Runway incursions (RWYI) are a daily phenomenon in the world and is a threat to safety. The severity of a RWYI can be high and it is a problem that is subject to improvements. The purpose of this report is to present the findings after an investigation of RWYI in general and what is being done to prevent it in Sweden. The main focus is to present the problem from an air traffic controller (ATCO) and pilot perspective. However, we are also presenting all the different stakeholders involved in the problem followed with associated risks and means to prevent a RWYI from happening. We also present technical aids and working methodology used today in air traffic control towers in Sweden and in addition some technology implemented abroad. Some suggested improvements that the stakeholders can take into consideration when developing their work to reduce the risk for a RWYI is also presented. The method used during the investigation has mainly been literature studies, interviews with different stakeholders and study visits to Bromma tower, Arlanda tower and SAAB/Linköping tower. We have found that the pilots and vehicle drivers are the most contributing stakeholders to a RWYI in Sweden. The investigation also shows that ATCOs and pilots share some opinions regarding risks but also improvements. Both ATCOs and pilots agree that weather with bad visibility, as well as darkness, is increasing the risk for an incident or accident to happen. Furthermore, complacency, fatigue and tiredness are also risks that are shared between ATCOs and pilots. We have also found that airports have different means to prevent a RWYI. At Arlanda, the ATC system is well developed with electronic equipment and stop bars at the taxiways, which is not the case for either Bromma or SAAB/Linköping airport. Even pilots in different airlines operate differently when about to enter a runway and there is no standard operating procedure (SOP) developed in all companies. Some of the suggested improvements are to implement stop-bars on every airport and that it should be mandatory to equip vehicles operating on the maneuvering area with maps.

The continues growth in aviation and passenger numbers is putting more pressure on airports to become more efficient in order to reduce the number of delays due to external factors such as weather, pilot deviation/errors and airport maintenance traffic. As major hubs (e.g. Heathrow, New York or Paris) expand in size to accommodate more traffic; aircraft surface movement and management become more complex and the margin for error is even lower. The traditional airport traffic management tools in large airports are increasingly stretched to the limit in meeting safety and traffic throughput requirements. This presents a huge challenge to the efficiency of airport operations because of the increased number of departures and arrivals at those airports. New technology for surface movement needs to be implemented in order to increase the safety and airport capacity. The federal aviation authorities in the USA was first to introduce the concept of Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) to address this problem in commercial airdrome operations. The system facilitates pilot recognition of the route designated by the traffic controllers and uses warning information to make them aware of any potential deviations/incursions. The system is introduced to enhance the efficiency of surface movement by increasing the aircraft taxiing speed and reducing any pilot errors during bad weather conditions. This thesis focuses on the surface guidance system for aircraft equipped with head-up display. A simulation model of the virtual environment using FlightGear and Simulink is developed based on the study of a moving map and surface guidance system for Head-Up Display (HUD) to assign the route, guide the aircraft on the designated taxiway and avoid potential conflict with other aircraft. A method of generating an airport in FlightGear and driving an airport moving map to rotate and move is also illustrated which includes the data processing flow chart and system flow chart. The Ordnance Survey National Grid and world coordinate system is discussed and used to transform from GPS latitude and longitude data to the position on Nation Grid. There is also an explanation of the 3D viewing process to generate the virtual taxiway geometries on the HUD. The communication between the traffic console and airplane is also discussed.

<p>A runway incursion occurs when an aircraft, ground vehicle, or a pedestrian is present on a runway when they were not supposed to be there. Runway incursions are a decades-old and continuing problem. The runway incursion between two Boeing 747s at Tenerife airport in 1977 is still the worst accident in aviation history. Despite the aviation community’s efforts to mitigate runway incursions, the number of incursions has not decreased. Though most of the runway incursions that occur today are near-misses or incidents, and do not result in injuries or aircraft damage, we cannot count on fortune to prevent another deadly accident.</p><p>While the COVID-19 crisis has slowed air traffic, the industry is optimistic about recovery and return to the growth in air traffic we have seen over the past decade. With this growth comes the potential for more runway incursions. Therefore, we must develop better ways of preventing incursions. Runway incursion incidents are one way to learn more about how we can prevent similar incidents in the future and reduce the probability of serious accidents. Unfortunately, most incident reports lack detailed information on the causes of runway incursions. In the United States, trained investigators at the National Transportation Safety Board investigate aviation accidents, but not most incidents, including incursions. Air traffic controllers on duty at the time of incursion report the incident to the FAA. While most controller reports explain what happened, they often do not explain why the incident happened. We need deeper insight into why incidents occur so that we can develop more effective measures to reduce incursions.</p><p>After controllers submit their incident reports, reviewers at the FAA go through the controller-generated reports and determine the need for further investigation. They may contact the controllers for more information or talk to the pilots involved. This research considers one aspect of the reporting process — the reporting form. The research hypothesis is that an alternative reporting form that asks detailed questions and guides the controller to look deeper into an incident can provide more details on human error and causes of these errors than the current form, which does not necessarily prompt controllers to gather all the details of the incident.</p><p>The design of the alternative reporting form is based on the theoretical framework of expert systems. Expert systems, which provide tailored questions and guidance to medical doctors and others, have proven useful in other fields. The resulting alternative tool aims to guide controllers into answering three major questions: what happened (which aircraft were where, and when), how it happened (e.g., controller gave the wrong instruction), and why it happened (e.g., controller was fatigued).</p><p>To investigate how controllers interact with different reporting formats and what helps them or detracts them from creating useful reports, the research experiment involved controllers reporting two hypothetical runway incursions either using the alternative reporting tool or an online survey based on the current FAA form. The experiment used surveys, think-aloud protocols, observations, and interviews to collect data on what controllers included in their reports and how controllers generated these reports. The findings helped compare the type of information we get from the two reporting formats, and how the reporting formats affected the quality of the incident reports.</p><p>Overall, the alternative tool-generated reports provided more information than the online survey based on the current FAA form. Each controller who participated in the experiment approached preparing an incident report differently and different factors motivated them to specify details of the incident. While the format of the alternative reporting form helped one controller talk to the pilot and learn more about why the pilot made an error, the format did not have the same impact on another controller.</p><p>This research identifies ways of helping controllers prepare more useful reports. This research may help the FAA improve data collection. More useful reports in the future can help the aviation community identify the cause of human errors leading to incursions, and develop more effective mitigation strategies, ultimately saving lives.</p><p><br></p>

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O conhecimento da evoluÃÃo dos processos geodinÃmicos e sociais de uma Ãrea constitui instrumento importante na compreensÃo das formas de operacionalizaÃÃo de medidas de planejamento, monitoramento e gestÃo de uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo. Evita futuros danos ambientais com relaÃÃo Ãs alteraÃÃes nos processos naturais decorrentes das atividades antrÃpicas. A localizaÃÃo da Ãrea de estudo està situada na cidade de Fortaleza - CE. O objetivo principal do trabalho à definir a dinÃmica ambiental atravÃs da caracterizaÃÃo da dinÃmica eÃlica no transporte de sedimentos nas praias do Futuro e do Serviluz e da anÃlise dos impactos naturais e sociais causados à populaÃÃo do lugar Serviluz. A metodologia aplicada para a caracterizaÃÃo dos processos socioambientais foi baseada em uma abordagem sistemÃtica, procurando determinar a evoluÃÃo de um sistema ambiental a partir dos processos geodinÃmicos e sociais locais em um setor litorÃneo intensamente ocupado por uma populaÃÃo de baixa renda, usando dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Trava-se um embate entre as questÃes sociais e ambientais no antigo Serviluz, um lugar estabelecido em Fortaleza, entre os bairros Cais do Porto e Vicente PinzÃn, submetido a diversos impactos que atuaram de modo a desarranjar a dinÃmica natural. A comunidade deste lugar vem coabitando no perÃodo de estiagem com a condiÃÃo do soterramento das habitaÃÃes, das vias de acesso e de equipamentos pÃblicos pela invasÃo de sedimentos de origem praial. Uma grande parte desta populaÃÃo convive ainda com a falta da regularizaÃÃo fundiÃria, fato decorrente das ocupaÃÃes ilegais em terrenos de marinha. AlÃm disto, para compreensÃo do embate socioambiental verificado na Ãrea de estudo, foi feito um conhecimento integrado para a caracterizaÃÃo ambiental, a partir da determinaÃÃo das conexÃes entre os fenÃmenos naturais (dinÃmica costeira) e sociais que se desenvolvem neste lugar, um espaÃo caracterizado por ocupaÃÃes residenciais, industriais e portuÃrias. / The knowledge of the geodynamic and social evolution constitues the essential analyze for the planning of the use and occupation, regarding the alterations of the human activities in the natural processes. It avoids futures environmental damages. The study area is located at Serviluz locality, Fortaleza County, Northeastern Brazil. The main objective is to define the environmental dynamics through the characterization of the aeolian dynamics in the transport of sediments in the Future and Serviluz beaches and of the analysis of the natural and social impacts caused the Serviluz locality population. The applied methodology was based on a systematic approach, using qualitative and quantitative data and analyzing the evolution of an environmental system starting from the geodynamics and social processes in the urban area occupation near the coast. Socio-environmental impacts are affecting the natural dynamics in the study area. Dune migration and aeolian sediments along the Serviluz coast are burying the houses, buildings, beach huts, access roads and the urban infrastructure. Besides, the greater part of community does not have the house's ownership because it occupied the area illegally in navy lands. Currently six thousand families, this place serves as a local for activities port, industrial and residential. So, a knowledge integrated for the environmental characterization was done for understanding of the socio-environmental impact verified in the study area, starting from the located connections in this place among the natural phenomena (coastal dynamics) and social aspects.

LIMA, Ernandy Luis Vasconcelos de. Das areias da praia às areias da moradia:um embate socioambiental em Fortaleza - CE. 2005. 195 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T13:27:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_elvlima.pdf: 5908357 bytes, checksum: fc0f220a60d010b1e4fb95c47955f458 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T13:27:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_elvlima.pdf: 5908357 bytes, checksum: fc0f220a60d010b1e4fb95c47955f458 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T13:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_elvlima.pdf: 5908357 bytes, checksum: fc0f220a60d010b1e4fb95c47955f458 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The knowledge of the geodynamic and social evolution constitues the essential analyze for the planning of the use and occupation, regarding the alterations of the human activities in the natural processes. It avoids futures environmental damages. The study area is located at Serviluz locality, Fortaleza County, Northeastern Brazil. The main objective is to define the environmental dynamics through the characterization of the aeolian dynamics in the transport of sediments in the Future and Serviluz beaches and of the analysis of the natural and social impacts caused the Serviluz locality population. The applied methodology was based on a systematic approach, using qualitative and quantitative data and analyzing the evolution of an environmental system starting from the geodynamics and social processes in the urban area occupation near the coast. Socio-environmental impacts are affecting the natural dynamics in the study area. Dune migration and aeolian sediments along the Serviluz coast are burying the houses, buildings, beach huts, access roads and the urban infrastructure. Besides, the greater part of community does not have the house's ownership because it occupied the area illegally in navy lands. Currently six thousand families, this place serves as a local for activities port, industrial and residential. So, a knowledge integrated for the environmental characterization was done for understanding of the socio-environmental impact verified in the study area, starting from the located connections in this place among the natural phenomena (coastal dynamics) and social aspects. / O conhecimento da evolução dos processos geodinâmicos e sociais de uma área constitui instrumento importante na compreensão das formas de operacionalização de medidas de planejamento, monitoramento e gestão de uso e ocupação do solo. Evita futuros danos ambientais com relação às alterações nos processos naturais decorrentes das atividades antrópicas. A localização da área de estudo está situada na cidade de Fortaleza - CE. O objetivo principal do trabalho é definir a dinâmica ambiental através da caracterização da dinâmica eólica no transporte de sedimentos nas praias do Futuro e do Serviluz e da análise dos impactos naturais e sociais causados à população do lugar Serviluz. A metodologia aplicada para a caracterização dos processos socioambientais foi baseada em uma abordagem sistemática, procurando determinar a evolução de um sistema ambiental a partir dos processos geodinâmicos e sociais locais em um setor litorâneo intensamente ocupado por uma população de baixa renda, usando dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Trava-se um embate entre as questões sociais e ambientais no antigo Serviluz, um lugar estabelecido em Fortaleza, entre os bairros Cais do Porto e Vicente Pinzón, submetido a diversos impactos que atuaram de modo a desarranjar a dinâmica natural. A comunidade deste lugar vem coabitando no período de estiagem com a condição do soterramento das habitações, das vias de acesso e de equipamentos públicos pela invasão de sedimentos de origem praial. Uma grande parte desta população convive ainda com a falta da regularização fundiária, fato decorrente das ocupações ilegais em terrenos de marinha. Além disto, para compreensão do embate socioambiental verificado na área de estudo, foi feito um conhecimento integrado para a caracterização ambiental, a partir da determinação das conexões entre os fenômenos naturais (dinâmica costeira) e sociais que se desenvolvem neste lugar, um espaço caracterizado por ocupações residenciais, industriais e portuárias.

A evolução diagenética de dois reservatórios turbidíticos terciários da porção offshore da Bacia do Espírito Santo, foi influenciada tanto por processos meteóricos como por processos relacionados a domos salinos adjacentes aos reservatórios, que tiveram diferente impacto sobre sua qualidade. A precipitação de pirita framboidal, dolomita microcristalina e siderita ocorreram sob condições eodiagenéticas marinhas. A percolação por água meteórica ocorreu ainda durante a eodiagênese, e promoveu extensiva caulinização (δ18OSMOW=+15.3‰ a +18.2‰; δDSMOW=-51‰ a -66‰) e dissolução de feldspatos, micas e intraclastos lamosos. Durante o progressivo soterramento da sequência (profundidades atuais: 2600-3000m) e consequente compactação, fluidos oriundos dos lutitos circundantes, modificados por reações com a matéria orgânica e carbonatos, deslocaram gradualmente os fluidos salobros marinhos-meteóricos, levando à precipitação de calcita poiquilotópica (valores médios: δ18OVPDB= -6.6‰; δ13CVPDB= -1.2‰). A composição dos fluidos mesodiagenéticos foi progressivamente modificada pela proximidade dos domos de sal, promovendo ubíqua albitização dos feldspatos e precipitação localizada de quartzo, calcita (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) e dolomita em sela (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). A análise de inclusões fluidas nos crescimentos de quartzo indicou que os fluidos precipitantes tinham salinidade predominantemente entre 9 e 13 % de NaCl (em peso) e temperaturas de homogeneização na faixa de 1050 a 1450 C Estes valores são mais altos do que aqueles esperados para o gradiente geotérmico normal da área. A distribuição da albitização dos feldspatos sugere que as fraturas ao longo das margens dos domos de sal atuaram como caminho preferencial para a circulação das salmouras quentes. Os valores de δ13C e δ18O dos cimentos de calcita e dolomita seguem um padrão de covariância, mostrando um declínio desde daqueles representativos da água do mar (~0%), para δ13C =-5.9‰ e δ18O = -10.9‰ para a calcita, e δ13C = -5.4‰ e δ18O = -11.7‰ para a dolomita, o que sugere a progressiva participação da descarboxilação térmica da matéria orgânica dos lutitos com o soterramento. A compactação mecânica foi mais importante do que a cimentação na redução da porosidade, e a dissolução de feldspatos foi o processo mais importante na geração de porosidade nos reservatórios. Apesar da proximidade dos domos de sal, a intensidade dos processos diagenéticos foi moderada, já que não ocorreu autigênese de ilita, e a cimentação de quartzo foi limitada. Estas características podem estar relacionadas com o soterramento relativamente recente destes reservatórios. Este estudo mostra que a predição da diagênese e qualidade de reservatórios relacionados a domos de sal é uma função de múltiplas variáveis, incluindo as dimensões dos domos, o regime térmico regional da bacia, a condutividade térmica e de fluidos, e a composição mineral e propriedades geomecânicas dos reservatórios e litologias associadas. / The diagenetic evolution of two tertiary turbidite reservoirs from the offshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil, was influenced by meteoric and salt dome-related processes, which had different impact on their quality. Marine eogenetic processes included the precipitation of framboidal pyrite, microcrystalline dolomite and siderite. Meteoric water influx during eodiagenesis occurred in response to relative sea-level falls that promoted extensive kaolinization (δ18O=+15.3‰ to +18.2‰; δD= -51‰ to -66‰) and dissolution of framework silicate grains. During progressive burial (present depths – 2600 m – 3000 m), connate marine fluids modified by reactions with organic matter and carbonates presented in the surrounding mudrocks gradually displaced brackish fluids generated by the meteoric influx and led to concretionary cementation by poikilotopic calcite (average δ18O= -6.6‰; δ13C= -1.2‰). Mesogenetic fluids were progressively modified by the proximity of salt domes, which led to ubiquitous feldspar albitization and localized quartz, calcite (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) and saddle dolomite precipitation (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). Fluid inclusion analysis in quartz overgrowths indicate that the precipitating fluids had salinities predominantly in the range 9-13 wt% NaCl equivalent and temperatures largely in the 105 – 145oC range These values are higher than those expected considering the normal geothermal gradient for the area. The distribution of feldspar albitization suggests that the fracture systems along the salt domes margins acted as preferential pathways for such hot, saline diagenetic fluids. Isotopic values for calcite and dolomite cements follow a co-variance trend of decreasing δ13C and δ18O from close to marine (~0‰) towards negative values (δ13C and δ18O down to -5.9‰ and -10.9‰ for calcite; -5.4‰ and -11.7‰ for dolomite), suggesting increasing contribution from thermal decarboxylation with increasing temperature and depth. Mechanical compaction was more important than cementation in reducing depositional porosity, and the dissolution of framework silicate grains is the most important processes for enhancing reservoir quality. Despite the proximity to the salt domes, the intensity of the influenced diagenetic processes is relatively mild, as illite authigenesis is lacking, and quartz cementation is limited, features that may be related to the recent burial of the reservoirs.

A evolução diagenética de dois reservatórios turbidíticos terciários da porção offshore da Bacia do Espírito Santo, foi influenciada tanto por processos meteóricos como por processos relacionados a domos salinos adjacentes aos reservatórios, que tiveram diferente impacto sobre sua qualidade. A precipitação de pirita framboidal, dolomita microcristalina e siderita ocorreram sob condições eodiagenéticas marinhas. A percolação por água meteórica ocorreu ainda durante a eodiagênese, e promoveu extensiva caulinização (δ18OSMOW=+15.3‰ a +18.2‰; δDSMOW=-51‰ a -66‰) e dissolução de feldspatos, micas e intraclastos lamosos. Durante o progressivo soterramento da sequência (profundidades atuais: 2600-3000m) e consequente compactação, fluidos oriundos dos lutitos circundantes, modificados por reações com a matéria orgânica e carbonatos, deslocaram gradualmente os fluidos salobros marinhos-meteóricos, levando à precipitação de calcita poiquilotópica (valores médios: δ18OVPDB= -6.6‰; δ13CVPDB= -1.2‰). A composição dos fluidos mesodiagenéticos foi progressivamente modificada pela proximidade dos domos de sal, promovendo ubíqua albitização dos feldspatos e precipitação localizada de quartzo, calcita (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) e dolomita em sela (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). A análise de inclusões fluidas nos crescimentos de quartzo indicou que os fluidos precipitantes tinham salinidade predominantemente entre 9 e 13 % de NaCl (em peso) e temperaturas de homogeneização na faixa de 1050 a 1450 C Estes valores são mais altos do que aqueles esperados para o gradiente geotérmico normal da área. A distribuição da albitização dos feldspatos sugere que as fraturas ao longo das margens dos domos de sal atuaram como caminho preferencial para a circulação das salmouras quentes. Os valores de δ13C e δ18O dos cimentos de calcita e dolomita seguem um padrão de covariância, mostrando um declínio desde daqueles representativos da água do mar (~0%), para δ13C =-5.9‰ e δ18O = -10.9‰ para a calcita, e δ13C = -5.4‰ e δ18O = -11.7‰ para a dolomita, o que sugere a progressiva participação da descarboxilação térmica da matéria orgânica dos lutitos com o soterramento. A compactação mecânica foi mais importante do que a cimentação na redução da porosidade, e a dissolução de feldspatos foi o processo mais importante na geração de porosidade nos reservatórios. Apesar da proximidade dos domos de sal, a intensidade dos processos diagenéticos foi moderada, já que não ocorreu autigênese de ilita, e a cimentação de quartzo foi limitada. Estas características podem estar relacionadas com o soterramento relativamente recente destes reservatórios. Este estudo mostra que a predição da diagênese e qualidade de reservatórios