini index and the sectors with the greatest weight in the consumption of the poorest families contributed to a greater concentration of income after the impact. Moreover, was made an analysis of the effects of changes in production structure in the Northeast between 1997 and 2004 about the income distribution. For this, we used data from the input-output matrix of the Northeast in 1997 and household income data obtained by PNAD, referring to the same year. The results indicate that the lower income classes generate more income in the economy as a whole and absorb less. Finally, it was observed that changes in the productive structure occurred between 1997 and 2004 helped to improve the income distribution in the Northeast. / Apesar da desigualdade na distribuição de renda da população brasileira vir caindo ao longo do tempo, o Brasil possui ainda uma das piores distribuições de renda do mundo, principalmente quando se leva em conta outros países com níveis de desenvolvimento semelhantes. Neste contexto, encontra-se a região Nordeste, que possui a desigualdade de renda mais elevada e onde a concentração de renda vem caindo mais lentamente, quando comparada ao restante do Brasil. Uma melhoria mais exacerbada de indicadores tais como de pobreza e de distribuição de renda pode está relacionada à estrutura econômica, fazendo com que nem todas as camadas da população se beneficiem dos frutos gerados por um aumento de renda ou pelo crescimento econômico. Ou seja, os fluxos comerciais, a estrutura setorial do emprego e da produção, o padrão de tecnologia, a estrutura do consumo, entre outros podem influenciar os efeitos causados por mudanças na economia sobre indicadores, como de desigualdade. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho pretende avaliar como a estrutura econômica da região Nordeste influencia os efeitos de mudanças na economia local sobre a desigualdade, utilizando o modelo de Leontief-Miyazawa. Para isto, foram utilizadas informações contidas na matriz de insumo-produto do Nordeste referente ao ano de 2004, os dados primários da Pesquisa por Amostra de Domicílios PNAD 2004, além dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar POF, sendo utilizada a estrutura da POF 2002/2003. Por meio de simulações de impactos em cada setor de atividade econômica obteve-se a distribuição de renda proporcionada por aquele impacto e, consequentemente, os setores responsáveis pelo aumento ou redução da desigualdade. Por meio dos resultados obteve-se que somente nove setores melhoraram o índice de Gini e os setores com maior peso no consumo das familias mais pobres contribuíram para uma maior concentração de renda após o impacto. Além disso, foi feita uma análise dos efeitos das mudanças na estrutura produtiva do Nordeste entre 1997 e 2004 sobre a distribuição de renda. Para isto, foram utilizados os dados da matriz de insumo-produto do Nordeste de 1997 e os dados dos rendimentos das famílias obtidos pela PNAD, referente ao mesmo ano. Os resultados apontam que as menores classes de renda geram mais renda na economia como um todo e absorvem menos. Finalmente, observou-se que as mudanças na estrutura produtiva verificada entre 1997 e 2004 contribuíram para melhorar a distribuição de renda no Nordeste.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship that exists between education, income, standard of living and food security amongst Mhlontlo local municipality citizens. For this purpose, data was collected from citizens of the Mhlontlo municipality in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 101municipality citizens was drawn from the population. Results of the study indicated that the study variables are significantly negatively correlated with one another. The findings of this study are helpful in providing support to policy makers and social security agencies to have a better understanding of food security and indicate one important avenue to reduce food insecurity in Mhlontlo municipality and the Eastern Cape at large.

The diploma work deals with an analysis of the contemporary income distribution system in the Czech Republic and a chosen country of the EU. In order to compare the social system of the Czech Republic with another one, as the representative of the EU Slovakia was chosen for both countries have the same roots in the social area and their developement after dividing the CSFR is not so different as it is in comparison with other countries of the EU. The aim of this diploma work is to make a rounded-off view of the social systems of both countries and their comparison. Nowadays, scarcely anybody doubts that necessity for regulations and reforms in the area income distribution system is bigger and bigger. So far the inhabitants have been appealed for not relying just for the pension paid by the state but for ensuring their retirement from their own funds, especially if they are economically active. Among these funds belong different forms of investments and savings, life insurance and pension insurance. These funds are believed to be the most suitable and accessible means of creation of financial reserves used in the retirement and this diploma work deals with them as well. The diploma work should clarify the problems and by means of a scheme of the system existing in the Czech Republic make easier appreciation of steps made in various life situations.