nÃo hà / Esta dissertaÃÃo apresenta uma anÃlise do impacto do Imposto Sobre OperaÃÃes relativas à CirculaÃÃo de Mercadorias e sobre PrestaÃÃes de ServiÃo de Transporte Interestadual e Intermunicipal e de ComunicaÃÃo- ICMS e do Imposto de Renda Pessoa FÃsica-IRPF na distribuiÃÃo de renda no Estado do CearÃ. O objetivo do estudo à identificar se o ICMS à regressivo, penalizando as pessoas das classes de menor poder econÃmico, e se o IRPF compensa o efeito regressivo do ICMS. Foram utilizados no trabalho informaÃÃes sobre consumo de 50 produtos das famÃlias cearenses constante dos microdados da POF-IBGE 2002/2003. O mÃtodo utilizado para construir a funÃÃo de regressÃo amostral foi dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios. Estimam-se curvas de Engel com o propÃsito de determinar as elasticidades-renda da demanda dos produtos selecionados em relaÃÃo aos respectivos dispÃndios. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o IRPF compensa a regressividade do ICMS, sendo as classes mais pobres as que arcam em termos relativos com o pagamento do ICMS no Estado do CearÃ. / This thesis presents an analysis of the impact of Tax Operations on the Circulation of Goods and the Rendering of Transportation Service Interstate and Intermunicipal Communications, GST and income tax -Individual Income Tax on income distribution in the state of Ceara. The aim of study is to identify if the GST is regressive, penalizing those classes less economic power, and the PIT offsets the regressive effect of GST. Were used in the paper about consumption of 50 families of products Ceara constant of POF, IBGE 2002/2003. The method used to construct the regression function of the sample was OLS. An estimated Engel curves in order to determine the income elasticities demand of the products selected for their respective expenditures. The results show that the PIT offsets the regressivity of the VAT, and the poorer classes who bear in relative terms with the payment ICMS in the State of CearÃ.

Orientador: Fernando Sarti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:04:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spinola_DaniloSartorello_M.pdf: 1792503 bytes, checksum: 9033028e07749b1ad5c7e06cd4403eda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um modelo econômico de corte neokaleckiano com parâmetros de estrutura produtiva, simulá-lo para a economia brasileira e discutir seus resultados à luz de discussões teóricas. No primeiro capítulo do trabalho, serão mapeadas visões acerca das funções de algumas variáveis macroeconômicas sobre sistemas econômicos. Entre tais visões destacar-se-ão as tradições ortodoxa, novo-desenvolvimentista e estruturalista. Em seguida, será introduzido o modelo neokaleckiano de crescimento e distribuição. O objetivo final será analisar possibilidades e impactos da aplicação do modelo neokaleckiano para a economia brasileira para o ano de 2011. Com tal objetivo, será utilizado o modelo descrito por Cimoli, Lima e Porcile (2013) para o curto prazo, que acrescenta aos modelos neokaleckianos tradicionais elementos de estrutura produtiva e mudança estrutural. Os parâmetros do modelo serão calibrados a partir de dados empíricos e calculados por uma metodologia proposta no segundo capítulo. Por fim, serão feitas simulações e interpretados os resultados a partir das visões inicialmente discutidas no primeiro capítulo / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to present a neokaleckian model with productive structure parameters and to simulate it to the Brazilian economy. Firstly, I analyze distinct theories on the relationship between macroeconomic variables in an economic system. Secondly, I introduce the neokaleckian model of growth and distribution. Using the the neokaleckian model calibrated to the Brazilian economy for year 2011, I simulate the possible impacts on distinct variables. For this, I use the model described by Cimoli, Lima e Porcile (2013) to the short run. This model adds some elements of production structure and structural change to the traditional neokaleckian models. The parameters were calibrated from empirical data and calculated by a methodology proposed in the second chapter. Finally, simulations are made and the results are interpreted using the macroeconomic visions described in the first chapter / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Orientador: Walter Belik / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_LucianaRosade_D.pdf: 3231620 bytes, checksum: 1574d49e35167ab53a9bb4a946081247 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta tese foram comparadas as políticas de combate à pobreza em três países da América Latina: México, Brasil e Peru. Especificamente, o foco esteve nas políticas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) e dos Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada (PTRC). A pesquisa mostrou o percurso teórico e prático vivenciado por estas políticas destacando que os três países apresentaram um ponto em comum na implantação e execução destas ações: a emergência das chamadas -estratégias de combate à pobrezaII, criadas no intuito de reduzir a pulverização e fragmentação presente no desenho e execução destas ações. Nos três países foram estudadas as políticas de SAN. No México foi analisado o programa -Progresa-Oportunidades- juntamente com as estratégias -Contigo e Vivir MejorII. No Brasil, o programa -Bolsa Família- e a estratégia -Fome Zero-, incluindo menção ao recém-criado programa -Brasil Sem MisériaII No Peru foram analisados o programa -JuntosII e a Estratégia -CrecerII / Abstract: The subject discussed in this thesis focused on the comparative analysis of poverty control policies in three Latin American countries Mexico, Brazil and Peru, specifically in the policies of Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) and Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCT). Research has shown the way theory and practice experienced by these policies noting that the three countries had a common point in the implementation and execution of actions to against poverty policies that was the emergence of so-called -strategies for overcoming poverty- created in order to reduce spraying and fragmentation present in the design and implementation of these programs. In Mexico we study the -Progresa-Oportunidades- and the policies of SAN along with strategies -Vivir Mejor and ContigoII. In Brazil studied the -Bolsa Familia- program and policies of SAN, the Zero Hunger strategy, and analyzing the newly created program -Brasil Sem MisériaII - Brazil Without Poverty. In Peru we analyze the "Juntos", Crecer strategy and SAN policies applied in this country / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Orientador: Waldir José de Quadros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Horie_Leandro_M.pdf: 2154478 bytes, checksum: 595f9573ce605116353a85b2322f0041 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal analisar a estratificação social no Brasil, baseado no universo dos ocupados, nos anos de 1981, 1995, 2004 e 2009. A hipótese central é que a interação entre as questões macroeconômicas e seus impactos setoriais vão gerar dinâmicas econômicas distintas e que, por sua vez, irão gerar postos de trabalho com determinado perfil ocupacional, impactando diretamente na estratificação social do país. Para isso, a partir da metodologia de Quadros (2008), estruturou-se a dissertação da seguinte forma: i) uma análise sobre os determinantes do modelo econômico atual, que foi consequência das grandes transformações ocorridas na economia brasileira a partir do início da década de 1980 e que são responsáveis pelo cenário atual, onde o crescimento do setor de serviços e do comércio ocorreu (e ainda ocorre) paralelamente a uma "reespecialização produtiva" da indústria de transformação; ii) abordagem sobre as especificidades do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, fruto da formação do capitalismo brasileiro e onde excedente de mão de obra e vulnerabilidade da inserção ocupacional permanecem presentes, mesmo com períodos de crescimento econômico e movimentos de uma retomada de sua estruturação; iii) e por fim, articulando os dois itens anteriores, uma análise da estratificação social dos citados anos, onde se observou uma grande mobilidade dos estratos inferiores, mas uma relativa rigidez dos estratos superiores (em especial na média classe média), que foi resultado direto desta dinâmica econômica / Abstract: This work aimed to analyze the social stratification in Brazil, based on the universe of employed in the years 1981, 1995, 2004 and 2009. The central hypothesis is that the interaction between macroeconomic issues and their sectoral impacts will generate different economic dynamics and that, in turn, will generate jobs with certain occupational profile, directly impacting on the social stratification. Using the methodology proposed by Quadros (2008) of social stratification, the dissertation is structured as follows: i) an analysis of the determinants of the current economic model, which was a consequence of the great transformations in the Brazilian economy from the beginning of the decade 1980 and are responsible for the current scenario, where the growth of commerce and service sector (Tertiary sector) occurred (and still occurs) alongside a "regressive respecialization" of the manufacturing industry, ii) approach on the specifics of the Brazilian labor market, result of the formation of Brazilian capitalism and where surplus labor and occupational insertion of vulnerability remain present iii) and finally, linking the two items above, an analysis of the social stratification of the aforementioned years, where there was a large mobility of lower strata but a relative rigidity of the upper strata (especially the average middle class), which was a direct result of this economic dynamics / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.

One fundamental point of departure for this thesis is the importance of addressing all three basic economic research questions: what is produced, with what and for whom and including them in the discussion regarding long-term macroeconomic performance. This could also be stated as that a consistent historical national accounts approach where both aspects of production and distribution are included can significantly enhance the research on macroeconomic historical issues. Built upon this foundation, the objective of this thesis is twofold. To begin with, the objective includes the broadening of the empirical database of the Swedish historical national accounts (SHNA) with accounts for the process involving the horizontal distribution of income. The second objective of this thesis consists of conducting analyses of the Swedish macroeconomic devel­opment using the extended database of the SHNA. An important aspect of the analytical objective involves the exploration of methods that had not widely been applied in Swedish economic historical research. Thus, great emphasis is placed on the methodology used in the analyses of macroeconomic development. These two main objectives forni the disposition of the thesis. The first empirical part consists of work with income accounts in the SHNA. This work has resulted in the establishment of a set of income accounts concur­ring with the procedure recommended in the contemporary national accounting system. In the second part of the thesis, selected macroeconomic issues are examined using the extended SHNA database. The first analysis consists of a closer examination of the presence of periodization patterns in Swedish growth and structural change. In this chapter an analysis based on structural time series models is applied to the SHNA series. The main results of this chapter is that the time series on growth and structural change reveal a pattern that not unconditionally is consistent with the prevailing periodisation pattern recognised in Swedish economic-historical research. Instead, the development pattern reveals features found in international research. The next analysis is concerned with the role of specific institutions for contributing to the slow-down in growth that occurred from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In this chapter the importance of the corporate tax system, investment funds and the public pension funds for the efficiency of the resource alloca­tion process is examined. The hypothesis that is examined is that these institutional arrangements altered the distribution of income in such a way that the investment allocation was disturbed and thereby leading to ineffi­ciencies that affected long-term growth negatively. This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence on changes in the income distribution and changes in long-term rates of growth and structural change. Thus, the investigated institutional arrangements to a certain extent had a negative effect on the Swedish economic per­formance during the 1960s to the 1980s. In the final analytical chapter, the objective is mainly methodological. Here, the focus is on the potential application of CGE-models as a tool for examining Swedish macroeconomic history. A fairly straightforward CGE-model is formulated for the period 1910 to 1930 and estimated using the broadened SHNA. The predic­tions of the model are evaluated against the actual historical development in order to assess the performance of the model. As the model formulated in this chapter generates accurate prediction of the main macroeconomic indicators, it is subsequently used in a counterfactual analysis of the impact of total factor productivity growth on the overall growth performance. In summary, the thesis demonstrates that much can be achieved in the research on the Swedish macroeco­nomic development by utilizing new theoretical approaches and applying state of the art analysis methods as a complement to the structural analytical research that has been conducted previously. However, much research is still required, especially on the improvement of the macroeconomic database where one priority is to create detailed and consistent input-output tables and social accounting matrices. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. To do so, data from the data base Kolada with observations from all 290 municipalities in Sweden is used. As a proxy for income distribution the Gini coefficient is used and as a proxy for immigration the share of foreign born of working age is used. The model also controls for income tax, education level and unemployment level. The dependent variable the Gini coefficient is bounded by a unit interval and it is therefore not possible to simply run a linear regression. Such a model could potentially predict outside the interval. To properly estimate the relationship two approaches are made. Firstly a model is estimated with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) after the dependent variable is transformed on to the real line through log-odds. Then a model is estimated using beta regression. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. The OLS estimated model shows that a 1 unit increase in immigration, on average increases the log-odds of 0.28336 units, ceteris paribus. Beta regression provides perhaps more intuitive results. If immigration increases with 1% the income inequality increases with on average 0.1046%, ceteris paribus. Because of the easier interpretation, among other things, beta regression is determined to be a better estimation method in this study.

Cette thèse comprend quatre chapitres sur la répartition des revenus. Tous les chapitres sont interdépendants et leur objectif commun est de discuter le concept d’inégalité dans la composition du revenu. Ce concept est étudié de manière approfondie du point de vue conceptuel, mathématique et économique. Le chapitre 1 présente cette thèse et ses principales conclusions. Le chapitre 2 présente le concept d’inégalité dans la composition du revenu, ainsi qu’un résumé statistique pour son évaluation technique. Le chapitre 3 analyse les déterminants de la variation de l’inégalité des revenus à la lumière de la nouvelle dimension de l’inégalité précédemment introduite. Le chapitre 4 étudie l’évolution de l’inégalité dans la composition du revenu en Italie entre 1989 et 2016. Le chapitre 5 propose une méthode pour analyser conjointement les répartitions du capital et du travail et de l’épargne et de la consommation. Cette méthode repose sur le concept d’inégalité dans composition du revenu. Enfin, le chapitre 6 conclut cette thèse et jette les bases de futures recherches en la matière. / This thesis consists of four chapters on income distribution. All chapters are interrelated, and cohesively they serve the sole purpose of discussing the concept of income composition inequality. This concept is thoroughly explored from a conceptual, mathematical, as well as political economy perspective. Chapter 1 introduces this dissertation and its main findings. Chapter 2 presents the concept of income composition inequality, together with a summary statistics for its technical assessment. Chapter 3 analyzes the determinants of income inequality variation in light of the novel inequality dimension previously introduced. Chapter 4 studies the evolution of income composition inequality in Italy between 1989 and 2016. Chapter 5 proposes a method to jointly analyze the distributions of capital and labor and of saving and consumption across the population. This method hinges on the concept of income composition inequality. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes this dissertation and lays the ground for future research on the matter.

Changes in the patterns of income and residential segregation were examined in the Portland Metropolitan Area. The 1970 and 1980 Census of Population and Housing were used in calculating the indexes of dissimilarity between black and white populations. The data indicated a significant decrease in the residential segregation of blacks in suburban areas between 1970 and 1980. The central city area still remained highly segregated with a segregation index of 69.5. Taeuber's index of dissimilarity was used in calculating the unevenness in the distribution of income between blacks and whites. Suburbia showed a significant decrease in income segregation compared to the central city area. Overall, both residential and income segregation were dropping at a much faster rate in the suburban areas than the central city areas. To examine the effects of socio-economic status on residential segregation, a sample of 138 blacks was drawn from the population of higher status blacks in the city of Portland. Residential choices of the influential blacks were examined to determine whether or not their influential status was accompanied by a tendency toward greater integration as opposed to greater segregation. The 1980 Census Tract Street Index was used in this analysis. The data show that despite the improvement in socio-economic status, a majority of these blacks still lived in the "ghetto" area (59%) and only 14% lived in suburbia. Therefore, the data show no significant relationship between the gains in the status and the tendency toward more integration. This tendency bears directly upon the issue of voluntary segregation. The data shows strong support for hypothesis two holding that change in income inequality results in change in residential segregation. That is, if we reduce the income differentials between black and white populations, racial residential segregation will be minimized.

In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis. The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture. This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest. In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.