relacionados a domos de sal é uma função de múltiplas variáveis, incluindo as dimensões dos domos, o regime térmico regional da bacia, a condutividade térmica e de fluidos, e a composição mineral e propriedades geomecânicas dos reservatórios e litologias associadas. / The diagenetic evolution of two tertiary turbidite reservoirs from the offshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil, was influenced by meteoric and salt dome-related processes, which had different impact on their quality. Marine eogenetic processes included the precipitation of framboidal pyrite, microcrystalline dolomite and siderite. Meteoric water influx during eodiagenesis occurred in response to relative sea-level falls that promoted extensive kaolinization (δ18O=+15.3‰ to +18.2‰; δD= -51‰ to -66‰) and dissolution of framework silicate grains. During progressive burial (present depths – 2600 m – 3000 m), connate marine fluids modified by reactions with organic matter and carbonates presented in the surrounding mudrocks gradually displaced brackish fluids generated by the meteoric influx and led to concretionary cementation by poikilotopic calcite (average δ18O= -6.6‰; δ13C= -1.2‰). Mesogenetic fluids were progressively modified by the proximity of salt domes, which led to ubiquitous feldspar albitization and localized quartz, calcite (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) and saddle dolomite precipitation (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). Fluid inclusion analysis in quartz overgrowths indicate that the precipitating fluids had salinities predominantly in the range 9-13 wt% NaCl equivalent and temperatures largely in the 105 – 145oC range These values are higher than those expected considering the normal geothermal gradient for the area. The distribution of feldspar albitization suggests that the fracture systems along the salt domes margins acted as preferential pathways for such hot, saline diagenetic fluids. Isotopic values for calcite and dolomite cements follow a co-variance trend of decreasing δ13C and δ18O from close to marine (~0‰) towards negative values (δ13C and δ18O down to -5.9‰ and -10.9‰ for calcite; -5.4‰ and -11.7‰ for dolomite), suggesting increasing contribution from thermal decarboxylation with increasing temperature and depth. Mechanical compaction was more important than cementation in reducing depositional porosity, and the dissolution of framework silicate grains is the most important processes for enhancing reservoir quality. Despite the proximity to the salt domes, the intensity of the influenced diagenetic processes is relatively mild, as illite authigenesis is lacking, and quartz cementation is limited, features that may be related to the recent burial of the reservoirs.

A evolução diagenética de dois reservatórios turbidíticos terciários da porção offshore da Bacia do Espírito Santo, foi influenciada tanto por processos meteóricos como por processos relacionados a domos salinos adjacentes aos reservatórios, que tiveram diferente impacto sobre sua qualidade. A precipitação de pirita framboidal, dolomita microcristalina e siderita ocorreram sob condições eodiagenéticas marinhas. A percolação por água meteórica ocorreu ainda durante a eodiagênese, e promoveu extensiva caulinização (δ18OSMOW=+15.3‰ a +18.2‰; δDSMOW=-51‰ a -66‰) e dissolução de feldspatos, micas e intraclastos lamosos. Durante o progressivo soterramento da sequência (profundidades atuais: 2600-3000m) e consequente compactação, fluidos oriundos dos lutitos circundantes, modificados por reações com a matéria orgânica e carbonatos, deslocaram gradualmente os fluidos salobros marinhos-meteóricos, levando à precipitação de calcita poiquilotópica (valores médios: δ18OVPDB= -6.6‰; δ13CVPDB= -1.2‰). A composição dos fluidos mesodiagenéticos foi progressivamente modificada pela proximidade dos domos de sal, promovendo ubíqua albitização dos feldspatos e precipitação localizada de quartzo, calcita (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) e dolomita em sela (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). A análise de inclusões fluidas nos crescimentos de quartzo indicou que os fluidos precipitantes tinham salinidade predominantemente entre 9 e 13 % de NaCl (em peso) e temperaturas de homogeneização na faixa de 1050 a 1450 C Estes valores são mais altos do que aqueles esperados para o gradiente geotérmico normal da área. A distribuição da albitização dos feldspatos sugere que as fraturas ao longo das margens dos domos de sal atuaram como caminho preferencial para a circulação das salmouras quentes. Os valores de δ13C e δ18O dos cimentos de calcita e dolomita seguem um padrão de covariância, mostrando um declínio desde daqueles representativos da água do mar (~0%), para δ13C =-5.9‰ e δ18O = -10.9‰ para a calcita, e δ13C = -5.4‰ e δ18O = -11.7‰ para a dolomita, o que sugere a progressiva participação da descarboxilação térmica da matéria orgânica dos lutitos com o soterramento. A compactação mecânica foi mais importante do que a cimentação na redução da porosidade, e a dissolução de feldspatos foi o processo mais importante na geração de porosidade nos reservatórios. Apesar da proximidade dos domos de sal, a intensidade dos processos diagenéticos foi moderada, já que não ocorreu autigênese de ilita, e a cimentação de quartzo foi limitada. Estas características podem estar relacionadas com o soterramento relativamente recente destes reservatórios. Este estudo mostra que a predição da diagênese e qualidade de reservatórios relacionados a domos de sal é uma função de múltiplas variáveis, incluindo as dimensões dos domos, o regime térmico regional da bacia, a condutividade térmica e de fluidos, e a composição mineral e propriedades geomecânicas dos reservatórios e litologias associadas. / The diagenetic evolution of two tertiary turbidite reservoirs from the offshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil, was influenced by meteoric and salt dome-related processes, which had different impact on their quality. Marine eogenetic processes included the precipitation of framboidal pyrite, microcrystalline dolomite and siderite. Meteoric water influx during eodiagenesis occurred in response to relative sea-level falls that promoted extensive kaolinization (δ18O=+15.3‰ to +18.2‰; δD= -51‰ to -66‰) and dissolution of framework silicate grains. During progressive burial (present depths – 2600 m – 3000 m), connate marine fluids modified by reactions with organic matter and carbonates presented in the surrounding mudrocks gradually displaced brackish fluids generated by the meteoric influx and led to concretionary cementation by poikilotopic calcite (average δ18O= -6.6‰; δ13C= -1.2‰). Mesogenetic fluids were progressively modified by the proximity of salt domes, which led to ubiquitous feldspar albitization and localized quartz, calcite (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) and saddle dolomite precipitation (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). Fluid inclusion analysis in quartz overgrowths indicate that the precipitating fluids had salinities predominantly in the range 9-13 wt% NaCl equivalent and temperatures largely in the 105 – 145oC range These values are higher than those expected considering the normal geothermal gradient for the area. The distribution of feldspar albitization suggests that the fracture systems along the salt domes margins acted as preferential pathways for such hot, saline diagenetic fluids. Isotopic values for calcite and dolomite cements follow a co-variance trend of decreasing δ13C and δ18O from close to marine (~0‰) towards negative values (δ13C and δ18O down to -5.9‰ and -10.9‰ for calcite; -5.4‰ and -11.7‰ for dolomite), suggesting increasing contribution from thermal decarboxylation with increasing temperature and depth. Mechanical compaction was more important than cementation in reducing depositional porosity, and the dissolution of framework silicate grains is the most important processes for enhancing reservoir quality. Despite the proximity to the salt domes, the intensity of the influenced diagenetic processes is relatively mild, as illite authigenesis is lacking, and quartz cementation is limited, features that may be related to the recent burial of the reservoirs.

During the last decade, the number of runway incursions at airports in the United States and worldwide has increased. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed the Runway Safety Program (RSP) to address these concerns and improve the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the FAA 2009-2011 RSP has effectively reduced runway incursions at the nation's 5 busiest airports using data from 3 years before and 3 years after the RSP. A comparison group interrupted time-series design was used to determine the impact of the RSP. A public policy framework served as the theoretical foundation for this study. Data were collected from the FAA on runway incursions occurring from October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2014 and assessed for appropriate inclusion criteria. An analysis of the dataset using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests established that though the RSP has made progress, it has not effectively reduced runway incursions at the nation's 5 busiest airports. The RSP has decreased the number of runway incursion caused by air traffic controllers, reduced the overall severity of runway incursions, as well as positively influenced when, during the phase of flight, most runway incursions happen. An increase in pilot deviations suggests finding better ways to reduce these type of runway incursions is critical, especially with the forecasted growth in air travel. Continued deployment of runway safety technology is also important. With increased aviation safety, positive social change will occur through enhanced public safety while traveling, safer working environments at airports, as well as economic stimulus resulting from increased aviation activities benefiting individuals and developing countries throughout the world.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-03T13:28:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Silva Pedroso.pdf: 13766488 bytes, checksum: 37ecabfe92aa6148f03f2706b88a2681 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-03T13:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Silva Pedroso.pdf: 13766488 bytes, checksum: 37ecabfe92aa6148f03f2706b88a2681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Nenhuma / A pesquisa se inscreve no âmbito dos estudos acerca da midiatização, descrevendo e problematizando as formas de interação entre a televisão e o telespectador, no contexto da Sociedade em vias de Midiatização. Desenvolve-se por meio do estudo de caso do quadro A empregada mais cheia de charme do Brasil, exibido pelo programa Fantástico da Rede Globo de Televisão, no período de junho a julho de 2012. Examinam-se, portanto, as marcas dessas novas relações que são instituídas mediante a inserção da atividade discursiva do telespectador na produção televisiva, através de um conjunto de vídeos enviados ao programa que materializam instruções e regras sobre as quais funciona certo tipo de contrato de leitura. A análise do caso abarcou como foco principal a constituição e o funcionamento de uma zona de contato enquanto instância interacional, que é acionada pela televisão por meio de protocolos de indução e de incursão, que estimulam a atividade discursiva e a participação do ator social, no sistema produtivo televisivo. Tais estratégias são verificadas no âmbito relacional - produção e recepção - a partir de operações tecnodiscursivas que são engendradas pelo Fantástico, tanto em sua versão televisiva, quanto em sua página na Internet. Como resultado, apontou-se que a participação do ator social na textualidade do programa é consequência de um complexo processo de indução, por meio do qual se gera um novo tipo de relação e de acesso do ator social ao sistema midiático. A pesquisa propõe como conclusão que os processos sociotécnicos evidenciados pela midiatização - como as novas condições de circulação e os novos dispositivos técnicos convertidos em meios de comunicação - ao serem transformados em estratégias de contato e de interação pela televisão, redesenham as formas de geração de vínculos com a sociedade. Nessa perspectiva, o telespectador é inserido de outra forma no processo de interação, gerando marcas de uma nova textualidade, a qual tem como base as coenunciações e as novas formas de acesso do ator social ao sistema midiático. / The research is concerned about studies of mediatization, describing and discussing the ways of interaction between television and viewer, in the Society context in Mediatization. It was developed through the study case of A empregada mais cheia de charme do Brasil (The charmest maid of Brazil) broadcasted by the program Fantático by Globo Network, from June to July of 2012. It is examined, therefore, the marks of these new relations stablished on this new interactional apparatus, by means of inserting the viewer discursive activity on the television production, through a set of videos sent to the program that bring instructions and rules about which certain type of reading contract work. The case analysis approached as main focus the constitution and the functioning of a contact zone while interactional instance, that is actuated by the television through induction and incursion protocols which stimulate the discursive activity and the social actor participation on the television production system. Such strategies are verified on relational range – production and reception – from techno-discursive operations which are produced by Fantástico, as much on its televised version as on its Internet webpage. As a result, it was pointed that the social actor participation in the program textuality is a consequence of a complex induction process, by which is created a new type of relation and access of the social actor to the mediatization. The research suggests as a conclusion that the sociotechnical process evidenced by the mediatization process – as the new circulation conditions and the new technical devices converted into means of communication - by being converted into contact and interaction strategies by the television, they redraw the ways of connection generation from the television to the society. On this perspective, the viewer is inserted in a different way in the interaction process, producing marks of a new textuality, which has as base the co-enunciations and the new ways of access of the social actor to the mediatization.