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Analyzing the income differentials between Brazilian workersâ occupations is the focus of this paper. Due to the wide diversity of occupations cataloged by the IBGE (around 800), and to allow statistical treatment in econometric modeling, it was applied the theoretical schema of Erickson, Goldthorpe and Portocarrero (1979) and Goldthorpe, Llewellyn and Payne (1987) to reduce them in only seven. The methodological approach is based on mincerian quantile equations to be estimated in various strata of the workersâ income distribution, on which a breakdown is made to check the gap between the individualsâearnings with distinct inherent attributes and between those living in more and less developed regions. The estimation results confirm the importance of breakdown analysis for occupational strata as well as for quantiles, since the effects of explanatory variables are distinct along the earningsâ distribution and vary among occupations. Regarding the gaps in this distribution, there is a glass ceiling effect in some occupations, that is, the gap is greater at the top of distribution. However, in most cases occurs a sticky floor effect, the gap is greater at the bottom of distribution. Moreover, contrary to the gap in gender, which are due only to the compensation characteristics of individuals, which is understood as discrimination, income differentials between regions and races are also due to the different characteristics of workers. / Analisar os diferenciais de rendimentos entre as ocupaÃÃes dos trabalhadores brasileiros à o foco central deste trabalho. Em virtude da vasta diversidade de ocupaÃÃes catalogadas pelo IBGE (cerca de 800) e para permitir tratamento estatÃstico em modelagem economÃtrica, aplica-se o princÃpio teÃrico do esquema de classes de Erickson, Goldthorpe e Portocarrero (1979) e Goldthorpe, Llewellyn e Payne (1987) para reduzi-las em apenas sete. A abordagem metodolÃgica baseia-se em equaÃÃes mincerianas quantÃlicas, estimadas em vÃrios estratos da distribuiÃÃo de rendimentos dos trabalhadores, sobre a qual à feita uma decomposiÃÃo para verificar o hiato entre os rendimentos dos indivÃduos com atributos inerentes distintos, bem como entre aqueles residentes em regiÃes mais e menos desenvolvidas do paÃs. Os resultados das estimaÃÃes ratificam a importÃncia da anÃlise desagregada em estratos ocupacionais e por quantis, uma vez que os efeitos das variÃveis explicativas sÃo distintos ao longo das distribuiÃÃes de rendimentos e entre as ocupaÃÃes. Em relaÃÃo Ãs lacunas existentes entre as distribuiÃÃes de rendimentos, verifica-se um glass ceiling effect em algumas ocupaÃÃes, ou seja, a defasagem à maior no topo da distribuiÃÃo. Entretanto, na maioria dos casos ocorre um sticky floor effect, isto Ã, o hiato à maior na parte inferior da distribuiÃÃo. AlÃm disso, diferente das lacunas entre gÃneros, que sÃo decorrentes apenas da remuneraÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas dos indivÃduos, o que à entendido como discriminaÃÃo, os diferenciais de rendimentos entre raÃas e regiÃes tambÃm sÃo decorrentes das diferentes caracterÃsticas dos trabalhadores.

Orientador: José Carlos de Souza Braga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:14:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_LucasAzeredodaSilva_M.pdf: 2429408 bytes, checksum: 63f83d0828c01c76f9abcb7f264cb891 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta dissertação discute as origens do processo que mais chamou atenção na economia norte-americana, antes da eclosão da crise do subprime: o crescente endividamento do consumidor. Partindo da idéia de que este "modelo" da economia americana não poderia ser imitado por nenhum outro país, buscam-se as origens das assimetrias do sistema monetário internacional no ocaso de Bretton Woods e no surgimento do atual padrão monetário internacional. Em seguida, é exposta a trajetória de endividamento/enriquecimento líquido dos macrossetores institucionais da economia norte americana, para, desta forma, mostrar um dos principais fatos estilizados da economia norte-americana: o crescente endividamento das famílias a partir dos anos 1980. Estas mantiveram, de forma geral, um padrão de gastos menor que o fluxo de rendas, de modo a terem um superávit financeiro (enriquecimento líquido) até então. A partir do início dos anos 1980, este superávit reduziu-se paulatinamente, devido ao crescente endividamento, alcançando valores negativos e crescentes, na segunda metade dos anos 1990. Segundo a hipótese adotada neste trabalho, as causas deste endividamento são encontradas na mudança na distribuição de renda (aumento da concentração) e nas desregulamentações e inovações financeiras, que se desenvolvem a partir do fim dos anos 1970. Tendo em vista que este aspecto vem sendo bem explorado na literatura especializada, a dissertação concentra sua explicação na mudança no padrão de distribuição de renda. Analisando por esse prisma, chega-se a conclusão que não se trata de endividamento das famílias, ou dos consumidores, mas, mais especificamente, dos trabalhadores norte-americanos, que tiveram que se endividar para financiar seus gastos, em um contexto de salários reais estagnados. Por fim, os rumos da economia norte-americana pós-crise são brevemente avaliados / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the origins of a critical process in the North American economy before the subprime crisis, namely, the increasing debt of households. Considering that north-american economic "model" couldn't be copied by any other country, the origins of the asymmetries within the international monetary system(s) are pursued in the Bretton Woods case, as well as, the development of the current international monetary pattern. Then the net-borrowing path of institutional macro sectors are presented as contributing factors containing strong evidence for one of the more significant and stylized facts of North American economy, i.e. the growing debt of primarily American households since the 1980s. Prior to this, spending, in general, was notably less than their annual income flow, resulting in a financial surplus. Beginning in the 1980s, this surplus had been gradually reduced due to an increasing indebtedness and, in the second half of the 1990s, a mounting deficit was introduced. It is argued that the causes of this indebtedness are alterations in income distribution (an increased concentration of income) and the process of financial deregulation and innovation, developed in the late 1970s. Considering that the latter has previously been explored in great detail, this particular examination explores the changes on income distribution pattern. Based on this perspective, it is concluded that the indebtedness does not come from families or households in general but, more specifically, from North American workers, who had to finance their spending through an on-going stagnation, or even deterioration, of the real wages at their disposal. Further, the direction of the North American economy after the crisis is evaluated in the contexts of these findings / Mestrado / Ciências Economicas / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas